Mathematical model for the hemodynamic response to venous occlusion measured with near-infrared spectroscopy in the human forearm

We propose a mathematical model to describe the hemodynamic changes induced by a venous occlusion in a human limb. These hemodynamic changes, which include an increase in blood volume, a reduction in blood flow, and modifications to the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, can all be measured noninvasively with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). To test the model, we have performed NIRS measurements on the human forearm, specifically on the brachioradialis muscle, during venous occlusion induced by a pneumatic cuff inflated around the upper arm to pressures within the range 10-60 mmHg. We have found a good agreement between parameters measured by NIRS (total hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin saturation) and the corresponding model parameters (capacitor voltage and arterial/capillary branch current). In particular, model and experiment indicate that the time constant for blood accumulation during venous occlusion (approximately 73-79 s) is much slower than the time constant for blood drainage following cuff release (approximately 5 s). These results indicate that this mathematical model can be a valuable analytical tool to characterize, optimize, and further develop diagnostic measurement schemes that use venous occlusion approaches.     

近红外光谱技术在牛奶及其制品质量检测中的应用

近红外光谱技术作为一种新型的分析检测技术,正在获得越来越广泛的应用。本文阐述了近红外光谱技术的基本原理、具体检测步骤和国内近红外光谱技术在牛奶及乳制品质量分析方面应用的最新研究进展。对目前研究存在的问题进行了分析,对以后进一步的研究进行了展望,并提出了一些建议。     

CMOS silicon avalanche photodiodes for NIR light detection: a survey

This paper surveys recent research on CMOS silicon avalanche photodiodes (SiAPD) and presents the design of a SiAPD based photoreceiver dedicated to near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) application. Near-infrared spectroscopy provides an inexpensive, non-invasive, and portable means to image brain function, and is one of the most efficient diagnostic techniques of different neurological diseases. In NIRS system, brain tissue is penetrated by near-infrared (NIR) radiation and the reflected signal is captured by a photodiode. Since the reflected NIR signal has very low amplitude, SiAPD is a better choice than regular photodiode for NIR signal detection due to SiAPD`s ability to amplify the photo generated signal by avalanche multiplication. Design requirements of using CMOS SiAPDs for NIR light detection are discussed, and the challenges of fabricating SiAPDs using standard CMOS process are addressed. Performances of state-of-the-art CMOS SiAPDs with different device structures are summarized and compared. The efficacy of the proposed SiAPD based photoreceiver is confirmed by post layout simulation. Finally, the SiAPD and its associated circuits has been implemented in one chip using 0.35 μm standard CMOS technology for an integrated NIRS system.     

A reliable integrative autocorrelator device for particle fluctuation rate monitoring

The monitoring of particle fluctuation rate is of great importance in the biomedical field, especially in applications concerning the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring of blood flow. Blood flow is one of the most important indexes to estimate the body functional status, while the existing technologies for its measurements have some limitations. NIRS is non-invasive, continuous real-time, applicable to blood flow monitoring of a variety of vessel sizes and deeper depths. Autocorrelation module, which is capable of processing optical signals and getting blood flow data with the upper computer module, is an important part of near-infrared monitoring blood flow method. In this study, we integrated the upper computer module into the autocorrelator device, reduced man-made errors caused by multiple modules, and made the device more convenient and reliable. We also tested its performance and reliability. The result showed that the device has great potentiality in measuring the particle fluctuation rate conveniently, accurately and reliably. In future, the device will be tested in noninvasive clinic trials to verify its monitoring effects.     

用多层Monte—Carlo模型研究脑部光学无损的问题

利用近红外光对人脑进行无损检测有良好的应用前景。然后脑部客观存在的多层结构使人位对从较深部位提取有用信息产生疑问。本文利用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ方法对人头部建立了光传播的多层模型,对光在头部的传播模式和脑部结构对提取深部信息的影响得出了一些结果,本文结果表明,由于脑脊液透明层的存在,使近红光在头部能够探测较深部位珠生理参数变化但难于获得较好的空间分辨能力。     

Effect of 805 nm on reliability of 735/805/850-nm LED involved near-infrared spectroscopy biomedical device

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in biomedicine due to its capability of noninvasively detecting hemodynamic variations in relative deep tissue. Most NIRS devices utilized multiple-wavelengths integrated LED as the sources, of which the 735/805/850-nm LED was mostly employed. As we known, the 735/850-nm combination is enough for quantifying the changes of oxy-hemoglobin (∆ HbO₂) and deoxy-hemoglobin (∆ Hb). Then how is the effect of the wavelength 805 nm of 735/805/850-nm LED on the measurement reliability? Here we performed blood model experiments with 57 human blood samples and recorded optical density variations at above 3 wavelengths. Both of the least squares method and multi-variable linear regression analysis were used to quantify ∆ HbO₂ and ∆ Hb with three-wavelength combination (735/805/850-nm) and two-wavelength combination (735/850-nm) respectively. By comparing the quantified values with the real values, we found that the results obtained from 735/850-nm combination are more close to reality than the 735/805/850-nm combination. This study reported, for the first time, that 805 nm actually took a negative effect on measurement reliability of NIRS. It indicates to get rid of 805 nm from such LED design to reduce the LED cost and get higher reliability for NIRS instrumentation.     

Photonics Technology for Molecular Imaging

Recent progress in photonics technologies contributing to the advancements of molecular imaging are reviewed from an industrial point of view. Many imaging modalities have been developed for molecular imaging, and many of these methods rely on the detection of "photons" as a basis for image formation. These include positron emission tomography (PET), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and fluorescence microscopy. A PET system dedicated to studies of monkeys and a planar imaging system for imaging of plants and small animals have been developed. PET studies on age-related impairment of the serotonin neural functions revealed the mechanism in aged monkeys. The planar imaging system demonstrated the dynamic changes in fluoro-deoxy-glucose distribution in a rat with the time interval of 10 s. Using NIRS, quantitative temporal measurement of an absorber such as hemoglobin in tissues was achieved. The NIRS study on the human brain function suggested the relation between the applied task and the activated area. Diffusion optical tomography is also discussed. A fluorescence microscope has been developed for imaging of molecules in living cells, which is equipped with two image-intensified cooled charge-coupled device cameras having a time-gate function. Preliminary results on mRNA expressions showed the usefulness of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging based on the fluorescence decay time, compared to the conventional intensity imaging method. In the near future, the application of a spatial light modulator and holography, to control the wave front of the light, will produce clearer and more precise images of molecules under microscope. Photonics technologies will provide exciting opportunities for various industries to participate in and contribute to the field of molecular imaging.     

组织血氧参数近红外无损检测技术及自主创新之路

用近红外光谱方法无损、实时、连续检测人体组织中的血氧参数,可直接得到大脑皮层、肌肉等组织中微细血管血液的氧饱和度、血红蛋白浓度的平均值.与有创血气分析和检测指端脉搏血氧饱和度等现有技术相比,具有不可替代的特色和优势.本课题组通过10余年的不懈努力,在原理算法、测试技术、临床应用等方面取得了大量创新性的成果.现已成功地将实验室样机转化为具有独立自主知识产权、达到国际先进水平的产品(TSAH-100).在新生儿医学、运动医学、组织移植、体外循环、药物疗效评定、基础研究等领域得到推广应用,已测试900余例受试者.在长期的工作中,建立了高校、医院、企业紧密合作的科研体制,为研发具有自主知识产权的先进医疗仪器提供了有益经验.     

AOTF近红外光谱技术及在食安领域的应用

针对近年来多发的食品安全问题,概括性地介绍了近红外光谱分析技术的原理、近红外光谱仪器分类、优势对比及其在食品质量与安全检测中的研究和应用情况。同时,探索性地提出了一种新型的食品安全网络测试分析系统,该系统是由多台基于声光可调滤波器的近红外光谱分析仪器联网组成的。并介绍了该光谱仪器的组成、原理及技术特点,对其在食品安全领...     

WHITE ASPARAGUS HARVEST DATE DISCRIMINATION USING NIRS TECHNOLOGY

Asparagus is still an important resource for mid-size and small farms. It has been traditionally believed that factors such as the asparagus harvesting date have an influence on its quality. This research sought to identify the harvesting dates of different fruits by using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology as quality indicators and the best zone a long of the asparagus to acquire the spectrum. All the asparagus tested came from the same manufacturer but had been canned on three different dates, giving a total of nine lots. There were one hundred asparagus per lot and the experiment data were taken from three different parts (tip, middle, and base) of each spear. Reflectance spectrum in the near infrared between 800–1700 nm was determined. Differences NIRS among the asparagus harvested on different dates were found. NIRS technology was able to classify the asparagus correctly in terms of harvest dates (71% well classified). The base of the asparagus turned out to be the best part to use in order to establish the harvest date.     

人工关节置换术下肢深静脉血栓形成的预防性护理

目的:探讨降低人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血形成发生率的护理方法.方法:对58例人工关节置换术采取针对性的综合性护理措施,包括心理护理、健康教育、体位护理、病情观察、预防性使用抗凝药、早期活动等.结果:人工关节置换术58例中,15例发生DVT,发生率为25.9%.讨论:综合性的预防措施可以降低DVT的发生率.     

用近红外光谱预测土壤碳含量的研究

以田间行走式设备获取的近红外光谱数据为基础,利用最小二乘回归法(PLSR)建立了应用近红外光谱数据预测土壤碳含量的校正模型,与利用原始光谱数据建立的模型相比,应用经比值或归一化差值处理的光谱数据建立的校正模型可以提高预测精度.精度提高的原因可能是光谱数据经过波段算术组合处理后,能降低模型建立过程中产生过配的风险,使模型能包括更多的成分和信息.研究结果表明,利用偏最小二乘回归法,可以有效地建立田间近红外光谱与土壤碳含量之间的校正模型;同时,应用比值或归一化差值这些波段算术组合方法来处理近红外光谱数据,可以进一步提高模型的预测精度.因此,应用行走式设备获取的近红外光谱数据来快速测定田间土壤中碳的含量是可行的.     

基于光谱仪近红外光谱技术的组织氧测量研究

提出了一种基于光谱仪近红外光谱技术(Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, NIRS)的定量无损组织氧检测系统。通过用微型光谱仪代替传统信号接收处理部分,实时测出了光源波长,并用补偿算法抵消了环境的影响。对经过均值和FFT滤波后的输出光谱信号进行运算后,得出了组织氧浓度。用前臂阻断实验验证了组织血氧饱和度(Regional Saturation Of Oxygen, rSO2)测量结果的有效性。结果显示,测量结果与理论相符,表明基于光谱仪的NIRS技术可以较好地应用于监测组织的血氧饱和度,其适应性比传统方法更强。     

用于脑血流量检测的近红外光谱术

介绍了用于大脑血流量检测的近红外光谱术的基本原理和实验体系,该系统可完成对近红外光学信号的实时采集、处理和显示等功能。在血模型实验结果基础上,报道了大脑血流量变化的近红外光学检测结果。     

近红外反射光谱分析技术快速检测复合化学肥料中肉骨粉含量的研究

肉骨粉是产生牛海绵状脑病(BSE)的主要原因,根治BSE很有必要研究饲料和肥料中的肉骨粉的检出方法.本文探讨了利用近红外反射光谱(NIRS)分析技术快速检测复合化学肥料中肉骨粉含量的可行性.对混合有肉骨粉的4种复合肥料样品和这些所有样品,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS),获得5个校正模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.9989、0.9957、0.9977、0.9969和0.9955,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.82%、4.07%、3.92%、3.99%和5.13%;检验集的真值和模型预测值的决定系数(r2)分别为0.9951、0.9981、0.9960、0.9943和0.9884,RSD分别为6.74%、2.58%、3.55%、6.17%和7.44%.结果表明,利用NIRS分析技术可以成功检测出复合肥料中肉骨粉的含量.     

SOT82功率产品的热阻控制

文章首先列出了封装过程中可能对SOT82功率产品热阻产生影响的所有因素，并对其中几个关键因素进行了原因分析，如空洞、锡层厚度、锡层倾斜度等。其后，针对这几个关键因素，分别进行对应的装配过程优化改善，来保证SOT82功率产品的热阻稳定。     

Performance assessment of the NIRS-based medical system of evaluating therapeutic effect

Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a portable, noninvasive detection method in many medical applications. With the ability to measure hemodynamics, NIRS has been applied in disease diagnosis, patient monitoring and therapeutic effect evaluation. To quantitatively assess the therapeutic effect, we developed a NIRS-based efficacy evaluation system. This study mainly focused on the performance assessment of the system. A series of experiments were performed on the stability, sensitivity, response time, and clinical characteristics. In conclusion, the efficacy evaluation system realized real-time and continuous monitoring before and after therapy.     

螺距跳变技术优化行波管电子效率的研究

行波管采用动态速度渐变（DVT）技术能获得很高的电子互作用效率。这里采用粒子模拟（PIC）技术对Ka波段某螺旋线空间行波管慢波结构进行模拟,分析了采用DVT技术的慢波结构内部各段螺距的大小和长度对行波管电子效率以及增益的影响。对慢波结构进行优化,优化后,电子效率由17．53％提高至27．27％,增益由51．17dB增加至53．09dB。     

A portable high-density absolute-measure NIRS imager for detecting prefrontal lobe activity under fatigue driving

Driving fatigue is one of the primary causes of traffic accidents nowadays. It is thus imperative to develop a technique to monitor levels of driving fatigue. The emergent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is now capable of measuring functional cerebral activities noninvasively and sensitively in terms of hemodynamic responses, shedding light on the possibility to detect signals regarding fatigue-specified cerebral activities. This work innovatively developed a NIRS device aimed at fatigue detection of drivers, and the device was designed to be portable so that it can be easily operated during driving. Moreover, the device is absolute-measure so that the data can be compared among drivers. The probe is high-density and we can visualize brain functional responses after imaging. The high sensitivity, stability, and reliabilities of our device were fully tested in the order of ink experiment, cuff experiment, and on-human test. For the in-situation on-human test, we recruited 3 taxi drivers and collected data by our device during 8 h' driving. It's found that the hemodynamics-represented cerebral activation decreased with driving duration, which indicated our device's strong potential in monitoring fatigue.     

动态速度渐变技术提升慢波结构注波互作用效率的仿真研究

行波管采用动态速度渐变（DVT）技术能获得很高的效率。本文分析了一种采用DVT技术的慢波结构,并将这一结构与常规设计的慢波结构进行仿真比较,最后对这一结构进行了实验验证,结果证明了这一技术的优越性和可行性。