Chemical-moisture barrier cable-concept and practice

Cables with sheaths providing protection from chemicals and moisture have gained in popularity among many industrial and utility users in North America and Europe. These sheaths are used to protect low-, medium-, and high-voltage power cables as well as fiber-optic and instrumentation cables. This paper presents an overview of the theory, design, testing, and field experience for each type of cable as it pertains to chemical and moisture protection. Documentation is provided covering underground installations of chemical-moisture barrier cable in a large petrochemical manufacturing facility located on the Texas Gulf Coast     

乙丙橡胶在我国中高压电缆中的应用

简介了乙丙橡胶在国内外中高压电缆中应用的情况,论述了中高压乙丙橡胶电缆料的设计和生产的关键,以及国内自主开发的乙丙橡胶电缆料在中压橡胶绝缘电缆上的应用。     

EPR-based URD insulation: a question of confidence

Concern about the possibility of failure of miles of medium voltage (15-35 kV) underground residential distribution (URD) power cable is discussed. This concern centers on the cable specification decisions that were made years ago an the consequences of cable failure and subsequent replacement. The factors that degrade URD are recalled. Choice of insulation material is discussed. The effects of thermal conductivity and thermal expansion are examined. Accelerated cable life test (ACLT) results are considered in the context of the debate over ACLT vs. underground testing. It is concluded that ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) has performance characteristics that permit cables to be used successfully under conditions of electrical stress, heat, and moisture, and that outstanding performance in ACLTs of cables insulated with EPR-based compounds is obtained     

隧道敷设交流电缆线路的工频磁场特性

城市地下电缆线路对环境及民众的电磁影响在近年引起广泛关注。利用二维有限元磁场分析方法,对典型电缆隧道建模,计算隧道内、外部环境中的工频磁场,研究其空间分布规律,并讨论相关因素的影响。研究发现,随着电缆回路数的增加、敷设密集程度加剧、负载电流增大,隧道内外部的工频磁场增加;与电缆线路之间的距离是决定工频磁场大小的关键要素;磁性支架中容易积聚较大的磁场,降低电缆的经济性及安全性。对几个实际电缆隧道中的工频磁场进行了现场测量,所得数据与仿真计算值吻合较好。计算和测量所涉及的电缆隧道在人行步道及地表所产生的工频磁场强度水平均在标准规定的曝露安全限值以内。     

高压电缆缓冲层的设计与工艺研究

高压与超高压交联电缆金属护套与电缆缆芯之间的缓冲层是电缆的重要组成部分,对电缆的机械、热性能具有重要的影响。为研究缓冲层对电缆性能的影响,分析了不同的阻水带的热阻特性与工艺特点,对国产两种同型号不同厂家的电缆进行了对比温升试验,最后讨论和分析了现在国内外高压交联电缆缓冲层的结构与工艺特点。研究表明,具有不同结构与材料的缓冲层,对电缆本体的热阻有显著影响,也对电缆载流量有着很大的影响。在此基础上,对国产电缆的缓冲层设计与工艺提出了一些建议。     

采用MATLAB仿真的变电站高压进线温度场和载流量数值计算

随着电力电缆在输配电线路中的广泛应用,准确确定电力电缆及其周围环境温度场的分布和电缆的载流量对于提高电力电缆的使用率、动态调整负荷具有重要的意义。为此,以地下排管敷设的交联聚乙烯电力电缆为研究对象,其实际模型为1个容量为250MVA、额定电压为230kV的变电站的高压进线。根据传热学和有限元法(finite element method,FEM)基本原理,建立了1种基于有限元法的水泥排管敷设电缆温度场计算模型,并对电缆及其周围环境的求解区域进行复合有限三角形单元剖分,即对电缆区域进行较密集的网格划分,而对电缆周围的土壤区域则进行较为稀疏的网格划分,以提高程序的运算精度和运行速度。结果表明:用MATLAB软件仿真,从而得到电缆及其周围环境的温度场分布,迭代计算了排管敷设交联聚乙烯电缆的载流量。证明使用有限元的方法分析地下电缆温度场,为电力工程中电缆载流量确定提供了一个比较可靠的计算方法。     

复杂运行条件下交联电缆载流量研究

载流量是决定电力电缆经济可靠性最重要的参数。针对城市地下电力电缆电网运行条件复杂化,电缆线路载流量因素难于确定的状况,首次在国内开展了110 kV交联电缆载流量的试验研究,模拟实际条件进行了110kV交联电缆在大埋深、多回路以及在各种负荷状态等条件下的电缆载流量试验。通过试验研究,给出了不同运行条件下电缆载流量,得到了不同敷设形式、负荷状况下电缆的负荷电流、导体温度、表面温度间的关系数据,并对电缆线路载流量的主要影响因素进行了分析。通过研究得到了几种特定敷设条件下电缆载流量试验的数据,给出了电缆线路典型的外部热环境参数参考值。研究结论能够直接用于城市电网的实际运行,并能作为电缆线路设计、优化以及运行时载流量控制的指导数据。     

A new era in cable designs and materials to resolve environmentalissues

In recent years, environmental issues have had a profound influence on power cable designs and materials used in cable construction. This paper addresses the issues concerned with the effects of cables on the environment, as well as the effects of environmental conditions on cable performance and reliability. Effects on the environment include release of toxic materials and contamination of ground water. Environmental effects on cables are related to the presence of moisture, chemicals, ions, oils or solvents. All such issues must be considered in the evolution of environmentally-safe cables. This also extends to the manufacturing processes for producing cable insulation, jacketing and sheathing materials, as well as the cable manufacturing process itself. New cable designs and materials have been developed to mitigate many of the more serious environmental issues now associated with cable applications. Such designs and associated materials are reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on the safeguards protecting the environment and on extending cable life and performance. These safeguards include technological advances in insulation, shielding, jacketing and sheathing materials, as well as new cable designs that cable specifiers should take into consideration when properly selecting and applying power cables for petroleum and chemical plant installations. Other user concerns that include cable diameter, short-circuit withstand, mechanical performance, installation, splices and terminations are briefly reviewed as they relate to current cable technology     

我国发展直流海底电力电缆的前景

例举世界重要的海底电缆工程,表明其中大部分为直流海底电缆工程。叙述直流输电特点,着重以不同类型的直流和交流海缆载流量计算,证明直流海底电缆在输电容量、输电损耗和电缆线路长度限制方面显著优于交流海底电缆。肯定了我国发展直流海底电缆的必要性。有些运行条件下直流海底电缆会是优先的方案,甚至是唯一的选择。提出以发展直流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)海底电缆作为主要目标,并在比较不同类型海缆绝缘中的空间电荷对电场分布和电气绝缘性能影响和深入研究空间电荷积聚、抑制和移去机理基础上,积极研发抑制空间电荷积聚的XLPE绝缘料,作为关键技术突破,用于开发直流XLPE绝缘海底电缆,推进我国直流海底电力电缆的技术发展。     

Ampacity of cables in single covered trays

A mathematical thermal model is developed to predict the operating temperatures of cables in a single covered tray when there is load diversity in the power cable bundle. The model accommodates two different loading scenarios: one in which the heat is distributed evenly across the cable tray cross section; and one which concentrates the heavily loaded cables along the centerline, while surrounding them with more lightly loaded cables. The temperature predictions provided by the model are compared to data found in other IEEE papers, data collected in laboratory measurements, and new data from a four-year study of cable trays in an operating nuclear plant. Reasons for differences between the field data and the computer results are discussed. The model is used to evaluate the conservatism in the available Codes and Standards. A derating factor is introduced that is defined in terms of the ampacity of power cables in open-top trays. The derating factor accounts for the added thermal resistance present when a cover is placed over the cables, trapping a layer of stagnant air on top of the cable mass. The computer model is then used to predict values for the derating factor as a function of cable depth. The derating factor is shown to be independent of the composition of cables in the tray. The presence of a cover is shown to reduce the ampacity based on an uncovered tray by up to 25 percent depending on the depth of the cables in the tray     

Performance of reduced wall EPR insulated medium voltage powercables. I. Electrical characteristics

Paper-insulated lead covered power cables (PILC) have had a long and successful heritage. After almost 100 years, this design of cable is still in operation and continues to be manufactured. However, electric utilities are now looking for a reliable replacement for PILC cables. This is due to two primary reasons: (1) the difficulty in installing and maintaining this type of cable; and (2) increasing pressure to replace these cables due to environmental concerns. To date, diameter limitations of conventional extruded dielectric cables has impeded their replacement in existing PILC conduits. This paper describes a study for the evaluation for reliably reducing the insulation thickness to achieve a lower diameter cable to effectively replace PILC cable in existing conduits. Part I of the investigation reviews the theory of insulation wall determination and the test program carried out to evaluate electrical performance of reduced wall EPR cables. Additionally, cable design concepts and constructions are discussed     

The world's first use of 500 kV XLPE insulated aluminium sheathedpower cables at the Shimogo and Imaichi power stations

The world's first practical applications of 500 kV XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) cables took place in 1988 at the Shimogo power station of the Electric Power Development Co. Ltd., and the Imaichi power station of the Tokyo Electric Power Co. Inc.. Research and development work on the cables had been conducted since 1982. Efforts were concentrated on quality control to remove contaminants from the insulation and to extrude the very thick-walled insulation without any defects. Insulation performance tests, including long-term aging, confirmed that the 500 kV XLPE cables and the terminations were highly reliable with superior initial and long-term performance. The installation was completed successfully, and the cables are now in satisfactory operation at both power stations. The cable routes, design of the cable and termination, cable manufacture, results of the insulation performance tests, installation work, and site test are discussed     

电力电缆故障测距综述

随着大量电力电缆的投运,相应的电缆故障率也随着使用年限等上升,造成停电事故和巨大的经济损失,为此快速修复故障成为迫切需要。但是由于电缆的敷设特性决定了需要对电缆故障性质进行了解。该文从多方面分析了造成电缆故障的原因,然后按电缆材料、故障发生部位和基于行波理论测距方法分类做进一步深入研究,并依故障测距的步骤着重介绍了当前电缆精确测距的方法和当前比较新颖的电缆故障在线检测及其相关讨论,突出介绍了基于小波变换电缆故障测距。还介绍当前在电力系统中的电缆故障检测应用设备情况,概括了当前国内设备同国外公司的差别,对电缆故障测距的发展趋势做了一定程度的展望。     

Development of a partial discharge location method for power cables

Insulation deterioration of power cables can be measured by the method of partial discharge. If a large partial discharge is detected in a cable, the cable is considered to be defective and a partial discharge is located to find the position of the defect. However, partial discharge location methods are generally disadvantageous in that they require much skill for operation and have inferior sensitivity and accuracy. To solve these problems, the authors developed a locating method using two-phase cable and an automatic partial discharge locator which automatically localizes the generating site of discharge immediately after making partial discharge measurement by simple operations. Field measurements are made on SL (separately lead-covered) cables and other cables with the locator to test its accuracy and reliability, and it was found that the device is effective and useful.     

海底电缆谐波频段电气参数计算

随着海上风电的大规模开发,由海上风电接入电网引起的谐波问题越来越突出,迫切需要进行建模和分析,而在谐波频段对海底电缆进行建模是其中的一项重要工作.研究了海底电缆谐波频段电气参数的计算方法,为海底电缆建模提供了依据.首先给出了电缆电气参数的定义,然后总结了海底电缆电气参数的计算流程和计算公式,并对计算公式的适用性进行了论证,最后对3种典型海底电缆的电气参数进行了计算.结果表明,无论是电缆的正序参数还是零序参数,都会随频率有较大幅度的变化,在进行谐波分析时必须考虑电缆电气参数随频率变化的特性.     

电缆线路电容电流实用化估算方法及应用

电缆的更新换代使电缆线路的电气参数发生很大变化,传统的电缆线路电容电流经验估算方法已不能满足要求.总结了电缆线路电容电流的理论计算法、经验估算方法和实际测试法的特点,结合上海浦东地区的大量采用交联聚乙烯电缆的实际情况,提出了电缆线路电容电流实用化估算方法,并设计了一套基于电容电流分析的电缆线路异常处理流程,在浦东地区的应用,验证了所提方法的正确性和实用性.     

未投运电力电缆防盗报警装置

近年来,用于城市地下电网、变电站引出线路、工矿企业内部供电等各类场景的电缆所占比重正在快速增加,电力电缆因其内含贵金属常成为被盗目标,未投运电力电缆因投运前不带电更易被盗。目前电力用户采用人工巡检电缆的方式进行电缆防盗保护,人工巡检存在电缆被盗发现滞后、巡检效率低等问题,针对这些问题提出了1种智能电缆防盗装置,利用传感器感知电缆状态,实时监测电缆是否被盗;通过通信技术使供电企业、电力用户和电缆看管人员实现电缆被盗信息共享,提高电缆防盗技术水平。     

低噪声内燃机精密电站中频电力电缆选型计算法

论述了低噪声内燃机精密电站所涉及的中频电缆的计算方法.内燃机精密电站中频(400 Hz)供电的电力电缆的选择不能简单地根据电缆的允许载流量及其在线路中的电阻压降来确定.由于输出频率的提高,使得趋肤效应和邻近效应作用显著,且存在较大的电抗引起的压降.当用普通电力电缆输送中频电能时,必须进行较为详细的选择计算.     

110 kV及以上电压等级交联电缆在线监测技术

110kV及以上交联聚乙烯电缆在线监测技术的发展为建立可靠、有效的电力电缆在线监测系统提供了有力保证。回顾了国内外110kV及以上电网的交联聚乙烯电力电缆在线监测的状况及方法,总结了其在线监测技术,包括局部放电的在线监测、电缆绝缘外护套接地电阻及化学电势在线精确测量、电缆金属护层接地线电流监测,以及电缆本体和接头温度测量。探讨了交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘在线监测技术的发展方向。     

电力电缆技术的发展与研究动向

电力电缆广泛应用于城市电网中,经历了从充油电缆(OF电缆)、钢管电缆到交联聚乙烯电缆(XLPE电缆)的发展过程。XLPE电缆与其他电缆相比,有不需要供油、供气设备、防火性能好、安装维护简单等优良性能,被越来越多的国家所采用。电力电缆的安全运行关系到城市电网的安全可靠性,逐渐受到了各国的高度重视。提高高压电缆路径通道的管理水平、安全运行以及输送能力,其关键技术的研究非常重要。笔者叙述了电力电缆及其附件相关技术的研究状况和今后的发展趋势,得出提高城市电网的可靠性和安全性,降低运行成本是今后的发展趋势。