北京某住宅小区复合式地源热泵空调系统方案设计

该方案为由地埋管换热器和辅助冷热源组成的复合式地源热泵空调系统,采用分散设置热泵主机的水环热泵系统,以地埋管换热器作为全年冷热源主体,夏季采用湖水辅助散热,冬季采用燃气锅炉辅助加热.系统设置专门的热泵供应生活热水,一方面充分利用建筑物周围的空地设置埋管,另一方面应用辅助散热(加热)系统满足供热和制冷的高峰负荷,降低了系统的初投资,提高了系统经济性和运行的可靠性.     

A novel cost-optimizing demand response control for a heat pump heated residential building

The present article describes the integration of a data-driven predictive demand response control for residential buildings with heat pump and on-site energy generation. The data driven control approach schedules the heating system of the building. In each day, the next 24 hours heating demand of buildings, including space heating and domestic hot water consumption, are predicted by means of a hybrid wavelet transformation and a dynamic neural network. Linear programming is implemented to define a cost-optimal schedule for the heat pump operation. Moreover, the study discusses the impact of heat demand prediction error on performance of demand response control. In addition, the option of energy trading with the electrical grid is considered in order to evaluate the possibility of increasing the profit for private householders through on-site energy generation. The results highlight that the application of the proposed predictive control could reduce the heating energy cost up to 12% in the cold Finnish climate. Furthermore, on-site energy generation declines the total energy cost and consumption about 43% and 24% respectively. The application of a data-driven control for the demand prediction brings efficiency to demand response control.     

多种生活热水供热系统技术及经济对比分析

以小区中央热水系统改造为背景,对太阳能集热器+电加热器热水系统、空气源热泵+电加热器热水系统、空气源热泵+板式换热器+电加热器热水系统、水源热泵、地源热泵热水系统等几种热源供热系统进行了对比分析,结果表明利用空气源热泵+板式换热器+电加热器热水系统最节能,与小区原电加热系统相比可以使热水工作费用降低76.8％.     

西藏自治区民用建筑采暖设计地方标准简介

标准结合西藏的能源供应模式和生态特点,提出通过主、被动式太阳能利用和建筑保温方法解决当地的采暖问题,主动式供暖系统以太阳能热水为主要热源;标准涉及供暖室内外计算参数的确定、热负荷计算、太阳能热水系统设计等方面,为当地民用建筑供暖制定了设计依据.     

基于全寿命周期成本的建筑生活热水供应方案的经济性对比研究

以南京某高校新建学生宿舍区为研究对象,选取了 4 种建筑生活热水供应系统:电热水系统、太阳能热水系统、空气源热泵热水系统、加光热的热源塔热泵热水系统。分别计算 4 种系统的全寿命周期成本,即初投资和年运行成本,并利用设计热水单价、净现值 NPV、净现值率 NPVR 及动态投资回收期等指标对 4 种生活热水供应方案进行全寿命周期的经济性评估,结果表明,分散式的电热水系统全寿命周期内经济性最差,加光热的热源塔热泵热水供应系统投资净收益最高,收益率高,投资回收期短,具备很好的投资与建设价值。通过对 4 种方案的经济性评估,可以为中大型建筑的生活热水方案选择提供参考,在我国夏热冬冷地区有很大的推广和应用前景。     

宁波市某宾馆混合式地源热泵系统设计

分析了地埋管换热器的设计要素。综合考虑当地地质条件、地源热泵的优势以及冷热负荷的特点,设计了混合式地源热泵系统。采用地埋管换热器满足热负荷、辅助冷却装置补偿冷负荷的方案。热水系统采用闭式储水罐加地源热泵机组,与空调系统的地埋管换热器相间布置,夏季运行时形成了良好的互补性,解决了冬夏季土壤的热平衡问题,提高了机组的运行效率。     

Application of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: State-of-the-art and outlook

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is becoming more and more attractive for space heating and cooling of buildings. The application of LHTES in buildings has the following advantages: (1) the ability to narrow the gap between the peak and off-peak loads of electricity demand; (2) the ability to save operative fees by shifting the electrical consumption from peak periods to off-peak periods since the cost of electricity at night is 1/3–1/5 of that during the day; (3) the ability to utilize solar energy continuously, storing solar energy during the day, and releasing it at night, particularly for space heating in winter by reducing diurnal temperature fluctuation thus improving the degree of thermal comfort; (4) the ability to store the natural cooling by ventilation at night in summer and to release it to decrease the room temperature during the day, thus reducing the cooling load of air conditioning. This paper investigates previous work on thermal energy storage by incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) in the building envelope. The basic principle, candidate PCMs and their thermophysical properties, incorporation methods, thermal analyses of the use of PCMs in walls, floor, ceiling and window etc. and heat transfer enhancement are discussed. We show that with suitable PCMs and a suitable incorporation method with building material, LHTES can be economically efficient for heating and cooling buildings. However, several problems need to be tackled before LHTES can reliably and practically be applied. We conclude with some suggestions for future work.     

解放军总医院海南分院医疗区生活热水系统设计及节能分析

医疗建筑生活热水用量比较大,要求高;不同于住宅、宾馆等其他公共建筑,生活热水系统所消耗的能量较大,如何合理设计医疗建筑生活热水系统、提高医疗建筑生活热水系统的可再生能源利用率?解放军总医院海南分院的生活热水利用太阳能和空气源热泵辅助加热直接供应,经过半年多实际运行的检验,节能效果很好。论文结合该工程,介绍了热水系统的设计,并简要分析节能情况。     

建设工程招投标阶段造价控制探讨

招投标是建立公开、公平、公正和诚实信用的市场秩序的有效手段,也是开展资源节约型经济活动,实现资源配置,提高资产投资效益的重要途径。本文即通过分析建设工程招投标的特点及招投标阶段对工程造价的影响,提出在招投标阶段涩制工程造价应采取的措施,从而达到有效控制工程造价的目的。     

Study on hybrid ground-coupled heat pump systems

Although ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems are becoming attractive air-conditioning systems in some regions, the significant drawback for their wider application is the high initial cost. Besides, more energy is rejected into ground by the GCHP system installed in cooling-dominated buildings than the energy extracted from ground on an annual basis and this imbalance can result in the degradation of system performance. One of the available options that can resolve these problems is to apply the hybrid ground-coupled heat pump (HGCHP) systems, with supplemental heat rejecters for rejecting extra thermal energy when they are installed in cooling-dominated buildings. This paper presents a practical hourly simulation model of the HGCHP system by modeling the heat transfer of its main components. The computer program developed on this hourly simulation model can be used to calculate the operating data of the HGCHP system according to the building load. The design methods and running control strategies of the HGCHP system for a sample building are investigated. The simulation results show that proper HGCHP system can effectively reduce both the initial cost and the operating cost of an air-conditioning system compared with the traditional GCHP system used in cooling-dominated buildings.     

Energetic, economic and environmental performance of a solar-thermal-assisted HVAC system

A solar-assisted HVAC system was retrofitted in 2006-2009 onto an earlier (1980) energy-efficient building. A hybrid system of flat plate and vacuum tube solar collectors heats water in a large hot storage tank that is delivered to an absorption chiller in the cooling season or directly to heating coils in the heating season. Large chilled water storage tanks are charged off-peak and discharged during the day, cooling the building in parallel with the chiller. Measurements of the seasonal performance of the system are presented. Good overall agreement between actual measurements and earlier numerical modeling results is reported for our system, with one notable discrepancy attributable to the operation of the air terminal units, which requires tuning. In cold seasons, solar thermal energy can easily displace a large fraction of traditional heating sources. In the cooling season, the conversion of heat to cooling capacity incurs several parasitic losses, which if not accounted for properly in the design stage, have the capacity to completely offset any advantage gained from the solar system. The economics of building-scale solar thermal systems are strongly dependent on the cost of energy, and electricity in particular. The economics are favorable where electricity costs are high, and vice-versa.     

单户住宅太阳能热泵供热的技术与经济分析

以一个100m^2的住宅用户为研究对象，采用10～15年内全年逐时气象数据对太阳能热泵供热系统进行模拟。根据模拟的结果，分析其初投资，寿命周期内的总能耗、总运行费用，综合热价等指标，将其与常规供热系统进行比较，对比其初投资、运行费用，总能耗等指标。然后分析了每日太阳能负责的采暖小时数、生活热水用量等因素对系统经济性的影响，以及太阳能热泵供热的节能性和环境效益。     

Experimental study of a ground-coupled heat pump combined with thermal solar collectors

This paper presents the experimental study of a ground-coupled heat pump used in a 180 m² private residence and combined with thermal solar collectors. This process, called GEOSOL, meets domestic hot water and heating–cooling building energy needs. Solar heat is used as a priority for domestic hot water heating and when the preset water temperature is reached, excess solar energy is injected into the ground via boreholes. This system has the advantage to contribute to the balance of the ground loads, increasing the operating time of the solar collectors and preventing overheating problems. After 11 months in operation, the power extracted and injected into the ground had average values of 40.3 and 39.5 W/m, respectively. Energy injected into the ground represents 34% of the heat extracted, and the heat pump's coefficient of performance (COP) in heating mode had an average value of 3.75. In addition, the domestic hot water solar fraction had an average value higher than 60% for the first 11 months in operation.     

地源热泵与蓄热式电锅炉冬季制热的节能性实测与分析

地源热泵作为一种节能环保的新型冷热源,越来越受到关注,并逐步推广应用.针对夏热冬冷地区冬季上海市某建筑,利用土壤源热泵加干盘管联合制热对办公用房进行供暖,且在相同制热量的情况下对比蓄热电锅炉系统,对两种能耗进行分析,发现在考虑初投资的情况下,地源热泵比蓄热式电热锅炉节能约35.1％.     

兰州地区地源热泵与太阳能联合空调系统方案的评价

针对兰州地区冬冷夏凉的气候特点,研究了地源热泵系统与太阳能热水系统联合运行的新型空调系统在该地区的应用。太阳能热水系统可以解决地埋管换热系统冬季吸热与夏季排热不平衡的问题,保证地源热泵系统的稳定高效运行。以兰州新区地源热泵工程为例介绍了太阳能如何与地源热泵匹配的方案,并且对比了联合空调系统与常规空调的运行费用,表明该系统具有技术可行性,可以推广应用。     

空气源热泵热水机组节能分析

通过分析空气源热泵热水机组的原理,提出了一次能源消耗量计算式,对比计算了使用天然气、煤油、电、太阳能几种不同能源的供热设备与空气源热泵热水机组的耗能量,并讨论了降低空气源热泵热水机组节能效果的制约因素及解决方法。     

Monitoring the energy consumption in a district heated apartment building in Copenhagen,with specific interest in the thermodynamic performance

The energy consumption in an apartment building in Copenhagen supplied by district heating has been monitored from November 2000 to June 2002. During the period heat cost allocators were installed on the radiators and the set point for domestic hot water was raised in order to prevent the Legionella Disease. Results from the space heating system and the loading circuit for production of domestic hot water are discussed with respect to heat loads, cooling of the district heating water and the efficiency of the pump and the heat exchangers. The Public Service Obligation for utility companies in Denmark to help their customers to save energy calls for tools to analyse the energy consumption and the efficiency of the system. The possibility to use three-dimensional plots to analyse the thermodynamic performance is discussed as one option.     

太阳能光伏光热恒温泳池系统的设计与研究

将太阳能、电能等多种能源利用方式进行综合,构建了一种太阳能光伏光热恒温泳池系统。它由泳池恒温系统、卫生热水系统组成。泳池恒温系统由泳池循环太阳能集热系统、泳池空气源热泵加热系统组成。卫生热水系统由卫生热水太阳能集热系统、卫生热水空气源热泵加热系统和卫生热水水源热泵加热系统组成。在米易县游泳馆进行集成示范表明:该系统技术先进,安全可靠,运行成本低,绿色环保。     

Energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis of a micro gas turbine employed for on-site combined heat and power production

This paper studies the optimization of micro turbine application to meet the electrical, heating and cooling loads of a building by energy, economics and environmental analysis. In this study following three cases are considered: 1: A simple micro gas turbine to meet the electrical power of the building. 2: A simple micro gas turbine to meet the electrical power of the building as well as the power required by heat pump and mechanical refrigerator needed for heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW) systems. 3: A CHP micro gas turbine to meet the electrical power of the building as well as part of the power required by heat pump and mechanical refrigerator needed for heating, cooling and DHW systems. The remaining part of the power for heat pump and mechanical refrigerator is provided by the exhaust gases.The research shows that the initial investment is a considerable portion of electricity cost. For an annual interest rate of 10% this portion ranges from 31 to 40% depending on system design configurations, and the lower interest rates results in the smaller portions. It is also concluded that the number of turbine units and electricity cost are highly depended on electricity consumption management.     

建筑集中热水系统设计的几个问题

结合深圳及周边地区的一些工程实例，对建筑集中热水系统设计中经常遇到的热源选择和热水恒温措施等问题进行了探讨，建议大力推广电热锅炉、太阳能及热泵机组等新设备和自调控恒温伴热电缆技术。