发酵乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

研究分离纯化发酵乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶(cell envelope proteinase,CEP)的方法及其酶学性质。用50mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH7.8)悬浮菌体,进行超声波破碎,细胞质量浓度为0.06g/mL,破碎功率330W,工作220次(工作时间3s,间隔时间5s),离心取上清液即为粗酶液。60%硫酸铵沉淀,Sephacryl S-300 HR凝胶层析,Native-PAGE割胶回收纯化发酵乳杆菌的CEP。用纯化的CEP 酶解脱脂乳,酶解液ACE(angiotensin I-converting enzyme)抑制率为50%。SDS-PAGE检测CEP分子质量为32.5kD,最适酶反应温度为41℃,最适酶反应pH值为8.0。Mg2+、Co2+、Ca2+对CEP活性有激活作用;Zn2+、Ni2+、PMSF、EDTA对CEP活性有抑制作用,说明CEP为丝氨酸蛋白酶且酶的活性中心结构的维持与金属离子有关。     

干酪乳杆菌胞壁蛋白酶提取条件优化及其水解特性研究

干酪乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶是其蛋白水解系统中一个关键的蛋白酶.采用Ca2+-free法研究干酪乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶的提取方法,确定其最佳实验条件.菌体用含有30 mmol/L CaCl2的50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.0)缓冲液洗涤3次,然后用含有50.03 mmol/LEDTA-Na2的50 mmol/LTris-HCl(pH6.98)缓冲液悬浮,39.75℃保温,60 min后取出离心(4 500 r/min、20 min、4℃),上清液即粗酶液.用粗酶液与纯化后的酶分别水解各种酪蛋白,粗酶较纯化后的酶能产生更高的ACE抑制能力,而纯化后的酶水解β-酪蛋白产生的抗ACE活性能力最强.     

瑞士乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶提取研究

瑞士乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶是其蛋白水解系统中一个非常重要的蛋白酶。本实验采用螯合Ca2+的方法对瑞士乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶的提取进行了研究,并确定了细胞壁蛋白酶提取的最佳实验条件。菌体用含有30mmol/LCaCl2的50mmol/LTris-HCl(pH7.10)缓冲液洗涤三次,然后用含有45mmol/LEDTA-Na2的50mmol/LTris-HCl(pH6.50)缓冲液悬浮,43℃保温,蛋白酶就会释放出来,90min后取出离心(4500r/min,20min,4℃),上清液即为粗酶液。粗酶液再经DEAE Sepharose CL-6B纯化,比酶活力提高了1.8倍。     

嗜酸乳杆菌JQ-1胞壁蛋白酶的提取及分离纯化

对嗜酸乳杆菌JQ-1胞壁蛋白酶(CEP)的提取条件进行了研究,确定了胞壁蛋白酶的最佳提取条件,并对粗酶进行了分离纯化.采用溶菌酶结合非离子表面活性剂法对胞壁蛋白酶进行提取,得出其最佳提取条件为:菌粉与裂解液比例为1∶5(g/mL),33℃下保温4.0h,离心取得的上清液即为粗酶液.通过聚乙二醇-20000浓缩,DEAE-Sephadex A-25和Sephadex G-100两步层析对粗酶液进行分离纯化,蛋白酶提纯倍数达到50.951倍,最后回收率为12.569％.且SDS-PAGE电泳检测蛋白酶为单体结构,分子量约为45ku.用纯化后的CEP水解β-酪蛋白,水解液的ACE抑制率为48％.     

嗜酸乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶的分离纯化及酶学性质的研究

为优化CEP的分离纯化方法,采用聚乙二醇(PEG)-20000浓缩粗酶液,用超滤离心管过滤酶液,40%~60%硫酸铵盐析分级沉淀,Sephacryl-S-300HR纯化,并通过Native-PAGE切胶回收得到纯酶。所得CEP的分子质量为28.3ku,比酶活力62.066U/mg,最适温度32℃,最适pH6.5,耐热性比较强,耐酸性明显好于耐碱性。Co2+、Mg2+、Ca2+对CEP有激活作用;Ba2+、Mn2+、K+、Na+对CEP的活力影响不大;Zn2+、Ni2+则表现出较强的抑制CEP活性作用;EDTA对CEP活性有抑制作用,表明CEP是一种金属离子激活酶;PMSF对CEP有显著抑制作用,表明CEP是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。用嗜酸乳杆菌CEP水解乳清蛋白,其酶解液对ACE的抑制率为56.31%,表明CEP水解乳清蛋白可以产生ACE抑制肽。     

藏灵菇源克鲁维酵母M3菌株胆盐水解酶的分离纯化研究

为获得藏灵菇马克斯克鲁维酵母M3菌株胆盐水解酶(BSH)的纯品,探讨了BSH粗品的分离纯化方法.粗酶液采用硫酸铵分级沉淀,再以DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换介质,分别考察缓冲液pH值、流速和洗脱方式等对BSH分离纯化的影响.结果表明,在40%～70%饱和度的硫酸铵条件下BSH提取效率最高.最佳层析条件为采用pH值为6.5、50mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲体系、1.5mL/min的流速,进行分步洗脱(100mmol/L、350mmol/L、500mmol/L～600mmol/L NaCl及50mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液3步洗脱).在优化纯化条件下BSH的比活力可达479.55AU/mg,是原粗酶液的23.66倍.     

嗜酸乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶的提取优化

为了获得较高酶活力的嗜酸乳杆菌细胞壁蛋白酶(CEP),对嗜酸乳杆菌CEP的提取方法进行优化。经过比较超声波破碎法、Ca2+-free法、溶菌酶裂解3种方法,确认溶菌酶裂解法结合使用非离子清洁剂破壁是提取嗜酸乳杆菌CEP的最佳方法。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验对嗜酸乳杆菌CEP的提取工艺进行优化,得出嗜酸乳杆菌CEP的最佳提取方法：用裂解液(50mmol/L Tris-HCl、100mmol/L NaCl、TritonX-100添加量1%、1.5mg/mL溶菌酶,pH 7.8)悬浮菌体(20mL/g),37℃保温3h,4℃、4500r/min离心20min,取上清液。溶菌酶裂解法提取CEP过程中各因素对CEP提取效果的影响依次为：溶菌酶质量浓度＞裂解pH值＞TirtonX-100添加量＞保温时间。     

酸性蛋白酶液制备和应用

利用自备酸性蛋白酶液(酶活力190μ/ml)酶解玉米蛋白粉,加酶量100μ/g原料,酶解温度45℃,酶解液pH=3,酶解时间9h,测定酶解液游离氨基酸(AA)含量为0.67mg/100ml。     

Protamex复合蛋白酶酶解猪骨动力学模型的建立

研究采用均匀实验优化了Protamex复合蛋白酶酶解猪骨的工艺,并利用SPSS软件对酶解过程进行数学模拟,得到了Protamex复合蛋白酶酶解猪骨的动力学模型,同时测定了米氏常数Km与最大反应速率Vmax。结果表明,酶解时间5.7h,酶解温度45℃,pH为7.6,加酶量0.49%,料液比为1:22.7时,水解度最大为10.21%;酶解动力学方程为Y=1.918lnx-0.779,符合对数方程;Km=221.27mmol/L,Vmax=0.1448mmol/L·min。     

响应面法优化合浦珠母贝糖胺聚糖提取工艺

以合浦珠母贝全脏器为原材料,经解冻匀浆和热水浸提后,采用枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶双酶酶解,sevage法除蛋白2次,清液醇沉得糖胺聚糖粗制品(GAG),粗制品经DEAE-52离子交换柱纯化后得精制品。在单因素试验基础上,以粗制品得率与糖胺聚糖含量的乘积Y/(×10-4)为响应值,加酶量、液料比、酶解时间为影响因子,利用响应面试验分析法优化GAG的粗提工艺,得最佳提取工艺:加酶量为1.14%(枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶与胰酶质量的比为7∶8);液料比为3∶1(m L∶g)酶解时间为4.1 h。在此条件下,糖胺聚糖粗制品得率为0.518%,糖胺聚糖含量为10.9%,经DEAE-52柱纯化后的糖胺聚糖含量为89%。     

Characterization of bacteriocins from two Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis isolates

In this study, bacteriocins from two Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis isolates from raw milk samples in Turkey designated OC1 and OC2, respectively, were characterized and identified. The activity spectra of the bacteriocins were determined by using different indicator bacteria including Listeria, Bacillus and Staphylococcus spp. Bacteriocins were tested for their sensitivity to different enzymes, heat treatments and pH values. Loss of bacteriocin activities after alpha-amylase treatment suggested that they form aggregates with carbohydrates. Molecular masses of the purified bacteriocins were determined by SDS-PAGE. PCR amplification was carried out with specific primers for the detection of their structural genes. As a result of these studies, the two bacteriocins were characterized as nisin and lacticin 481, respectively. Examination of plasmid contents of the isolates and the results of plasmid curing and conjugation experiments showed that in L. lactis subsp. lactis OC1 strain the 39.7-kb plasmid is responsible for nisin production, lactose fermentation and proteolytic activity, whereas the 16.0-kb plasmid is responsible for lacticin 481 production and lactose fermentation in L. lactis subsp. lactis OC2 strain.     

镉胁迫下泡菜乳酸乳球菌的形态变化

通过扫描电镜和透射电镜分别观察不同质量浓度水平的Cd2+对泡菜乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis）细胞的影响,扫描电镜结果显示：Cd2+质量浓度在0、10 mg/L时,泡菜乳酸乳球菌呈椭圆形、表面光滑、菌体生长繁殖旺盛,随着Cd2+质量浓度的增加菌体细胞表面产生白色颗粒状物质、菌体细胞存活数量大幅下降（OD600 nm值由1.336下降到0.515）。当添加200 mg/L Cd2+时,几乎没有见到明显的菌体、显示有少量棱形晶状物。透射电镜结果显示：当Cd2+质量浓度为0～50 mg/L时泡菜乳酸乳球菌结构完整、细胞内容物分布均、菌体生长较为正常,当菌体暴露于100、200 mg/L Cd2+时菌体细胞出现异常现象,如细胞破裂、内容物从薄膜穿孔中释放、质壁分离等。两类电镜结果均表明：在低质量浓度Cd2+（≤50 mg/L）胁迫下,对泡菜乳酸乳球菌的生长几乎不产生影响,添加Cd2+质量浓度上升到100、200 mg/L时泡菜乳酸乳球菌正常生长受到抑制。     

Citrate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var. diacetylactis strains

The formation of diacetyl, acetoin, 2,3-butylene glycol, acetaldehyde, ethanol and lactic acid during 24 h of cultivation in milk with 0.19 and 0.5 % of citrate has been studied. Depending on the strain, bacteria produced 1.5 - 1.9 mg of diacetyl, 212 - 311 mg of acetoin and 137 - 156 mg of butylene glycol in 1 1 milk. An increase of the citrate concentration in milk to 0.5 % resulted in an increase in the production of diacetyl from 58 to 74 % and of acetoin by 2.8 - 3.7 times. The strains of distinct activity of acetoin reductase produced in these conditions 2.3 - 2.7 times as much as 2,3-butylene glycol. The recovery of citrate in the from of C₄-compounds ranged from 76 to 98 %, yet barely 0.18 - 0.44 % in the from of diacetyl. Increased concentration of citrate in milk stimulated the production of diacetyl and acetaldehyde to the similar extent, thereby it did not result in the deterioration of organoleptic qualities of starters and milk products. Within the doses used citrate did not significantly affect growth and acidifying activity of the bacteria.     

乳酸乳球菌胞外多糖磷酸化的工艺优化

采用单因素和正交试验,对乳酸乳球菌胞外多糖的磷酸化工艺进行研究,探讨磷酸盐用量、反应温度、反应时间、反应pH值对乳酸乳球菌胞外多糖最终PO43-接枝量的影响。所得的乳酸乳菌球菌胞外多糖磷酸化的工艺优化条件为：胞外多糖与磷酸盐质量比为6:1、温度90℃、时间4h、pH6.0,此条件下所得PO43-的接枝量为1.639mg/g。     

乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种产丁二酮的优化研究

分别研究了10种不同因素对乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种产生丁二酮含量的影响。实验结果表明,各因素产生丁二酮最高量的条件分别为:培养温度为37℃,凝乳后0h,后熟12h,培养基pH调节为5.6,培养基中添加柠檬酸的量为0.15%;培养基中添加Vc的量为0.01%,培养基中添加金属离子的量分别为Mg2+0.03%、Cu2+0.02%、Mn2+0%,培养基中添加甘氨酸的量为0.2%,培养基中添加碳水化合物的量分别为葡萄糖为0%、蔗糖为0%;随着基质浓度增加丁二酮产量也随之增加。     

Autolysis of Lactococcus lactis

During cheese making, autolysis of Lactococcus lactis starter bacteria affects cheese flavour development through release of intracellular enzymes. The gene for the major autolysin in L. lactis, N-acetyl muramidase (AcmA), has been cloned and sequenced. The activity of AcmA alone, however, does not explain the huge variation in the extent of autolysis found in commercial L. lactis starter strains. Many such strains have multiple cell wall hydrolases that can be seen as different sized clearance bands in zymograms. In addition, the recently completed L. lactis subsp. lactis IL1403 genome sequence shows the presence of several open reading frames that putatively encode cell wall hydrolases having up to 42% predicted amino acid identity to AcmA. These enzymes could have roles in the autolysis of L. lactis. In this paper, we review the literature on autolysis of L. lactis and provide experimental evidence, based on Western blot and zymogram analysis, that commercial L. lactis starter strains express varying levels of AcmA and contain other cell wall hydrolases.     

Spray Drying of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis C2 and Cellular Injury

Starter cultures were spray-dried at five outlet-air temperatures using four concentrations of cells in the feed solution. Powders made using the lowest outlet-air temperature and the highest cell concentration had the highest viability. Storage at 4°C for 3 mo caused a 34–86% loss of viability. Cellular injury resulted from dehydration, and exposure to high temperatures in the atomizer and during droplet drying. Lactic acid production was similar for frozen, freeze-dried and spray-dried cultures made from a single cell paste. The lag time before lactic acid production was apparently an inherent characteristic of each specific cell paste.     

乳酸乳球菌KLDS4.0325的B族维生素生物合成途径分析

为了探究乳酸乳球菌KLDS4.0325的B族维生素合成潜力,利用各类B族维生素生物合成途径的相关蛋白序列针对该菌株的氨基酸序列进行同源性搜索,并与其他9 株乳酸乳球菌的叶酸生物合成途径进行比较分析。结果表明：与参考菌株相比,乳酸乳球菌KLDS4.0325具有较为完整的叶酸和核黄素合成途径编码基因,在基因水平上可以有效合成叶酸和核黄素,具有相当大的工业潜能。     

Bacteriophage resistance in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis using antisense ribonucleic acid.

Antisense RNA against a conserved bacteriophage gene when expressed in a Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis strain renders it resistant to bacteriophage infection. Two open reading frames have been identified in a L. lactis ssp. lactis bacteriophage that are conserved in a majority of isolates. They code for an 18-kDa (designated GP18C) protein and a 24-kDa (GP24C) protein, respectively, which are arranged along with previously identified open reading frames in a tandem motif similar to other bacteriophages. The presence of gp18C and gp24C in a number of bacteriophage isolates was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for these regions. Plasmids bearing various fragments of gp18C, gp24C, or both were constructed such that the respective open reading frames were positioned in the antisense direction relative to the Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris Wg2 promoter, p59. These antisense RNA-producing vectors inhibited the efficiency of plaquing of L. lactis ssp. lactis bacteriophage phi 7-9 up to 50%; the resulting plaques were extremely small and irregular in shape. The replication of the bacteriophage was severely inhibited, and the total number decreased over the first 3 h during infection in strains expressing antisense RNA compared with the host strain alone, in which the bacteriophage number increased 10(4)-fold.