新法真空铝热还原炼镁的研究

对以煅后白云石和煅后菱镁石为原料,以铝粉为还原剂的新法炼镁技术的热力学进行了分析,并进行了真空热还原实验。通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对还原渣的主要物相与物质形态进行了分析。实验结果表明:以煅后白云石和煅后菱镁石为原料,以铝粉为还原剂的新法真空热还原炼镁技术是可行的,在还原温度1200℃,还原时间2 h,铝粉过量5%和无氟盐添加剂的条件下,氧化镁的还原率可达90%,CaF2或MgF2的添加可大幅度地提高还原过程中氧化镁的还原率,降低还原温度。还原后还原渣主要物相为CaO.2Al2O3,还原渣中氧化铝的含量在65%以上,氧化硅含量低于2%,是一种非常适合生产氢氧化铝的原料。     

以铝铁合金为还原剂的真空热还原炼镁实验研究

在铝电解生产金属铝过程中会产生部分的铝铁合金固体废弃物,该铝铁合金尚未得到很好的利用。本文对以煅后白云石为原料,以铝电解过程中产生的铝铁合金为还原剂的真空热还原炼镁过程进行了研究。通过对铝铁合金和还原渣的物相和成分分析,对铝铁合金还原炼镁的机理进行了分析,并同以纯铝粉为还原剂的铝热还原法和以硅铁为还原剂的皮江法炼镁的氧化镁还原率进行了对比。实验结果表明:以铝铁合金为还原剂真空热还原炼镁技术是可行的,在还原温度1200℃,还原时间2 h,还原剂添加量为1.0和无氟盐添加剂的条件下,氧化镁的还原率可达90%以上。在还原剂条件相同的情况下,以铝铁合金为还原剂可获得比铝粉和硅铁还原剂更高的氧化镁还原率。应用铝铁合金为还原剂真空热还原炼镁不仅有利于降低镁的生产成本,而且可实现铝电解部分废弃物的回收利用。     

CaF2在真空铝热还原炼镁过程中的行为研究

对CaF2在以白云石和菱镁石为原料的铝热还原过程中的行为进行了研究,通过X射线衍射对还原渣和结晶产物的物相进行了分析,对CaF2在铝热还原过程的反应过程以及加速还原反应的机理进行了探讨。实验研究结果表明,在还原过程中加入CaF2可降低还原反应的活化能,加快还原反应速率,可使还原过程中的氧化镁还原率提高3%以上,但添加CaF2的效果随还原温度的升高而降低。加入CaF2后一部分CaF2参与还原反应生成了11CaO.7Al2O3.CaF2,另外一部分CaF2被铝还原在结晶器上生成了一种主要成分为MgF2和Al的结晶物。CaF2对铝热还原反应的促进作用是化学反应促进和提高煅白表面活性共同作用的结果。     

硼镁石真空铝热还原提镁实验研究

热力学分析了铝还原剂从MgO、2MgO·B2O3和3MgO·B2O3中提取金属镁的化学反应。实验研究了制团压力、CaF2添加、还原温度、还原剂用量等对氧化镁还原率的影响。结果表明,适当地提高反应物料的制团压力有利于改善氧化镁还原率,但较大的制团压力会导致球团孔隙率降低,从而阻碍了产物Mg蒸气的释放以及氧化镁还原过程。对还原渣的X射线衍射分析表明,铝热还原生成的Al2O3会先与CaO结合。添加少量的Ca F2有利于氧化镁的还原,CaF2与还原渣结合成11CaO·7Al2O3·Ca F2。添加3%的CaF2,制团压力为90 MPa,在1200℃下还原120 min,氧化镁的还原率为85%,铝利用率为74%。     

真空铝热还原一步法制取镁钙合金的实验研究

提出一种以煅烧后的菱镁石和白云石为原料,真空铝热还原一步法制备镁钙合金的方法。通过正交试验研究了四种影响金属还原率主要因素的主次关系,然后对这些因素进行实验研究,并通过ICP发射光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射对金属产物及还原渣进行了分析。结果表明,铝粉过量系数和制块压力对MgO、CaO还原率的影响较大,还原温度和还原时间次之,在制块压力为150 MPa,还原温度1250℃,还原时间180 min,铝粉过量系数10%的条件下,MgO和CaO还原率最高,分别为93.1%和49.5%。     

Mg-Al水滑石的改性机理和吸附性能

用硫酸铵对镁铝水滑石进行改性,研究了镁铝水滑石的溶解性及硫酸铵的改性机理。结果表明,镁铝水滑石在pH 1.0-11.0范围内呈现出完全溶解、部分溶解和基本不溶三种溶解特性。硫酸铵的改性即为镁铝水滑石的部分溶解过程,层板中镁以Mg²⁺形态进入溶液,导致羟基铝(Al（OH）₆^3-)进入溶液形成Keggin结构(Al₁₃聚集体),Al₁₃聚集体附着在镁铝水滑石层板表面形成无定形Al（OH）₃,从而阻止镁离子进一步溶出。改性镁铝水滑石对Pb²⁺的吸附率提高了18.3%,是比表面积的增加、化学键合及静电吸附能力的提升所致。     

真空铝热还原LiAlO2制取金属锂的研究

真空金属热还原法是一种具有工业应用前景的炼锂方法。本文对常压下以工业碳酸锂、氧化铝和氧化钙为原料合成LiAlO2以及真空条件下铝热还原LiAlO2提取金属Li进行了实验研究。研究了不同煅烧条件对LiAlO2合成的影响以及不同还原条件对铝热还原制取金属锂过程的影响。结果表明:在制团压力50MPa、煅烧温度1073 K和煅烧时间120 min的条件下,碳酸锂的分解率为98.21%,煅烧产物为LiAlO2和CaO。在还原温度1423 K,时间180min,铝粉过量20%,物料粒度-75μm和制团压力为45MPa的条件下金属锂的还原率为95.50%,铝粉利用率为79.17%。还原渣主要成分为CaO.Al2O3和12CaO.7Al2O3,可用于溶出氧化铝。     

氧化镁真空碳热还原法炼镁的工艺研究

采用物料失重率、金属Mg还原率、X射线衍射(XRD)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段与方法,研究了真空条件下氧化镁碳热还原温度、物料造球成型压力、物料配比、碳热还原保温时间以及催化剂对氧化镁碳热还原法炼镁工艺的影响。研究结果表明,在30~100 Pa时,碳热还原温度高于1553 K,控制物料压块压力为8 MPa,此时物料失重率最大,最有利于氧化镁的还原。随着焦煤还原剂与氧化镁摩尔比以及碳热还原时间的增加,碳热还原反应速率加大,还原率提高,但是变化效果不明显,加入氟盐CaF2后,物料失重率明显提高,添加CaF2的质量超过物料总质量的3%时,物料失重率超过95%,还原率也相应大幅提高。因此,选择适当的焦煤还原剂与氧化镁摩尔比值以及碳热还原时间,添加超过3%CaF2,将有利于该法炼镁过程的顺利进行与金属Mg还原率的提高。此研究为真空碳热法从氧化镁中提取金属Mg工艺提供了很好的实验依据。     

尖晶石结合氧化铝空心球隔热材料的研制

以氧化铝空心球为骨料,Al2O3微粉和MgO细粉为基质,以纸浆废液为结合剂,经1700℃烧成尖晶石结合的氧化铝空心球隔热材料.研究基质中不同的MgO含量(质量分数)(9％,12％,15％,18％)对材料的抗热震性及其它性能的影响.结果显示:随着MgO含量的增加,材料中镁铝尖晶石生成量呈增加趋势,材料抗热震性先提高后降低;当MgO含量为15％时,材料的抗热震性最好,是空白样热震次数的3倍左右;随着尖晶石的生成,尖晶石结合氧化铝空心球隔热材料的常温耐压强度稍有降低,但其它性能没有受到影响.     

液相沉淀法制备镁铝水滑石及其表征

采用液相沉淀法以AlCl3·6H2O，MgCl2·6H2O，Na2CO3，NaOH为原料，制备镁铝水滑石。研究结果表明水浴70、80、90℃加热时均能制备出纯净的镁铝水滑石，从热重分析可知镁铝水滑石有两个失重阶段，第一次热分解起始点约为173℃失重约15％，释放出镁铝水滑石中间层的4个结晶水，第二次热分解起始点约为352℃失重约30％，中间层中的碳酸根离子以二氧化碳的形式放出，同时羟基分解产生水。镁铝水滑石晶粒呈不规则的六边形，晶粒大小约在为30～70nm之间。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...