21世纪中国水资源持续开发利用问题

中国水资源的特点是时间和空间分布很不均匀,洪涝和干旱灾害出现频繁,农业生产很不稳定。中国水资源的总量28100亿m^3,但人均占有量很低,仅居世界第108位,水土资源在地区上的组合不相匹配,水的供需矛盾十分突出。中国随着人口的增长,工业和城市用水的急剧增加,农业灌溉受水资源不足的影响发展停滞,洪涝灾害还很严重,社会经济的持续发展所面临的挑战比世界上其它国家更为严峻。再加上水环境的不断恶化,建设资金的匮乏,使水资源问题的日益成为中国社会经济发展的重要制约因素。文章对中国的水资源问题及解决途径和必须采取的对策措施进行探讨。     

Patent activity on water pollution and treatment in China—a scientometric perspective

This research intends to investigate the patent activity on water pollution and treatment in China (1985–2007), and then compares the results with patents data about Triadic patents, South Korea, Brazil and India over the same periods, patents data were collected from Derwent World Patents Index between 1985 and May 2008. For this study, 169,312 patents were chosen and examined. Total volume of patents, technology focus, assignee sector, priority date and the comparison with other countries are analyzed. It is found that patents on water pollution and treatment filed at China have experienced a remarkable increase and the increase rate of patents filed at China change simultaneous with the percentage of domestic applications. However, the number of high quality Triadic patents with priority country as China remains small. Furthermore, in addition to individual patent assignees, both Chinese universities and enterprises also play important roles in patent activity of water pollution and treatment. In addition, the pattern of South Korea’s development can provide short-term implications for China and the regularity in Triadic patents’ development can provide some guidance to China’s long-term development. In contrast, the development pattern of Brazil and India is less influential to China’s development. Furthermore, China’s technology focuses on water pollution and treatment seem to parallel global and triadic patent trends. This research provides a comprehensive picture of China’s innovation capability in the area of water pollution and treatment. It will help China’s local governments to improve their regional S&T capability and will provide support the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Project in China.     

膜技术和环境保护中的水处理

介绍了目前中国水资源和膜工业现状,目前,世界水污染日益严重,水资源日益短缺。中国有660个城市,360个城市缺水,110个 城市严重缺水,40个城市极度缺水,有些专家预测,水资源将会成为许多地区冲突和国际战争的根源,中国的水污染十分严重,有46.5%的河流受到了污染,77%的污水未经处理被直接排放,膜技术在水处理方面有着独特的优势,中东不少国家使用反渗透技术进行海水淡化,世界5大海水淡化工厂有4家在中东的沙特,利用膜技术实现分质供水是提高人们饮水质量的重要措施。膜技术用于城市污水处理既可以减少污染,也可以节约资源,中国膜研究人员和膜公司很从,这些年发展也特别快,但在实力上和规模上与世界先进水平还有差距,有待进一步提高。     

Study on Water Pollution Control of Huaihe River and Countermeasures

Huaihe River is one of three major rivers in China with a large population and developed e-conomy. By the 1970s, the water quality of Huaihe River was deteriorating daily and more than a hundred serious pollution accidents of water quality happened and caused the inestimable losses in the production,life and health of residents along the river and terribly damaged the ecological system of the river. Through the continuous large-scale treatment for more than 10 years, the deterioration of water quality in Huaihe River has been basically inhibited. Nevertheless, the water pollution in Huaihe River is, on the whole, still very serious for many reasons, including special climatic conditions, terrible lack of water resource, obsolete industrial structure and unsound management system for the river, etc. This essay deeply analyzes the rea-sons why the water pollution of Huaihe River is "chronic" and puts forward the corresponding countermea-sures for how to continuously improve the water quality of the river. In the end, this essay argues that it still takes 30-50 years or even a longer period, even if every measures are implemented smoothly and strictly,to actually make the water of Huaihe River clean and gradually restore its normal ecological and environ-mental functions.     

常压核供热——技术现实经济可行的清洁能源

为治理城市的燃煤污染和降低二氧化碳的排放量,我国需要开发大型清洁能源。核能是可供选择的清洁能源之一,核能不仅可以用于发电,而且可以替代燃煤为城市供热。在我国现在池式研究堆技术的基础上,设计出的常压供热反应堆,可以满足城市供热的需要,具有高度的安全性和可靠性,是一种技术现实和经济可行的解决方案。在我国发展城市集中供热的条件下,采用这种大型热源,将会以较大的规模来改善大气环境和降低温室气体的排放。     

Application of decision analysis in debt-for-environment swaps

Through a mandate by the Government of Jordan, a debt-for-environment swap initiative was designed to mobilize resources for programs that improve the Jordanian environment within a broad spectrum of conservation, water supply, sanitation, resource management, ecological protection, environmental education, and pollution abatement technology. As a debtor country, Jordan faces a severe debt burden (with debt-per-capita levels among the highest in the world), and is facing difficulty obtaining further credit to fill the gaps in hard currency requirements for imports. Debt swap converts outstanding debt obligations into local currency for approved national environmental programs and projects. With creditor countries favoring debt swap over debt forgiveness in general, and debt swap for environmental technology projects in particular, the initiative was launched to ensure both fiscal and environmental quality benefits. With donors requiring that project development and selection procedures be fair, unbiased, and transparent, a mechanism for ultimate selection was developed by the author solely for the initiative based on multiple objective optimization techniques. This paper formulates the necessary decision-analytic principles for the initiative and presents a discrete, defensible, and transparent model for selection of projects. The model ranks the projects in terms of environment and economic objectives and can be used for other generalized applications. Electronic Publication     

Construction of Agricultural Circular Economy and Standard System in China

Under the new situation of advocating the development of circular economy and low-carbon economy in the world,the agriculture is facing all the challenges to ensure food safety,dealing with climate change,promote energy conservation and pollution reduction,protect resources and environment,and increase the income of farmers.Moreover,developing circular agriculture is in the direction that the international challenges can be dealt with and the development of agriculture in China can be accelerated.This paper has reported current situation of agricultural circular economy,keep energy conservation and pollution reduction,and analyzed the basic thought of developing agricultural circular economy.     

闪速熔炼—清洁高效的炼铜工艺

闪速熔炼是当今铜冶金中最具有竞争力的熔炼技术,被认为是标准的清洁炼铜工艺。目前,全球粗铜产量的50%是采用该技术生产的。由于闪速熔炼符合可持续发展战略,世界上大部分新建或改扩建的铜企业均选择该工艺,章就铜闪速熔炼的特点及发展,阐述了我国铜冶金的现状,提出了我国铜冶金的主要发展方向。     

污水资源化是改善环境解决淡水资源短缺的重要途径

简要介绍了全球及我国水资源短缺的情况;指出了当前我国污水排放量巨大,处理及回收利用率很低,水环境污染及水资源浪费严重的现状;开发污水高效、可靠处理及综合回收利用的工艺技术,大幅度提高工业废水及城市污水的回收利用率,是改善环境、解决我国淡水资源短缺的重要途径。     

Underground pollution travel from leach pits of on-site sanitation facilities: a case study

A long-term field study was undertaken under different hydro-geological conditions at some locations of the state of West Bengal (India) to understand the phenomenon of underground pollution movement, and to assess safe horizontal distance of water sources from on-site sanitation leach pits. The study showed that pollution travel from leach pits, both in horizontal and vertical directions, is dependent on soil type, permeability, hydraulic gradient, grain size, and position of groundwater table with respect to the leach pits. A minimum travel of pollutant of 2.055 m was found in clayey silt soil, whereas a maximum travel of 10.20 m was observed in gravel–sand composition of soils in 10-day period. The study also demonstrated that clay envelop around leach pit arrests the movement of pollutant (both chemical and bacteriological) to a considerable extent. In the present study, graphical technique has been suggested for estimating underground travel of bacteriological contamination under given soil composition.     

印度非道路移动机械技术性贸易措施研究

印度是"一带一路"倡议沿线国家之一,为进一步促进中印非道路移动机械(通机)贸易发展,本文重点研究了印度非道路移动机械技术性贸易措施,主要包括相关法规、标准以及市场准入政策。在对印度非道路移动机械排放标准、技术性贸易措施介绍的基础上详细地比较了印度与中国现行的非道路排放限值,为中国扩大非道路移动机械出口到印度提供参考。     

清洁高效的提取冶金--矿浆电解

环境污染和能源短缺是重有色金属冶炼的两大障碍。在对重有色金属湿法冶金存在主要问题进行分析的基础上研究成功的矿浆电解新技术,是一种清洁、高效的提取冶金。它具有流程短、能耗低、金属分离好和环境污染少等特点。矿浆电解的显著特点是充分利用了电积过程的阳极反应来浸出矿石,工艺能耗大大降低;在电解槽中硫化物转化为元素硫,而不产生硫酸,有利于环境保护。文章描述了国内外矿浆电解技术的发展过程及我国建立的世界上第一个矿浆电解工业生产厂的概况,指出我国在该领域处于世界领先地位和矿浆电解技术具有很好的前景。     

Evaluation of current status and future directions of wind energy in India

Wind energy is the fastest growing electricity generation technology. During the last decade of the 20th century, grid-connected wind capacity worldwide has doubled approximately every 3 years. Climate change is a major challenge to sustainable development worldwide and is increasingly recognized by forward-looking political and business leaders. One of the tasks we are facing is a profound transformation of our energy system over the next few decades of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energies and dramatically increasing energy efficiency. At present, wind energy is receiving considerable attention in the world. In this study, development of wind energy system and the potential of wind energy in India have been investigated. This paper presents the progress made by wind energy in the recent years, and discusses the potential of this technology. The aim of the work is to investigate the wind energy plants and projects in India. It can be concluded from this analysis that wind energy utilization in India and throughout world has sharply increased.     

Application of mobile technology in monitoring and evaluation of household water security for Dhaka city

This research introduces a methodology to calculate household water security (HWS) using data on access to piped water supply, access to improved sanitation, and access to improved hygiene indicators collected from the biggest slum of Dhaka city ‘Korail.’ Korail slum being the home of 2, 00,000 people, has 'Hazardous' level of household water security. Many Ngo's have been working in this slum to change people's fate, but residents of this slum often struggle to reach the basic level of water, sanitation, and hygiene. This scenario is hard to change if the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of household water security is not strengthened. Mobile technology offers an excellent opportunity to be used in M&E of HWS of Korail slum as mobile technology is no longer a luxury item to these people rather a daily commodity. This research calculates the HWS level of Korail slum, presents the existing mobile use scenario by the slum dwellers, explores the possibility of applying mobile technology in M&E of HWS, and develops a framework on the application of mobile technology in monitoring and evaluation of HWS of Dhaka city. For conducting the research, the case study method has been followed. The systematic review method was applied to analyze the secondary data on the water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions of Korail slum, which were collected by analyzing archival records. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted among the residents of Korail slum to collect data on the existing pattern of mobile technology use by the residents and understand the scope of utilizing mobile technology in monitoring and evaluation of HWS.     

论中国包装工业的可持续发展

中国包装工业可持续发展面临包装废弃物处理、水环境污染、大气污染、持久性有机物污染等严重问题,目前国内外有许多企业和组织通过包装减量化、包装的重复使用、材料循环再生与能量回收利用、包装废弃物的生物降解和堆肥等途径努力开发和实现了绿色包装,实际上这也是中国包装工业最终实现可持续发展的有效途径。     

Distillery spent wash: treatment technologies and potential applications

Distillery spent wash is the unwanted residual liquid waste generated during alcohol production and pollution caused by it is one of the most critical environmental issue. Despite standards imposed on effluent quality, untreated or partially treated effluent very often finds access to watercourses. The distillery wastewater with its characteristic unpleasant odor poses a serious threat to the water quality in several regions around the globe. The ever-increasing generation of distillery spent wash on the one hand and stringent legislative regulations of its disposal on the other has stimulated the need for developing new technologies to process this effluent efficiently and economically. A number of clean up technologies have been put into practice and novel bioremediation approaches for treatment of distillery spent wash are being worked out. Potential microbial (anaerobic and aerobic) as well as physicochemical processes as feasible remediation technologies to combat environmental pollution are being explored. An emerging field in distillery waste management is exploiting its nutritive potential for production of various high value compounds. This review presents an overview of the pollution problems caused by distillery spent wash, the technologies employed globally for its treatment and its alternative use in various biotechnological sectors.     

我国PS版的现状

胶印是当今印刷的主要方式，PS版是胶印印刷的主要耗材。我国PS版的规模化生产是从1985年二胶引进美国宝丽光技术、英国杜马克设备的一条年产200万m^2的PS版生产线投产开始的。20年来，我国已发展成PS版生产和使用的大国，全国已有大大小小的PS版生产厂60多家，2004年PS版生产能力已达1．3亿m^2，全国PS版总产量1．2亿m^2，不但可满足我国印刷制版业的需求，还有10％的产品出口海外。据报导，到2005年底，全国PS版的总的生产能力将达2亿m^2。     

Exergy analysis of the active solar distillation systems integrated with solar ponds

Active solar distillation system integrated with solar pond is the green energy system for desalination without negative environmental impact. This clean technology has potential to contribute a lot to water security, sustainable development, and world stability. In this article, results of the energy as well as exergy analysis performed on this novel system integrated with solar pond are presented. This theoretical analysis is carried out in the climatic conditions of New Delhi (India) during a typical summer day. The model and procedures can be helpful in the design, and performance investigation of the actual system anywhere in the world. The daily productivity, energy, and exergy efficiency of the passive solar still are found to be 5 L/m², 38.63 %, and 2.71 %, respectively, corresponding to a sum total of 24.436 MJ/m² day solar energy input in passive mode. With the integration of solar pond in the active solar still, the daily productivity, energy, and exergy efficiency rises to about 9.5 L/m², 46 %, and 14.81 % respectively, for thermal energy input from 100 to 500 W/m² during off-sunshine hours. The further improvement in the performance of the same system is observed if the thermal energy is supplied continuously (24 h) to the solar still in addition to incident solar radiation. The proposed system will meet the demand of freshwater in both rural and urban areas and help in reducing the load of CO₂ emission on the environment, saving high grade energy consumed for desalination through conventional devices and technologies.