密封器件压氦和预充氦细检漏判定漏率合格的条件

密封器件氦质谱细检漏包括压氦法(即背压法)和预充氦法.对于压氦法,通常靠粗检鉴别是否有大漏孔,但候检时间不可过长,以免可能存在的大漏孔处于分子流状态,不能靠粗检鉴别.本文给出了最长候检时间表达式,以便既避免漏检又做好被检器件表面的净化工作.预充氦法的优点是可检测的最小等效标准漏率比压氦法低好几个量级.但用户复检时,候检时间往往已很长,如果仅靠通常的压氦法复检加粗检则发挥不出预充氦法的优点.本文改进了预充氦法:提出候检时间存在两个特征点,并给出了表达式;还对压氦法复检加粗检赋于新的重要功能,从而可以针对各种情况,用不同方法和判据,判断漏率是否合格.因此,即使候检时间已很长,仍有可能充分发挥预充氦法优点,并在漏率合格时给出被检器件的等效标准漏率.     

氦质谱背压检漏方法研究

阐述了氦质谱背压检漏的特点及目前存在的问题,在此基础上提出了改进建议。深入探讨了预充氦背压法测得的测量漏率与等效标准漏率的关系,指出预充氦背压法可用于检测压氦背压法检测不到的小漏孔,给出了等效标准漏率对测量漏率具有的双值均在分子流范围时的鉴别方法。     

密封器件压氦和预充氦细检漏的等效标准漏率上限

利用经典的分子流、黏滞流、过渡流流导公式及圆管分子流流导几率的精确数值解,对21世纪数篇文献呈现的漏孔流导随上游压力变化关系曲线进行了分析,并将密封器件的漏孔简化为长圆管,得出了以下结论:从流量角度观察气流是否偏离分子流状态是非常不灵敏的,因此可以认为,如果上游压力不超过1×105Pa,对于等效标准漏率L＜ 1.4 Pa·cm3/s的漏孔,气流大致处于分子流状态;当任务允许的L最大值Lmax＜14 Pa·cm3/s时,不论L的值是大是小,均不必考虑气流是否偏离分子流状态;仅在压氦法的压氦阶段,当Lmax和L均接近1.4 Pa· cm3/s时,从流量角度气流会处于黏滞流状态,导致合格判据偏保守;而在压氦法的其他阶段和预充氦法各阶段,只要L＜ 1.4 Pa· cm3/s,气流均处于分子流状态.从而证明对于密封器件氦质谱细检漏而言,Lmax取1.4 Pa·cm3/s可以满足气流处于分子流状态的要求,且该值大于粗检的下限.     

低充氦浓度氦质谱检漏技术应用研究

为解决不允许抽真空和充压的密封装置的密封性能检测问题,开展了较低充氦浓度的氦质谱检漏模拟实验。实验采用通道型标准漏孔和模拟密封容器,在容器内的氦气浓度为0.5‰,1‰,3‰,5‰时分别实测了混合气体中氦气通过漏孔的漏率,基于混合气体以同种比分通过分子流漏孔的假设,不同浓度下测得的漏率结果与理论计算相比较;实验得出了在一定体积的空间内定点释放少量的氦气自由扩散至基本均匀分布所需时间。在实验的基础上,专门设计低充氦浓度检漏的标定装置,可降低因标准漏孔的氦浓度与检漏充氦浓度相差较大而引入检漏结果的不确定度。     

大容积密闭容器背压法漏率检测关键技术研究北大核心CSCD

围绕容积为104cm^3量级的密闭容器开展背压法漏率检测关键技术研究,分析了压氦压力、压氦时间、容器内外壁气体解吸附等因素对实验结果的影响机制,建立了一套可用于大容积密闭容器的背压法检漏流程。理论和实验研究结果表明,将背压法用于预制漏率为10^(-6)Pa·m^3/s量级的大容积密闭容器的漏率检测是可行的。随着漏孔漏率的降低(低于10^(-7)Pa·m^3/s量级),试验件的最低可检漏率也将逐渐低于氦质谱检漏仪的有效检测漏率,而由于被检对象的本底漏率值无法提前获知,将造成将背压法用于更低漏率的大容积密闭容器的漏率测试结果误差极大地增加。相关研究结果对于大容积密闭容器的漏率检测具有一定的理论指导价值。     

氦质谱检漏仪背压检漏标准剖析及非标漏率计算程序

本文叙述了对密封器件进行氦质谱检漏仪背压检漏的步骤.在此基础上,从真空技术的基本原理出发,分析给出了测量漏率R与等效标准漏率L的关系式,指出无法得到L的解析表达式以及为避免由R求L时出现双值,L不应超过其极大值点,用数值计算和曲线拟合的方法给出了L极大值点的拟合公式;介绍了GB/T 2423.23规定的查表法和诺模图计算法,指出了其表5中的个别数据错误,给出了不同有效容积V下去除压力后到检测漏率之间的停留时间t2对R的衰减因子曲线簇,提出据此灵活确定最大t2的优点;介绍了GJB128A,GJB360A,GJB548A规定的固定法和灵活法,给出了与固定法所规定的R的拒收极限相对应的L和严酷等级,指出固定法不适合需要高气密等级的场合及不应混淆R与L的界线,给出了与灵活法所规定的L的拒收规范值相对应的严酷等级,指出对于不同V值严酷等级从几十到上千,显得很不规范;介绍了R-L关系曲线法,该方法在V、加压压力PE、加压时间t1以及t2不变的情况下,预先给出R-L关系曲线,检漏操作人员可用此曲线由R反查出L;提出由R求L完全可以由计算机采用优选法快速、可靠搜索出来.     

超流氦杜瓦密封技术研究

介绍了超流氦制冷技术的现状与发展趋势,对超流氦特性、超流氦杜瓦技术以及密封技术进行了分析与研究,设计了多种密封结构,对5种纯金属和4种法兰结构分别在液氮、液氦温度下进行了密封性能实验,并取得了较好的实验结果,在液氦温度下,实测漏率≤(2～3)×10-8Pa·L/S.     

放样时间对航天器总漏率测试结果影响的研究

航天器的总漏率测试一般采用氦质谱大气累积检漏法,为了提高总漏率测试的准确度,对目前航天器总漏率测试过程放样时间对测试结果的影响进行了研究分析,并对总漏率计算公式提出相应的修正.     

电真空器件的气密性检测

基于氦质谱检漏仪的结构和原理,设计了适用于电真空器件气密性检测的检漏平台。电真空器件的结构特点及测量精度要求决定了氦罩法和喷吹法是电真空器件氦质谱检漏技术中最常用方法,氦罩法测定总漏率,总漏率超出允许值后用喷吹法对漏孔准确定位。双回路复杂结构和复杂串联漏孔的定位,表明了氦质谱喷吹法在电真空器件检漏中的影响因素必须遵循的喷吹检漏原则。同时,温度、临时密封材料和设备材料吸附等因素会带来一定的测量误差。     

大容积密闭容器背压法漏率检测关键技术研究

围绕容积为104cm~3量级的密闭容器开展背压法漏率检测关键技术研究,分析了压氦压力、压氦时间、容器内外壁气体解吸附等因素对实验结果的影响机制,建立了一套可用于大容积密闭容器的背压法检漏流程。理论和实验研究结果表明,将背压法用于预制漏率为10~(-6)Pa·m~3/s量级的大容积密闭容器的漏率检测是可行的。随着漏孔漏率的降低(低于10~(-7)Pa·m~3/s量级),试验件的最低可检漏率也将逐渐低于氦质谱检漏仪的有效检测漏率,而由于被检对象的本底漏率值无法提前获知,将造成将背压法用于更低漏率的大容积密闭容器的漏率测试结果误差极大地增加。相关研究结果对于大容积密闭容器的漏率检测具有一定的理论指导价值。     

Fast Mode in Dense Aerogel Filled with Superfluid He II and Dilute Mixture of 3He in 4He

Longitudinal sound wave propagation in 90% porous silica aerogel filled with superfluid He II and dilute mixture of ³He in ⁴He has been studied using a low frequency resonance method. The observed fast mode was identified as a mode intermediate between the sound in the aerogel matrix and first sound. It was shown that the behavior of the fast mode in dense aerogel differs from both high porosity aerogel and rigid porous medium. We discuss the obtained results within the framework of theoretical models available.      

Can He3 - He4 dilution refrigerators operate aboard spacecraft?

Cooling to temperatures in the millikelvin range could be beneficial as a means of reducing noise and increasing sensitivity of instruments in certain experiments and measurements that are being considered for future space missions. The possibility of using a He³ - He⁴ dilution refrigerator for that purpose is explored in this paper. Calculations reported here indicate that electrostriction can be substituted for gravity as a practical means of achieving phase separation with well-defined interfaces in mixing chambers of dilution refrigerators operating aboard spacecraft.     

One- and Two-Electron Bubbles in Superfluid 4He

Properties of one- and two-electron bubbles in superfluid ⁴He at 0 K were studied by density functional theory. The model allows for accurate treatment of both the electronic and liquid degrees of freedom and as such, enables accurate calculation of bubble energetics for the ground and excited electronic states. The obtained results were compared against the earlier “bubble model” calculations and the limits and accuracy of the bubble model were established. The calculations were carried out in 3-D space and the non-spherical solvation structures for the 1P and 1D excited states were calculated. The 1P state was found to be stable within the radiative lifetime and no plausible non-radiative relaxation channels were found. Finally, a coupled boson and fermion density functional theory was used to show that two-electron bubbles are unstable in both the singlet and triplet electronic states.      

The stabilization of temperature in miniature continuously filled He cryostats

This paper describes a continuously filled cryostat which consumes a negligible amount of liquid helium. The cryostat can measure temperatures below 4.2K to room temperature. The method of controlling the pressure of the exchange gas in the vacuum can will be described.     

Comparison of cavitation flows in He I and He II

This paper describes some of the results of an experimental study on the cavitation phenomena in He II and He I by the visualization and the measurements of the pressure and the temperature. The cavitation flow is generated in liquid helium driven by a bellows pump in the downstream region of the throat in a Venturi channel with a rectangular cross section. It is found that there are some definite differences in the appearance of cavitation between He I and He II flows, and that the λ-phase transition from He I to He II is sometimes induced because of the temperature drop in cavitating He I flow. In addition, the expression for the relation between the amount of the temperature drop induced by cavitation and the void fraction was described, which was found to be qualitatively in good agreement with the experimental result.     

The Phase of Submonolayer 4He Films Near Monolayer Completion

We study the state of ⁴He films physisorbed to general Lennard–Jones type substrates at coverages near monolayer completion as a function of the range C₃ and well-depth D of the substrate-helium potential. By examining the liquid-state energetics as well as the coverage dependence of the third sound speed and roton energies in the two-parameter space (C₃,D), we can estimate the position of the boundary between those strongly interacting substrates wherein the ⁴He film essentially forms a quasi two-dimensional solid prior to second layer formation and weaker interacting substrates for which the ⁴He film remains mobile and superfluid. Our approach utilizes a combination of information from both variational calculations and also correlated basis function theory to examine in detail the excitation structure in the monolayer liquid as a function of film coverage and substrate potential.      

Heat transfer and flow of He II in narrow channels

Heat transfer and fluid flow of He II in a long, narrow channel connected to a bath that supplies a constant supply of heat have been investigated by numerical simulations by using the simplified model of Kitamura et al. [Cryogenics 37 (1) (1997) 1]. Such channels are used to cool compact, stable, low-temperature magnets. The fluid flow is driven by natural convection and the mutual friction between the normal fluid and the superfluid.In this model, the thermomechanical effect and the Goter-Mellink mutual friction balance each other. A consequence of this balance is that the velocity and temperature distributions of He II can be characterized by a dimensionless, dependent parameter equal to the ratio of the fluid speeds of internal convection to the total fluid flow. After a sudden application of heat flux, the internal convection dominates over the total fluid flow until the establishment of steady-state temperature gradients. This predicts that the time required to set up the steady-state total fluid flow is proportional to the total heat capacity in the channel.     

Compact dilution refrigerator with a cryogenic circulation cycle of He3

A He³-He⁴ dilution refrigerator has been constructed which circulates He³ by using two alternately operating adsorption pumps which are in the same cryostat as the dilution refrigerator. The scheme described here organised the low temperature circulation cycle such that the construction and cryostat communications were essentially simplified, the dimensions of the arrangement were decreased which resulted in a circulation velocity of 10^?4 mole s^?1, which was sufficient to obtain a temperature in the order of 10 mK.     

Stability of He II phase separation - investigations with the active phase separator

External influences or internal disturbances may result in phase separation instabilities which could lead to operational failure of He II space cooling systems. Possible instabilities are defined and, using the active phase separator, suitable measures for prevention and control are discussed. Experimental results with a superleak arranged in parallel to the active phase separator indicate an additional possibility for adaptation of the latter to specific demands.