Performance Analysis of Multiband Complex Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Space Diversity Combining in Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, the multiband complex wavelet used as multi-carrier basis function is optimized. On the basis of analyzing the principle of multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA), a new multiband complex wavelet based MC-CDMA (MBCW-MC-CDMA) system model is proposed, and space diversity combining (SDC) technique is employed to improve the system performance further. The uplink performance of proposed MBCW-MC-CDMA system with SDC technique is investigated in Rayleigh fading channel, and corresponding bit error rate (BER) analysis is given in detail. Without any cyclic prefix (CP), the system can avoid the decrease of spectrum efficiency and data rate of conventional MC-CDMA with CP. By comparison, our scheme outperforms real wavelet packet based MC-CDMA and slightly outperforms conventional MC-CDMA with CP via utilizing superior properties of the optimized multiband complex wavelet. Theoretical analysis and simulation result show that the application of SDC technique can improve the proposed system ability to combat spatial fading and various interferences effectively. Moreover, the proposed system based on SDC technique has superior BER performance over conventional DFT and SDC based MC-CDMA system and real wavelet packet and SDC based MC-CDMA system. Xiangbin Yu received the M.S degrees in Communication and Information Systems from Hohai University, Nanjing, China, in 2001; and his Ph.D. in Communication and Information Systems in 2004 from National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory at Southeast University, China. Now he is working as a Postdoctoral Researcher in Information and Communication Engineering Postdoctoral Research Station at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. His research interests include multi-carrier digital communication, space-time coding and digital signal processing in modern communications. Xiaodong Zhang received the M.S degrees from Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, in 1998. In 2002, he received the Ph.D. degree from Southeast University, Nanjing, China. His research interests include contemporary signal processing and digital communications. DaZhuan Xu received the M.S degrees and Ph.D. in Communication and Information Systems from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1986 and 2001, respectively. He is now a full professor in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. Prof.Xu is a Senior Member of China Institute of Electronics (CIE). His research interests include digital communications, soft radio, coding theory, medical signal processing. Guangguo BI was graduated from Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China, in 1960. He is now a professor in the Department of Radio Engineering of Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Prof.Bi is a fellow and a member of the board of Director of the China Institute of Communications, and a senior member of IEEE. His research interests include digital communications, personal communications network, spread spectrum communications, and intelligent information processing. He has published more than 200 papers in above areas.     

同信道干扰对多载波CDMA蜂窝系统下行信道的影响

该文主要讨论多载波CDMA蜂窝系统在下行信道中的同信道干扰问题,理论分析了同信道干扰的解析表达式,并通过计算机仿真得出了在一定的传播损耗下多载波CDMA蜂窝系统下行信道的性能。通过仿真发现,即使在有小区间同信道干扰情况下,通过简单的小区布置,多载波CDMA蜂窝系统下行信道就可以有很大的信道容量。     

室内可见光通信信道估计的研究

要:建立了室内可见光通信系统模型,针对其信道冲击响应,分别采用最小二乘(LS)估计方法和最小均方差(MMSE)估计方法对信道进行了理论分析,并且通过计算机仿真,对两种不同的估计方法性能进行了比较,最后在此基础上,分别对抽头长度和训练序列长度对信道估计的性能影响进行了仿真验证。实验结果表明:在相同信噪比下,MMSE方法的性能优于LS方法,但是计算量比LS方法复杂,而且LS方法性能依赖于噪声的影响,信噪比越高,LS估计方法的性能越好。同时抽头数越多,训练序列越长,信道估计的性能越好,但也会增加计算的复杂度。     

多速率超宽带通信系统中天线传输性能的研究

利用实验测量结合数值仿真的方法,研究了特定室内环境中,不同形状超宽带单极子天线对不同速率多带正交频分(MB-OFDM)超宽带通信系统传输性能的影响.仿真与实验中,MB-OFDM平台采用MATLAB的simulink工具实现,天线与传播环境构成的广义信道特性则通过矢量网络分析仪进行测量.结果表明,单极子天线形状对不同速率MB-OFDM系统的传输误比特率性能有显著影响,文章的方法可用于多速率超宽带通信系统收发天线的优选和性能评价.     

Performance Analysis of Multiuser Detectors for Uplink Quasi-synchronous MC-CDMA Systems

This paper analyses and compares the average bit error rate (BER) of different multiuser detectors (MUD) in the uplink of a multicarrier code- division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system. In particular, maximum likelihood, zero-forcing, minimum mean-square error and interference cancellation-based multiuser detectors have been analysed for the special case of uncorrelated subcarriers. The derived BER expressions are based upon previous results on diversity combining and also on recent findings on multiple input multiple output (MIMO) architectures. The subcarrier correlation is considered in the context of physical parameters currently under discussion for future wireless systems to give an indication up to what extent the assumption of uncorrelated subcarrier fading is plausible.     

多载波CDMA频域分集合并技术

介绍了4G的多址技术候选——MC—CDMA的下行链路以及接收端不同的频域分集合并判决检测方案，通过仿真比较了不同方案的性能，指出MMSE是MC—CDMA下行链路的最优频域分集合并方案。     

一种矢量量化码书搜索的快速算法

本文提出了一种采用均方误差(MSE)测度的矢量量化码书搜索的快速算法.该算法在码书设计的每次迭代前预先计算各码字的和值(一个矢量各分量的和)并保存在码书中.在迭代过程中,利用输入矢量的和值、各码字的和值以及均方误差三者之间的各种特性排除大部分候选码字而免去许多均方误差计算.测试结果表明,相对于穷尽搜索方法,计算量得到明显的降低,计算时间减少约90%,同时只需要很少的预先计算量和额外存储量.     

Downlink traffic control for multiple classes of services in MC-CDMA cellular systems

We consider the problem of downlink traffic control in Multi-code Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems, which support multiple classes of services with diverse QoS requirements. Prior solutions proposed for this problem have largely focused on call admission control at the connection level while neglecting the stochastic behavior of mobile subscribers and channel conditions. We quantitatively demonstrate that these statistical factors, in particular log-normal shadowing in propagation and voice activity factors, have a significant impact on the connection-level performance. Furthermore, we show that conventional data services can be best handled at the packet level as background transmissions by taking advantage of these statistical variations, which leads to significantly better utilization of the scarce wireless spectrum. The research was supported in part by grants from RGC under the contracts HKUST6104/04E and HKUST6165/05E, a grant from NSFC/RGC under the contract N_HKUST605/02, a grant from NSF China under the contract 60429202. Jihui Zhang’s work was partially supported by Microsoft fellowship. Jihui Zhang (S’02) received her B.S. degree from Fudan University, China in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2005, both in the Computer Science. Her research interests include CDMA cellular networks and wireless ad-hoc networks. Bo Li (S’89-M’92-SM’99) received his B. Eng. and M. Eng. degrees in the Computer Science from Tsinghua University, Beijing in 1987 and 1989, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in the Electrical and Computer Engineering from University of Massachusetts at Amherst in 1993. Between 1993 and 1996, he worked on high performance routers and ATM switches in IBM Networking System Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Since 1996, he has been with the Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, where he is now an associated professor and Co-Director for the ATM/IP Cooperate Research Center, a government sponsored research center. He also holds an adjunct researcher position at the Microsoft Research Asia (MSRA), Beijing, China, and adjunct professorship in several universities. His recent research interests are on adaptive video multicast, packet scheduling and dynamic routing in optical networks, resource management in mobile wireless systems, scheduling and energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks, across layer design for sensor networks, and content distribution and replication. He has published 150 papers and held several patents in above areas. He has been on editorial board for 16 journals, mainly in IEEE and ACM. He has been involved in organizing over 40 conferences, esp. IEEE Infocom since 1996. He was the Co-TPC Chair for IEEE Infocom 2004.     

基于最小误码率准则的多载波CDMA系统多用户检测算法

本文介绍了一种将正交频分复用(OFDM)技术和码分多址(CDMA)技术相结合的多载波CDMA (MC-CDMA)系统,分析了MC-CDMA系统的发射端和接收端的结构,建立了MC-CDMA系统的信号模型,详细分析了MC-CDMA中的多址干扰形式,以及针对MC-CDMA系统的多用户检测原理,提出了一种基于最小误码率准则的多用户检测算法。理想的基于最小误码率准则的多用户检测算法在实际中难于实现,本文采用估计概率密度函数的方法,推导出了一种自适应实现的最小误码率多用户检测算法。仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效抑制多址干扰,降低误码率,同时,该算法还具有比基于最小均方误差准则的多用户检测器更低的误码率的优点。      

相干光OFDM系统中MMSE信道估计研究

信道估计作为相干光正交频分复用(CO-OFDM)的 一种关键技术对系统的性能有着十分重要的影响。本文重点对系统信道估计的实现进行了数 学 分析,搭建起了CO-OFDM系统仿真平台,并在此平台上将提出的最小均方误差(MMSE)及其改进算法应用到CO- OFDM系统中进行信道估计。结果表明,MMSE及其改进算法能够很 好地提高CO-OFDM 系统的传输性能,在误码率(BER)为10－3时,与最小 二乘(LS)算法相比有约2dB的光信噪比(OSNR)增益,且改进型MMSE算 法的复杂度要比MMSE算法低2个数量级。     

Low Complexity Minimum Mean Square Error Channel Estimation for Adaptive Coding and Modulation Systems

Performance of the Adaptive Cod- ing and Modulation （ACM） strongly depends on the retrieved Channel State Information （CSI）, which can be obtained using the chan- nel estimation techniques relying on pilot sy- mbol transmission. Earlier analysis of methods of pilot-aided channel estimation for ACM systems were relatively little. In this paper, we investigate the performance of CSI prediction using the Minimum Mean Square Error （MMSE） channel estimator for an ACM system. To solve the two problems of MMSE： high compu- tational operations and oversimplified assum- ption, we then propose the Low-Complexity schemes （LC-MMSE and Recursion LC-MMSE （R-LC-MMSE））. Computational complexity and Mean Square Error （MSE） are presented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algo- rithm. Both analysis and numerical results sh- ow that LC-MMSE performs close to the well- known MMSE estimator with much lower com- plexity and R-LC-MMSE improves the appli- cation of MMSE estimation to specific cir- cumstances.     

应用于MC-CDMA系统的块最小均方自适应合并技术

提出了一种使用块最小均方自适应滤波器进行信号合并的方案,适用于多载波码分多址（MC-CDMA）系统。在瑞利慢衰落信道下,只需要少量的训练符号就可以最大限度地消除信道噪声干扰和多址接入干扰。仿真结果表明,在一个满负荷的下行链路中,块最小均方自适应合并的性能接近非自适应的最小均方误差合并（MMSEC）;而在轻负荷（由激活用户数衡量）的情况下,性能优于MMSEC。     

最小均方误差检测器对扩频系统中窄带干扰的抑制性能分析

本文首先说明当码元间隔内的码片数目与扩频序列周期相等时,直接序列扩频(DSSS)系统中最小均方误差(MMSE)意义下的最优滤波器也是最小误码率意义下的最优滤波器,因而能很好地抑制大多数干扰样式。本文具体分析了最小均方误差检测器对音频干扰以及自回归干扰的抑制性能,给出了详细的推导过程以及结论。     

空时分组编码多载波码分多址系统的直接解码

针对宏蜂窝小区中基站使用均匀线阵空时分组编码多载波码分多址系统的上行物理链路,该文提出了一种无需信道估计,直接对多个用户的发射符号和波达方向进行盲估计的算法。该算法通过构筑蕴涵用户编码符号序列和波达方向的辅助矩阵,对其进行特征分解,得到了每个用户波达方向的闭式解。进而,利用空时分组码的正交结构以及发射符号的有限码集特性给出了所有活动用户原始符号序列的闭式估计。计算机仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。     

A MC-CDMA system based on orthogonal filter banks of wavelet transforms and partial combining

Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is an appropriate modulation technique for high data rates. In this modulation scheme, employing of combining techniques are unavoidable for restoring orthogonality between different user signals. In this paper, the combining techniques of a MC-CDMA based on wavelet transform are studied. The partial combining of the wavelet based MC-CDMA system is suggested and its performance is compared with the maximum ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC), orthogonality restoring combining (ORC) and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) techniques. Orthogonal filter banks of the wavelet transforms provide orthogonality between the wavelets and scaling functions, subcarriers and spreading sequences. Therefore, they provide new dimensions in combatting multipath fading, inter carrier interference (ICI) and narrowband interference in MC-CDMA systems. Furthermore, analysis of partial combining shows that coefficients of this technique can be computed in a simple manner. Simulations results indicate that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is almost comparable with the MMSE combining scheme and the proposed system has a proper performance in terms of BER versus the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in frequency selective fading channels.     

SVD-based MIMO Precoding and Equalization Schemes for Realistic Channel Knowledge: Design Criteria and Performance Evaluation

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) based communication systems with precoding, bit-loading and equalization procedures are considered in this paper. Applications of precoding schemes, which are based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the channel matrix H assume almost always ideal channel knowledge at the transmitter and/or receiver site. This paper investigates an SVD based MIMO approach considering non ideal radio channel estimation results. In any case the MIMO channel matrix H is decomposed into Eigenmodes. In case of an ideal radio channel knowledge the SVD based precoding procedure, which is applied at the transmitter site, is going to consider all possible Eigenmodes which results in a perfect separation of all signals at the receive antenna output and into a minimum bit-error-rate (BER). It will be shown in this paper that in case of non ideal channel knowledge and a limited accuracy in the channel matrix H estimation a reduced number of Eigenmodes in the precoding process will become an optimum and will lead into an increased BER performance.

扩频系统中最小误码率意义下的最优干扰抑制技术

通过论证最小化误码率(MBER),最小均方误差(MMSE)以及约束最小均值输出能量(MMOE)之间的关系,将MBER准则下最优干扰抑制器的设计转化为后两种准则下最优干扰抑制器的设计,并分别导出两种自适应算法:递推最小二乘(RLS)和盲递推最小二乘(BRLS).前者抑制干扰效果好,但需要期望信号;后者无需期望信号,但抑制效果较差.本文将两种算法合理配合,给出了动态环境下的干扰抑制方法.     

Performance of space-frequency combining at the antenna array of a MC-CDMA system

In this paper, a multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) system employing antenna array at base station with quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation is proposed. This receiver adopts a space-frequency two-dimensional (2-D) Rake receiver structure. Based on the detailed analysis of the interference characteristics of the proposed system, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system is provided. With regard to spatial domain combining, the optimum and suboptimum combining weight is derived, while the suboptimum set of weights is simplified on sense of that only the knowledge of array vector of desired user alone is sufficient for the combining. Simulation results verify the analysis and show that better performance is achieved for the proposed antenna array MC-CDMA system than the corresponding single antenna approach.     

基于Chebyshev混沌扩谱序列的MC-CDMA系统的峰均功率比研究

峰均功率比(PAPR)是多载波码分多址 (MC-CDMA)系统的一个重要指标, OFDM多载波调制技术虽然可以提高MC-CDMA系统的数据传输率和抗干扰能力, 但是在系统的峰均功率比方面则存在着亟待解决的问题。本文利用Chebyshev混沌扩谱序列的伪随机、非周期、数量大和良好的相关特性,作为MC-CDMA系统上行信道的扩谱序列,以改善输出信号的峰均功率比。分析和仿真结果表明在保持较低多址接入干扰的同时,还可以大大降低发射信号的峰均功率比。     

VLSI implementation of a new LMS-based algorithm for noise removal in ECG signal

Least mean square (LMS)-based adaptive filters are widely deployed for removing artefacts in electrocardiogram (ECG) due to less number of computations. But they posses high mean square error (MSE) under noisy environment. The transform domain variable step-size LMS algorithm reduces the MSE at the cost of computational complexity. In this paper, a variable step-size delayed LMS adaptive filter is used to remove the artefacts from the ECG signal for improved feature extraction. The dedicated digital Signal processors provide fast processing, but they are not flexible. By using field programmable gate arrays, the pipelined architectures can be used to enhance the system performance. The pipelined architecture can enhance the operation efficiency of the adaptive filter and save the power consumption. This technique provides high signal-to-noise ratio and low MSE with reduced computational complexity; hence, it is a useful method for monitoring patients with heart-related problem.