电致变色热控器件透明导电层的制备与研究

本文针对电致变色热控器件的透明导电层开展了ITO薄膜的制备工艺研究,对薄膜制备过程中的几个主要影响因素(溅射压强、氩/氧比例、退火温度等)进行了分析,并测试了薄膜性能,制备的ITO薄膜电阻在100 Ω～120 Ω左右,在太阳光谱范围的吸收率小于5%,可以满足电致变色器件对透明导电层的要求.     

电致变色热控器件ITO膜层的制备与研究

针对电致变色热控器件的透明导电层开展了ITO薄膜的制备工艺研究,对薄膜制备过程中的几个主要影响因素（溅射压力、氩／氧比例、退火温度等）进行了分析,并测试了薄膜性能,制备的ITO薄膜电阻在100-120Ω／cm左右,在太阳光谱范围的吸收率小于5％,可以满足电致变色器件对透明导电层的要求。     

可变发射率热控器件的研究进展

可变发射率热控器件可替代机械式热控百叶窗,从而在航天器热控系统中得到应用,是微小卫星的关键技术之一。综述了该类器件的研究现状。介绍了电致变色、静电辐射、微机电(MEMS)、热致变色可变发射率热控器件的工作原理及特性,并归纳了该类器件的发展趋势。     

MEMS变发射率真空热控器件研究进展

变发射率热控技术是空间环境下的重要热控手段.微小卫星质量轻,尺寸小,功耗低及其真空环境工作等特点对热控系统提出了新的要求,相应热控器件应具有小质量、大发射率调节比、关闭状态漏热小、响应快等特点.MEMS技术由于其设计灵活性高、功耗低及器件体积、重量方面的优势,可很好地满足这类器件的要求.本文重点对基于MEMS技术的微百页窗,微热开关,微静电换热器等技术的研究进展、关键技术与适用范围进行了归纳总结,将基于MEMS技术的变发射率器件和基于材料研究的电致变色和热致变色这两种技术进行了对比分析,指出了MEMS技术在微小卫星变发射率热制器件中的发展趋势和潜力.     

聚苯胺薄膜修饰电极的电化学制备及应用

介绍了聚苯胺薄膜电化学合成的原理、聚苯胺薄膜修饰电极的电化学制备方法及影响因素,综述了聚苯胺薄膜修饰电极在电致变色和电致变发射率器件、电催化和电分析、二次电池等方面的应用.     

基于智能变色的发射率可调型薄膜研究进展

介绍了基于电致变色和热致变色的可变发射率薄膜及器件的基本原理及目前的研究现状,重点总结了三氧化钨(WO3)、导电高分子(CPs)、钙钛矿型复合氧化物(A1-xBxMO3)、二氧化钒(VO2)等四类典型红外发射率可变材料。最后针对电致变色和热致变色分别提出了存在的具体问题,对我国智能变色发射率可调型薄膜及器件的发展进行了展望。     

聚苯胺红外电致变色器件研究进展

电致变色是材料反射、吸收等光学性质在外加电场驱动下发生稳定、可逆变化的现象,在不同波段可表现为颜色、红外发射率等变化。红外电致变色器件(IR-ECDs)能够动态调节物体的红外光学特性,在自适应伪装、热管理等应用中受到广泛关注。作为最有代表性的有机电致变色材料,聚苯胺(PANI)制备方法简单,电化学性能优异,在多波段电致变色领域有着巨大的潜在应用价值。本文从电致变色器件结构出发,介绍了从可见电致变色到红外电致变色的原理和器件结构的演变,对近年来增强聚苯胺红外电致变色器件性能的策略和最新进展进行了归纳和分析,讨论了其多功能化应用的拓展方向,最后对所面临的挑战与未来的发展方向进行了总结与展望,为今后发展优异性能的IR-ECDs提供了参考,希望能够对本领域研究者有所启发,促进电致变色领域的发展。     

固态电致变色薄膜器件的发展现状

本文较系统地综述了固态电致变色薄膜和电致变色薄膜器件的研究发展，过程及现状。并了电致变色薄膜器件所存在的有关问题。     

电致变色性和智能窗的发展及应用

对电致变色现象及机理、电致变色器件的构成、电致变色使用的材料等方面的国内外研究现状及发展趋势作了介绍和论述。最后对电致变色器件的应用前景作了展望。     

电子束蒸发制备氧化钨、氧化镍薄膜的电致变色性能

电致变色(EC)材料在外加电压作用下能可逆地改变其光学性能.其中氧化钨与氧化镍是典型的电致变色用材料.本文用电子束蒸发的方法在ITO玻璃基片上制备了此两种薄膜,研究了热处理工艺对薄膜结构与电致变色性能的影响.电致变色性能由电化学方法测试.封装的半固态智能窗器件具有很好的电致变色性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...