涡轮分子泵的前级压强对压缩比测量的影响及其修正

本文讨论了涡轮分子泵前级压强对压缩比测量的影响,并通过实验求得了升压法测量中不同提升量时的压缩比修正曲线。     

复合分子泵抽气特性算法改进与结构优化

采用蒙特卡洛方法计算单级涡轮叶列传输几率,引入气体分子与固体壁面反射适应系数模型,评估不同反射条件对单级涡轮叶列抽气特性的影响。采用积分中值法计算涡轮叶列传输几率,提高涡轮级抽气特性的计算精度。采用分段流态判别法计算牵引通道的抽速和压缩比,减少牵引级抽气特性的计算误差。提出涡轮级与牵引级之间的三种过渡结构,实现复合分子泵抽气特性的级间匹配,提高复合分子泵的性能。提出牵引级阻挡结构和分段式结构,有效减少牵引转子与定子间的间隙泄漏,提高复合分子泵的整体性能。通过算法改进,提高了涡轮分子泵抽气特性的计算精度;通过结构优化,提高复合分子泵抽气性能,为高性能复合分子泵开发奠定了基础。     

混合分段算法计算涡轮分子泵的压缩比北大核心CSCD

为了进一步完善分子泵在整个流态区域内抽气性能的计算,本文分别对主要用于描述连续流体运动问题的连续流态方程法和主要用于描述分子流态问题的特征系数法进行了评价,两种方法在计算涡轮分子泵压缩比时有各自的适用范围。为了提高涡轮分子泵在过渡流态下压缩比的计算精度,本文在比较两种方法的计算精度和适用范围的基础上提出了混合分段算法。通过与实验值的对比,发现通过混合分段算法得到的最大压缩比与实验值的最大误差为10.5%,相对于连续流态方程法和特征系数法分别减小了34.0%和44.7%,证实了混合分段算法的适用性。该方法可以分析整个流态区域内涡轮分子泵的抽气性能,为分子泵压缩比的全流域计算提供参考。     

混合分段算法计算涡轮分子泵的压缩比

为了进一步完善分子泵在整个流态区域内抽气性能的计算,本文分别对主要用于描述连续流体运动问题的连续流态方程法和主要用于描述分子流态问题的特征系数法进行了评价,两种方法在计算涡轮分子泵压缩比时有各自的适用范围。为了提高涡轮分子泵在过渡流态下压缩比的计算精度,本文在比较两种方法的计算精度和适用范围的基础上提出了混合分段算法。通过与实验值的对比,发现通过混合分段算法得到的最大压缩比与实验值的最大误差为10.5%,相对于连续流态方程法和特征系数法分别减小了34.0%和44.7%,证实了混合分段算法的适用性。该方法可以分析整个流态区域内涡轮分子泵的抽气性能,为分子泵压缩比的全流域计算提供参考。     

涡轮分子泵的统计理论

现有涡轮分子泵理论有一定的局限性和片面性。本文从统计物理出发,分析了涡轮分子泵的工作原理,证明了涡轮分子泵的抽气作用并不是 Gaede 分子拖动原理的一种类推,而是由于叶片与被抽气体之间的高速相对运动使入射分子与上下叶片表面的碰撞几率以及从叶轮一侧直接飞入另一侧的几率不相等。对于这种泵来说,分子拖动理论实际上只是在叶片速度不很高时的一种近似数学描述。当叶片速度接近被抽气体分子的热运动速度时,泵的抽速和压缩比将趋向饱和,即进一步增加叶片速度时,泵的抽速和压缩比均不可能有显著增加。最后还用统计理论讨论了有限长叶片的何氏系数和压缩比,其结果与实验符合得很好。     

涡轮分子泵抽气性能计算的误差分析

采用数据回归方法,建立了不同叶片倾角、节弦比条件下单级涡轮叶片正反向传输几率与速度比的数学关系式,通过计算机编程可直接获得单级涡轮叶片的正反向传输几率,进而求出涡轮叶片的抽气性能,提高了计算效率。分别采用涡轮叶片几何中值参数计算方法、沿涡轮叶片齿长逐段积分方法,对单级涡轮叶片和涡轮分子泵的抽气性能进行了计算,并与实验结果进行了对比。发现:采用涡轮叶片几何中值参数计算涡轮叶片抽气性能存在误差,对涡轮分子泵抽气性能的计算值偏高,其计算误差远大于分段积分法的计算误差,后者更适用于对分子泵抽气性能的设计计算。     

涡轮分子泵叶片的微分电路模型以及组合叶轮压缩比的计算

本文利用涡轮分子泵叶片的微分电路模型,导出了涡轮分子泵压缩比与泄漏间隙、叶轮间距之间的简明关系,并提出了压缩比综合修正的方法。计算结果与实测值合得很好,并表明压缩比与叶轮间距之间的关系并不象分子拖动理论预期的那样密切。     

超高真空大抽速复合分子泵的设计

本文介绍了一种超高真空大抽速复合分子泵的研制,该型分子泵转子采用了涡轮叶片与螺旋槽式牵引级的复合结构,由整体加工而成。文中重点介绍了复合转子的设计及优化,并对定片隔环一体型结构与复合底盘结构的设计以及改进进行简要介绍。该型复合分子泵的抽速比同口径涡轮分子泵高10%左右,同时具有更高的压缩比与抗前级压力,可以在100Pa的真空压力下启动,排气端不需要匹配较大的前级泵就可满足抽气要求。该型分子泵动平衡性较好,结构简单,集成性较高,整机的制造成本相对涡轮分子泵更低。     

抽速350升/秒的立式涡轮分子泵

描述了一种涡轮分子泵的结构和性能,这种泵按照现代工艺要求已达到了最佳性能,立 式单向流和直接驱动的高速旋转轴的特点为我们提供了不少方便。结构紧凑、转动平稳、 高抽速和高压缩比,乃是涡轮分子泵的最重要特性。该泵的物理性能达到了最佳化并做了一 些试验。作为最佳性能参数如叶轮,叶片角度以及级数等都是通过计算机计算得到的。根据 一系列泵试验所得到的性能数据,对抽速、压缩比、启动时间、功率消耗等问题作了阐明和 讨论。初步研究一下涡轮分子泵的新结构,再查阅一下Gaede,Siegbahn,Becker,Shapiro及Kruger所发表的有关文献,便…     

涡轮分子泵发展及使用趋势

评述近二十年来涡轮分子泵的发展,并讨论实际的工艺状况,抽速从110升/秒到9000升/秒左右的不同结构的涡轮分子泵已在市场上出售。 阐明了最重要的结构参数(转子几何形状,叶片形状及转速),对涡轮分子泵基本工作特性(抽速和压缩比)的影响。 对单向气流(“立式”)和双向气流(“卧式”)涡轮分子泵,从生产成本、振动情况、可靠性及售出后的服务等方面,作了比较和讨论。 除以传统的油润滑滚珠轴承为基础的分子泵外,近几年在市场上还出现几种使用所谓“干式”轴承的涡轮分子泵。这些具有气体或电磁转子轴承的涡轮分子泵,由于轴承的结构复杂,其价格…     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from