Numerical analysis of welded joint treated by explosion shock waves

This paper focuses on the simulation of welding residual stresses and the action of explosion shock waves on welding residual stresses. Firstly, the distributions of welding temperature field and residual stress on a butt joint were numerically simulated with the sequentially coupled method. Secondly, the effect of explosion shock waves, produced by plastic strip-like explosive, on welding residual stress distribution was predicted with coupled Lagrange-ALE algorithm. It was implicated that explosion treatment could effectively reduce welding residual stresses. The simulation work lays a foundation for the further research on the rule of explosion treatment’s effect on welding residual stresses and the factors that may influence it.     

冲击波叠加效应对组合式多爆炸成型弹丸成形的影响研究

为探明组合式多爆炸成形弹丸（MEFP）弹丸的成形机理、研究形成良好弹丸的关键因素,运用LS-DYNA显式动力学软件对同时起爆和时差起爆条件下组合式MEFP成形过程进行了数值模拟计算,并对多个子装药爆轰场冲击波叠加效应进行了理论分析。研究表明：导致中心弹丸易于断裂、速度较快,周边弹丸形状不对称的主要原因是侧壁和罩顶反射冲击波的叠加作用;选用低密度吸能效果较好的填充介质可以减小反射波的强度从而减弱其叠加效应;当起爆时差超过5µs,中心子装药的药型罩会出现过度压垮的现象,不利于弹丸的成形。研究成果为战斗部填充介质的选取、合理装药间距的确定、多点起爆器材精度的确定等关键技术提供了理论依据     

An Euler–Lagrange particle approach for modeling fragments accelerated by explosive detonation

In this paper, a method is proposed for modeling explosive‐driven fragments as spherical particles with a point‐particle approach. Lagrangian particles are coupled with a multimaterial Eulerian solver that uses a three‐dimensional finite volume framework on unstructured grids. The Euler–Lagrange method provides a straightforward and inexpensive alternative to directly resolving particle surfaces or coupling with structural dynamics solvers. The importance of the drag and inviscid unsteady particle forces is shown through investigations of particles accelerated in shock tube experiments and in condensed phase explosive detonation. Numerical experiments are conducted to study the acceleration of isolated explosive‐driven particles at various locations relative to the explosive surface. The point‐particle method predicts fragment terminal velocities that are in good agreement with simulations where particles are fully resolved, while using a computational cell size that is eight times larger. It is determined that inviscid unsteady forces are dominating for particles sitting on, or embedded in, the explosive charge. The effect of explosive confinement, provided by multiple particles, is investigated through a numerical study with a cylindrical C4 charge. Decreasing particle spacing, until particles are touching, causes a 30–50% increase in particle terminal velocity and similar increase in gas impulse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Propagation of spherical shock waves in water

The propagation and attenuation of spherical shock waves in water, produced by the explosion of spherical charge, is studied. Our results compare favourably with experimental data.     

爆轰波斜冲击金属介质理论在聚能装药药型罩设计中的应用研究

将爆轰波斜冲击金属介质理论引入聚能药型罩罩高参数设计中,运用LS-DYNA显式动力学软件对爆轰波斜入射铜介质进行了仿真计算,得到了接触位置压力峰值P与入射角φ0之间的关系,数值仿真结果和理论计算值、试验值均吻合得较好。基于仿真计算和理论分析,得出了圆锥形和球缺形药型罩点起爆条件下罩高参数确定的工程算法,并将其应用于一种组合式战斗部的设计中。该方法为药型罩高度的确定提供了基于理论分析方面的设计依据,丰富了聚能装药战斗部的设计方法。     

Optical diagnostics of dynamic structures in shock waves

We demonstrate the possibility of applying optical diagnostics based on laser Doppler anemometry techniques and the laser imaging of dynamic density fields to the investigation of kinematic and structural parameters of shock waves and the properties of air perturbed by shock waves. Using the proposed methods, dynamic structures in the shock wave have been revealed and the velocity of their motion over the wave front has been determined. It is suggested that these dynamic structures have an oscillatory nature.     

低能量导爆索弯曲传爆特性相关研究

利用非线性动力分析软件LS-DYNA3D,对低能量导爆索弯曲条件下的传爆进行了数值模拟和实验研究。结果显示在截面相同情况下,无论是爆轰波波阵面压力还是爆速在经过圆弧段弯曲后,都相应地产生损失,相比直线传爆数据发生下降。对于弧形弯曲,相当于爆轰波经过连续的不变的小拐角绕射,这种情况下的爆速低于直线传播的爆速。     

Impact of a snow avalanche against an obstacle. Formation of shock waves

The paper is devoted to the effect of compressibility of the avalanche snow impacting an obstacle. Compression shocks generated by obstacle cause high pressure peaks at first instants of impact. That is why the account of compressibility is essential for the understanding of measurements and the design of structures. The main problem in calculation compression shocks in avalanches is to formulate an equation of state for moving snow in impact. Two different types of equations of state are proposed depending on the type of the avalanche (low-density and high-density flows). The approach is not totally new. It was earlier proposed mainly in Russian literature. Here a brief review of the previous work is given with discussion of some gaps in it. The theory is reformulated and further developed to account thermodynamical equations. The simplest case of a normal compression shock in an avalanche flow is studied. Examples of estimations of pressure and density behind a shock are given. It is important to emphasize that the Mach number plays an important role in the theory of compressible flows so it should be taken into account (together with the Froude number) in calculation and modelling an avalanche impact pressure.     

Interactions of Inert Confiners with Explosives

The deformation of an inert confiner by a steady detonation wave in an adjacent explosive is investigated for cases where the confiner is sufficiently strong (or the explosive sufficiently weak) such that the overall change in the sound speed of the inert is small. A coupling condition which relates the pressure to the deflection angle along the explosive-inert interface is determined. This includes its dependence on the thickness of the inert, for cases where the initial sound speed of the inert is less than or greater than the detonation speed in the explosive (supersonic and subsonic inert flows, respectively). The deformation of the inert is then solved by prescribing the pressure along the interface. In the supersonic case, the detonation drives a shock into the inert, subsequent to which the flow in the inert consists of alternating regions of compression and tension. In this case reverberations or ‘ringing’ occurs along both the deflected interface and outer edge of the inert. For the subsonic case, the flow in the interior of the inert is smooth and shockless. The detonation in the explosive initially deflects the smooth interface towards the explosive. For sufficiently thick inerts in such cases, it appears that the deflection of the confiner would either drive the detonation speed in the explosive up to the sound speed of the inert or drive a precursor wave ahead of the detonation in the explosive. Transonic cases, where the inert sound speed is close to the detonation speed, are also considered. It is shown that the confinement affect of the inert on the detonation is enhanced as sonic conditions are approached from either side.     

硝酸异丙酯与空气混合物的爆轰性能研究

采用立式激波管对硝酸异丙酯(IPN)与空气混合物的爆轰极限、起爆能、爆压和爆速进行了测定,同时从理论上对该燃料的爆轰参数作了计算,计算结果与实验值吻合较好.实验结果证明了IPN的临界起爆能与燃料当量比成"U"形曲线关系;该结果对防止意外事故有一定的指导意义.     

光纤爆速仪在导爆索爆速测试中的应用

介绍了光纤爆速仪基本原理,利用设计的光纤爆速仪和BsZ-1型智能单段爆速仪对塑料导爆索的爆速进行了对比测试。在10次测试中,光纤爆速仪均测到数据,平均爆速为7060．16m／s;BSZ-1型爆速仪3次未测到数据,平均爆速为7048．67m／s。结果表明该光纤爆速仪具有测试精度高、性能稳定、结果可靠、操作简单等优点。     

The birth of dislocations in shock waves and high-speed friction

Large-scale atomistic simulations by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics have revealed that shock-wave loading and high-speed friction between dry metal interfaces have surprising similarities, in that plastic deformation occurs by the violent birth of dislocations. Shock-wave deformation is initiated at the shock front, while in sliding friction, the interface produces dislocations that move first within the plane and then out of it, so as to generate a microstructure that accommodates the slippage. For both shocks and friction in perfect, or nearly perfect, crystals, there is a threshold driving force that needs to be overcome in order to induce plastic flow. Below that threshold, pre-existing extended defects are able to trigger plastic microstructure that resembles the kind seen above the threshold. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

爆炸焊接用低爆速粉状乳化炸药研究

为降低岩石粉状乳化炸药的爆速,选择了一种HW矿物粉,通过筛混方式将该分散剂与炸药混合,并测定了该分散剂加入量和布药厚度对炸药爆速的影响。结果表明,岩石粉状乳化炸药中掺入44.5%⁵0%的HW矿物粉时,爆速为1913m/s50%的HW矿物粉时,爆速为1913m/s²378m/s,经钢与不锈钢板爆炸焊接试验表明,爆炸结合率达100%,可满足金属爆炸焊接用炸药的要求。     

爆炸焊接用低爆速粉状乳化炸药研究

为降低岩石粉状乳化炸药的爆速,选择了一种HW矿物粉,通过筛混方式将该分散剂与炸药混合,并测定了该分散剂加入量和布药厚度对炸药爆速的影响。结果表明,岩石粉状乳化炸药中掺入44.5%~50%的HW矿物粉时,爆速为1913m/s~2378m/s,经钢与不锈钢板爆炸焊接试验表明,爆炸结合率达100%,可满足金属爆炸焊接用炸药的要求。     

瓦斯爆炸在封闭管道内冲击振荡特征的数值模拟

摘要：为了研究爆炸波在封闭型系统的冲击和振荡特征及其特征参数变化规律,采用数值模拟的方法研究了封闭型管道内瓦斯爆炸的传播特征。研究结果表明：闭口型系统内的瓦斯爆炸呈明显的振荡特征,对于爆燃波,反射波有2道,即前驱冲击波的振荡和压缩波的振荡。由于冲击波的振荡叠加,使其最大爆炸超压和瞬态流速峰值与开口型系统相比较高,而且在反射波及稀疏波的影响下,爆炸波超压分为三个区。爆炸温度和动压同样呈明显的振荡特征,使得爆炸高温环境维持较长时间,爆炸动压在爆炸传播方向的动压与其他方向相比明显较大。研究结果解释了受限空间内爆炸破坏比开放型系统强烈的原因,为今后受限空间内爆炸的预防与控制提供了基础理论参考。     

Prediction of the non‐ideal detonation performance of commercial explosives using the DeNE and JWL++ codes

The non‐ideal detonation performance of two commercial explosives is determined using the DeNE and JWL++ codes. These two codes differ in that DeNE is based on a pseudo‐one‐dimensional theory which is valid on the central stream‐tube and capable of predicting the non‐ideal detonation characteristics of commercial explosives as a function of the explosive type, rock properties and blasthole diameter. On the other hand, JWL++ is a hydrocode running in a 2‐D arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian code with CALE‐like properties and can determine the flow properties in all stream lines within the reaction zone. The key flow properties (detonation velocity, pressure, specific volume, extent of reaction and reaction zone length) at the sonic locus on the charge axis have been compared. In general, it is shown that the flow parameters determined using both codes agree well. The pressure contours determined using the JWL++ are analysed in detail for two explosives at 165 mm blastholes confined in limestone and kimberlite with a view to further investigate the explosive/rock interface. The DeNE and JWL++ codes have been validated using the measured in‐hole detonation velocity data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PVDF传感器在爆炸近区超压测量中的应用研究

凝聚相炸药爆炸产生强冲击波、电磁脉冲和光热效应,爆炸近区测试环境非常复杂,常规压阻式硅压力传感器难于满足测试要求。为准确测量装药近区爆炸参数给工程防护结构的爆炸毁伤评估提供参考依据,基于PVDF压电薄膜制作压力传感器,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对自制传感器进行标定;进行TNT化爆试验对自制PVDF传感器测试效果进行考核,并提取试验结果与AutoDyn软件计算结果进行比较。对比表明,测量值与计算值偏差小于10%,爆炸近区超压的试验测量可采用防干扰处理后的PVDF压电传感器解决。     

Effects of inhomogeneity on surface waves in anisotropic media

This paper investigates the effects of anisotropy and inhomogeneity on surface waves in elastic media. Exponential variation in properties are assumed for the elastic parameters and material density. The classical equations of motion for propagation of waves in an inhomogeneous transversely isotropic elastic solid are deduced. The equations of motion for surface waves are derived and general surface waves are investigated. This general theory is then utilized to investigate Rayleigh, Love and Stoneley waves. Results obtained in the above cases reduce to the corresponding well-known classical results when inhomogeneity and anisotropy are not present. It is seen that inhomogeneity has significant effects on dispersion characteristics. Numerical calculations are included for Love waves and some conclusions have been drawn from the above calculations.     

Numerical simulation of one‐dimensional flows through porous media with shock waves

This work studies an unsaturated flow of a Newtonian fluid through a rigid porous matrix, using a mixture theory approach in its modelling. The mixture consists of three overlapping continuous constituents: a solid (porous medium), a liquid (Newtonian fluid) and an inert gas (to account for the mixture compressibility). A set of two nonlinear partial differential equations describes the problem, which is approximated by means of a Glimm's scheme, combined with an operator splitting technique. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.