PSL可满足问题的计算复杂度

PSL是一种用于描述并行系统的属性规约语言,包括线性时序逻辑FL和分支时序逻辑OBE两部分。由于OBE就是CTL,因此论文重点研究FL逻辑。理论上已证明许多难解的问题都可多项式变换为“可满足性”问题,“可满足性”问题是研究时序逻辑的核心问题之一,并已成为程序验证的一种有力工具;而计算复杂度是“可满足性”问题需要解决的最深刻的方向之一,其研究意义在于它可作为解决一类问题的难度的标准。文中在利用“铺砖模型”基础上,推导并得出FL的“可满足性”问题的计算复杂度为EXPSPACE—hard,这对正确评价解决该问题的各种算法的效率,进而确定对已有算法的改进余地具有重要的指导意义。     

可满足实例的归结复杂度

GRB模型是一种随机约束满足问题模型,此模型具有精确的可满足相变现象。针对实验中出现的GRB模型在相变区域产生的可满足实例都是难解的现象,利用子句宽度和归结复杂度的关系证明了GRB模型在相变点附近产生的可满足实例对于树型归结证明具有指数下界。因此从理论上证明了在相变区域产生的可满足实例对基于归结的算法是难解的。     

可满足性问题的一种DNA表面计算模型

可满足性问题的一种DNA表面计算模型是一种特殊的DNA计算方法,该模型是采用荧光标记的策略和荧光猝灭技术,通过观察荧光灭光情况排除非解,从而有效的解决可满足性问题(SAT).该模型方法具有错误率低、编码简单、读取方便等很好的性能,能够大大减少实验过程中的错差.     

可满足性问题的研究综述

对SAT问题及其各种约束子问题进行分类并给出具体定义,着重介绍常规SAT问题、最大可满足性问题（MAX—SAT）和参数化SAT问题的相关算法,并对参数算法中运用的技术进行分析和比较,提出一些SAT问题研究中值得关注的几个方面。     

可满足问题的分子信标计算模型

分子信标（Molecular Beacon）是一种发夹状的荧光探针,它可以特异地和那些与分子信标的环（Loop）互补的核酸靶序列杂交,具有单个碱基错配的检测能力．肽核酸（Peptide Nucleic Acid）是人工合成的核酸（DNA）的类似物．PNA骨架为酰胺键,与DNA补链杂交更稳定,可以阻止聚合酶延伸反应．文中将可满足问题的约束变量编码于分子信标的环部识别区,通过分子信标与使得给定范式为真的变量的PNA补链杂交,再利用PNA链可以阻止聚合酶延伸反应的性质,用限制性内切酶EcoRI降解对应于非解的分子信标,最后通过加热表面使分子信标构形发生变化,产生荧光读解．提出的可满足问题的分子信标计算模型具有可靠性高、无需观察和记录计算的中间结果、读解简单等优点．     

求解难可满足性问题的混合算法

提出了一个求解难可满足性问题的简单混合算法．拟人和禁忌表两个策略被给出．数值实验表明，对于一类公认比较难的可满足性问题，该算法胜过目前据认为是最好方法之一的NOVELTY算法．     

命题逻辑可满足性问题的算法分析

1 引言可满足性问题(以下简称SAT)是问:对于一个命题逻辑公式,是否存在对其变元的一个真值赋值使之成立?这个问题在许多领域都有非常重要的意义,其快速求解算法的研究成为计算机科学的中心课题之一。例如在机器定理证明领域,某命题是否是一个和谐的公理集合的推论,这个问题归结为该命题的反面与该公理集合一起是否是不可满足的。通过量词消去技术和Herbrand定理的作用,谓词逻辑公式的不可满足性可以归结为命题逻辑公式的不可满足性。在知识库维护中,当知识以逻辑公式的形式表达时,知识库的一致性检查可以归结为命题逻辑公式的可满足性。在开放逻辑中,新事实是否与已有的知识矛盾,当遇到事实反驳时如何求得最大和谐的知识集,这些问题最后都要归结为命题逻辑公式的可满足性。1971年Cook首次证明了SAT是NP-完全的,从而大量的计算问题都可以归约到SAT。正是由于SAT的重要地位,各国学者对它进行了广泛而深入的研究。     

可满足性问题的巨磁电阻型DNA计算模型

DNA计算是一种新的计算模式,因其海量的信息存储能力、高度的并行性及低能耗等优点而被广泛地应用于求解各类NP完全问题.文中利用免疫磁标记和巨磁电阻(GMR)效应,对生物特异性反应进行检测,构建了可满足性问题的巨磁电阻型DNA计算模型,并用实例说明了模型的有效性和可行性.与传统的荧光标记法DNA计算模型相比,巨磁电阻型DNA计算模型的输出结果是电信号形式,因而具有检测信号易处理、检测时间短、解可靠性高、无需标记和读解简单等优点.     

可满足问题中的模型计数

模型计数问题是指计算给定问题的解的个数,这是一类比决策更困难的问题,也是人工智能领域研究的一个热点问题.对模型计数问题的研究不仅可以提高算法的求解效率,更能促进对问题困难本质的了解.以可满足问题（命题可满足（SAT）和约束可满足问题（CSP））为例,从精确算法和近似求解两方面综述了模型计数问题的研究现状,重点介绍了相关概念以及各个算法之间的优缺点,并提出了有待解决的开放性问题,对模型计数问题的研究予以了总结和展望.     

求解可满足性问题的改进的模拟退火算法

该文为可满足性问题的高效近似求解提出了改进的模拟退火算法。数值实验表明,对于该文随机产生的测试问题例,改进的模拟退火算法完全胜过局部搜索算法、模拟退火算法以及目前国际上流行的WSAT算法。     

Some Computational Aspects of distance-sat

In many AI fields, one must face the problem of finding a solution that is as close as possible to a given configuration. This paper addresses this problem in a propositional framework. We introduce the decision problem distance-sat, which consists in determining whether a propositional formula admits a model that disagrees with a given partial interpretation on at most d variables. The complexity of distance-sat and of several restrictions of it are identified. Two algorithms based on the well-known Davis/Logemann/Loveland search procedure for the satisfiability problem sat are presented so as to solve distance-sat for CNF formulas. Their computational behaviors are compared with the ones offered by sat solvers on sat encodings of distance-sat instances. The empirical evaluation allows us to draw firm conclusions about the respective performances of the algorithms and to relate the difficulty of distance-sat with the difficulty of sat from the practical side. A preliminary version of this paper appeared with the title “distance-sat: Complexity and Algorithms” in the proceedings of the 16 ^th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI’99), pages 642–647, 1999.     

有关时间自动机重置的若干问题的计算复杂性

自动机的重置序列也称为同步序列,具有以下特性：有限自动机通过运行重置序列w,可从任意一个未知的或无法观测到的状态q₀到达某个特定状态q_w.这仅依赖于w,而与开始运行w时的状态q₀无关.这一特性可用于部分可观察的复杂系统的自动恢复,而无需重启,甚至有时不能重启.基于此,重置问题自出现以来便得到关注和持续研究.最近几年,它被扩展到可以描述诸如分布式、嵌入式实时系统等复杂系统的无限状态模型上,比如时间自动机和寄存器自动机等.以时间自动机的重置问题的计算复杂性为研究对象,发现重置问题与可达性问题有着紧密的联系.主要贡献是：（1）利用时间自动机可达性问题的最新成果,完善完全的确定的时间自动机重置问题的计算复杂性结论;（2）对部分规约的确定的时间自动机,研究得出,即使在输入字母表大小减至2的情况下,其复杂性仍是PSPACE-完全的;特别地,在单时钟情况下是NLOGSPACE-完全的;（3）对完全的非确定的时间自动机,研究得出其D_i-可重置问题（i=1,2,3）是不可判定的,其重置问题与非确定的寄存器自动机重置问题在指数时间可以相互归约,通过证明指数时间归约相对高复杂性类具有封闭性,利用非确定的寄存器自动机的结论得出单时钟的时间自动机的重置问题是Ackermann-完全的、限界的重置问题是NEXPTIME-完全的.这些复杂性结论,说明关于时间自动机的重置问题大都是难解的,一方面,为时间系统的可重置性的检测和求解奠定坚实的理论基础,另一方面,为以后寻找具有高效算法的特殊结构的时间系统（即具有高效算法的问题子类）给予理论指导.     

Computational Complexity of Simultaneous Elementary Matching Problems

The simultaneous elementary E-matching problem for an equational theory E is to decide whether there is an E-matcher for a given system of equations in which the only nonconstant function symbols occurring in the terms to be matched are the ones constrained by the equational axioms of E. We study the computational complexity of simultaneous elementary matching problems for the equational theories A of semigroups, AC of commutative semigroups, and ACU of commutative monoids. In each case, we delineate the boundary between NP-completeness and solvability in polynomial time by considering two parameters, the number of equations in the systems and the number of constant symbols in the signature. Moreover, we analyze further the intractable cases of simultaneous elementary AC-matching and ACU-matching by also taking into account the maximum number of occurrences of each variable. Using combinatorial optimization techniques, we show that if each variable is restricted to having at most two occurrences, then several cases of simultaneous elementary AC-matching and ACU-matching can be solved in polynomial time.     

Computational versus Causal Complexity

The main claim of this paper is that notions of implementation based on an isomorphic correspondence between physical and computational states are not tenable. Rather, ``implementation' has to be based on the notion of ``bisimulation' in order to be able to block unwanted implementation results and incorporate intuitions from computational practice. A formal definition of implementation is suggested, which satisfies theoretical and practical requirements and may also be used to make the functionalist notion of ``physical realization' precise. The upshot of this new definition of implementation is that implementation cannot distinguish isomorphic bisimilar from non-isomporphic bisimilar systems anymore, thus driving a wedge between the notions of causal and computational complexity. While computationalism does not seem to be affected by this result, the consequences for functionalism are not clear and need further investigations.     

On the Computational Complexity of Consumer Decision Rules

A consumer entering a new bookstore can face more than 250,000alternatives. The efficiency of compensatory and noncompensatory decisionrulesfor finding a preferred item depends on the efficiency of their associatedinformation operators. At best, item-by-item information operators lead tolinear computational complexity; set information operators, on the other hand,can lead to constant complexity. We perform an experiment demonstrating thatsubjects are approximately rational in selecting between sublinear and linearrules. Many markets are organized by attributes that enable consumers toemploya set-selection-by-aspect rule using set information operations. In cyberspacedecision rules are encoded as decision aids.     

Progress in Computational Complexity Theory

We briefly survey a number of important recent achievements in Theoretical Computer Science (TCS), especially Computational Complexity Theory. We will discuss the PCP Theorem, its implications to inapproximability on combinatorial optimization problems; space bounded computations, especially deterministic logspace algorithm for undirected graph connectivity problem; deterministic polynomial-time primality test; lattice complexity, worst-case to average-case reductions; pseudorandomness and extractor constructions; and Valiant's new theory of holographic algorithms and reductions.     

DNA自组装的可满足性问题模型

DNA自组装技术在DNA计算和纳米技术领域都发挥着极其重要的作用,许多小规模NP完全问题都可以通过自组装模型得以解决.文中以可满足问题为模型,通过构造范式中变量的特殊补链,使其与初始数据库中初始DNA链发生杂交反应,形成发夹结构,利用形成发夹结构的DNA链与没形成发夹结构的DNA链长度不同的特点,通过凝胶电泳将这些带发夹的DNA链提取出来;然后加入与这些特殊补链完全互补的DNA链,在一定温度下,通过碱基互补配对原则,发夹结构又将被重新打开.该模型充分利用了DNA分子间的自组装能力,在计算过程中只需要用到凝胶电泳操作,在一定程度上大大减少了因生物操作过多而引起的各种实验误差.