整个堆芯都采用MOX燃料的大间ABWR的堆芯设计

【日本《原子能视野》1999年10月刊第64～67页报道】1.整个堆芯采用MOX燃料的ABWR堆芯概要1.1基本考虑整个堆芯都采用MOX燃料的ABWR的燃料与堆芯设计的基本方针是,不改变以前ABWR的热功率、燃料组件的件数、控制棒的根数等基本规格,也不对以前的装铀燃料堆芯做大的变更。MOX燃料组件的基本构造与到目前为止已取得很好实绩的高燃耗8×8铀燃料(II级燃料)一样,在燃料组件的中央配置一根大口径挤水棒,在挤水棒周围配置排成8列8行的60根燃料棒。关于堆芯装MOX燃料组件问题,起初先装0～264根MOX燃料,然后阶段性地逐渐增加MOX燃料的比…     

MOX燃料组件装入现役M310堆芯对堆芯核设计的影响研究

国际上的MOX燃料技术目前已较为成熟,且已有在压水堆中运行的工程经验。本文对MOX燃料组件的中子学性能进行了分析,对其在我国现役M310堆芯应用的可行性进行了研究,得到了M310堆芯由全部使用UO2燃料组件向使用30%的MOX燃料组件过渡的堆芯燃料管理方案,并对使用MOX燃料组件的堆芯的部分中子学参数进行了初步分析。结果表明:使用30%的MOX燃料组件的堆芯可达到与全UO2堆芯相当的循环长度;堆芯反应性控制能力可满足要求;慢化剂温度系数、Doppler温度系数、Doppler功率系数、氙和钐的动态特性均趋向使堆芯运行更加安全和稳定。本文的研究结果可为MOX燃料在M310堆芯中应用的进一步研究提供参考。     

含MOX燃料堆芯与传统堆芯的辐射特性对比研究

U-Pu混合氧化物(Mixed oxide,MOX)燃料应用前景广阔。以国内M310型堆芯为对象,对使用30%MOX燃料的部分低泄漏堆芯燃料管理方案进行分析,比较了含MOX燃料堆芯和传统的全UO2燃料堆芯在平衡循环下压力容器快中子注量、原子位移次数(Displacement per atom,DPA)和辐照监督管超前因子的特性差异。结果表明,与国内主流的高泄漏全UO2燃料堆芯平衡循环相比,平衡循环压力容器内表面快中子注量率和DPA率小20%左右,343°处的辐照监督管快中子注量率小8%,超前因子大15%;与国内占少数比例的低泄漏全UO2燃料堆芯平衡循环相比,平衡循环压力容器内表面快中子注量率和DPA率大40%左右。进一步分析发现,虽然同等功率下MOX燃料比UO2燃料释放的中子多7%,但与国内主流的高泄漏全UO2燃料堆芯相比,部分低泄漏MOX燃料堆芯的燃料管理方式使堆芯外围组件功率降低,使得压力容器受到的快中子辐照损伤降低。     

空间核电推进球床反应堆热工水力特性数值分析

球床反应堆的功率密度高、堆芯尺寸小、裂变产物完全包容,在空间核动力系统中具有广泛的应用前景。针对空间核电推进球床反应堆,开发了稳态热工水力分析程序,对堆芯进行了全功率稳态运行工况下的热工水力设计优化及安全特性分析,重点优化冷、热孔板孔隙率以消除堆芯热点。计算结果表明,燃料球中心最高温度距燃料熔点具有873 K的安全裕量,冷孔板孔隙率对堆芯流量分配几乎没有影响,孔隙率峰值比为2.0的热孔板可有效避免堆芯热点,此外增大冷却剂入口压力会减小堆芯的压损。本文结果可为空间核电推进球床反应堆的设计及安全特性分析提供建议与指导。     

空间核电推进球床反应堆热工水力特性数值分析

球床反应堆的功率密度高、堆芯尺寸小、裂变产物完全包容,在空间核动力系统中具有广泛的应用前景。针对空间核电推进球床反应堆,开发了稳态热工水力分析程序,对堆芯进行了全功率稳态运行工况下的热工水力设计优化及安全特性分析,重点优化冷、热孔板孔隙率以消除堆芯热点。计算结果表明,燃料球中心最高温度距燃料熔点具有873 K的安全裕量,冷孔板孔隙率对堆芯流量分配几乎没有影响,孔隙率峰值比为2.0的热孔板可有效避免堆芯热点,此外增大冷却剂入口压力会减小堆芯的压损。本文结果可为空间核电推进球床反应堆的设计及安全特性分析提供建议与指导。     

小型轻量化铅铋反应堆燃料组件几何结构研究

燃料组件的几何结构和栅格参数显著影响铅铋反应堆的物理/热工特性,采用不同几何结构燃料组件的堆芯在相同换料周期、热工限值约束下的临界尺寸、燃料装载量存在差异。本文开展小型轻量化铅铋反应堆的燃料组件几何结构研究,通过建立铅铋反应堆堆芯模型,选取棒束型、环形、蜂窝煤型燃料组件方案,比较分析了3种方案在堆芯尺寸、燃料装载量、冷却剂流通面积、包壳和气隙体积相同和在换料周期为10 a、稳态热工安全裕量基本一致条件下堆芯的燃耗特性、反应性系数、稳态热工特性参数。结果表明：相比于棒束型与环形燃料组件,蜂窝煤型燃料组件良好的稳态热工特性与较硬的中子能谱,采用蜂窝煤型燃料组件的堆芯可以实现更小的堆芯尺寸及燃料装载量,具备显著的膨胀负反馈,同时能够有效展平功率分布和降低堆芯压降,是有利于铅铋反应堆小型化及轻量化的燃料组件方案。     

固态钍基熔盐堆堆芯物理参数计算

针对中国科学院设计的2 MW固态钍基熔盐堆(TMSR-SF)堆芯,采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP精确描述堆芯TRISO包覆燃料颗粒、燃料球排布,建立了包含燃料元件、熔盐冷却剂、石墨反射层、中心石墨通道、控制棒及反射层通道的三维全堆芯模型,计算了TMSR-SF初始有效增殖因数、中子能谱、功率分布、控制系统价值、停堆裕量、反应性系数、中子动力学参数等堆芯物理参数,为TMSR-SF的物理优化及热工安全分析提供必要的参数。     

跨间交混格架对EPR堆芯DNBR裕量的影响

采用FLICA Ⅲ-F子通道程序,分析了AFA 3GLE燃料组件加装跨间交混格架（MSMG）后对台山EPR堆芯热工参数和最小DNBR的影响。分析结果表明,在名义工况下加装MSMG后,轴向功率呈余弦分布和轴向功率偏差AO=+9%将分别提高EPR堆芯的DNBR裕量约为24%和28%,同时增加EPR堆芯压降约10.1%。     

ACP1000中MOX燃料组件管理初步研究

使用SCIENCE程序包对MOX燃料组件进行了初步设计和研究。在此基础上,对采用部分MOX燃料组件的ACP1000堆芯开展燃料管理研究,得到由全堆装载UO₂燃料组件向部分MOX燃料组件堆芯过渡的燃料管理方案,并对MOX燃料组件和部分MOX燃料组件堆芯的安全参数及其他重要参数进行分析和比较。分析结果表明,各种安全参数均满足设计要求,证明在ACP1000堆芯应用MOX燃料是可行的,并为进一步研究提供了参考。     

破损燃料组件修复后的物理和热工计算分析

以采用AFA3G燃料组件的中国改进型三环路压水堆(CPR1000)核电机组为研究对象,对装入反应堆后的正常燃料组件和修复燃料组件的堆芯物理和热工性能进行分析评估。结果表明:燃料组件内更换1根燃料棒对燃料组件反应性的影响小于-0.03%,该影响可以忽略;修复的燃料组件在换棒位置周围的燃料棒相对功率略微升高约5.6%;燃料组件内更换1根不锈钢棒对燃料组件的相对功率影响约为0.1372%~0.2698%,对组件燃耗的影响大约为0.11%,对堆芯慢化剂温度系数的影响大约为0.03%,对组件出口慢化剂温度的影响大约为0.03%;对堆芯功率峰因子、堆芯临界硼浓度、堆芯停堆裕量和堆芯出口慢化剂温度基本没有影响。     

AP1000 core design with 50% MOX loading

The European uility requirements (EUR) document states that the next generation European passive plant (EPP) reactor core design shall be optimized for UO₂ fuel assemblies, with provisions made to allow for up to 50% mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel assemblies. The use of MOX in the core design will have significant impacts on key physics parameters and safety analysis assumptions. Furthermore, the MOX fuel rod design must also consider fuel performance criterion important to maintaining the integrity of the fuel rod over its intended lifetime. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the AP1000 is capable of complying with the EUR requirement for MOX utilization without significant changes to the design of the plant. The analyses documented within will compare a 100% UO₂ core design and a mixed MOX/UO₂ core design, discussing relevant results related to reactivity management, power margin and fuel rod performance.     

Conceptual Design Study of 180 MWt Small-Sized Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor Core

Conceptual design of a Small-sized Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor (S-RMWR) core, which has the thermal output of 180 MW, the conversion ratio of 1.0 and the void reactivity coefficient of negative value, has been constructed. S-RMWR is a technology demonstration reactor which also conducts material and fuel testing for commercial use of Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor (RMWR) in large-scale power plants. It has a very tight triangular fuel rod lattice and a high coolant void fraction. The RMWR core axially has two short and flat uranium plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) regions with an internal blanket region in between, in order to avoid a positive void reactivity coefficient. The MOX regions are sandwiched between upper and lower blanket regions, in order to increase a conversion ratio.

In this small reactor core, leakage of neutrons is expected to be larger than in a large core. Therefore, a core design concept different from that for a large core is necessary. Core burnup calculations and nuclear and thermal-hydraulic coupled calculations were performed in the present study with SRAC and MOSRA codes. MVP code was also used to obtain control rod worth. Because of its large neutron leakage, keeping the void reactivity coefficient negative is easier for S-RMWR than RMWR. Thus, the heights of MOX region can be taller and the plutonium enrichment can be lower than in RMWR. On the other hand, to achieve the conversion ratio of 1.0, radial blanket and stainless steel reflector assemblies are necessary, whereas they are not needed for RMWR.     

压水堆核电站生产放射性同位素堆芯设计研究

对压水堆核电站生产放射性同位素进行了堆芯设计研究。采用钴棒替换阻流塞棒方案,对传统的压水堆阻流塞组件进行改进,在改进后的阻流塞组件压紧部件下对称悬挂24根钴棒,在确保反应堆安全的前提下生产放射性同位素。本文对钴芯块、钴棒节和钴靶件组件的设计进行了详细介绍,分析了钴靶件组件的特性及其对堆芯装载方案设计的影响。结果表明：用压水堆生产钴的放射性同位素在堆芯设计上可行,堆芯各项安全参数满足限值要求,生产的放射源可为核电站带来良好的经济收益。     

华龙一号平衡循环燃料管理策略研究

核电厂燃料管理的主要任务是在约定的限制条件下,为核电厂一系列的运行循环做出其经济安全运行的全部决策,确定最佳的各循环装料策略。一座核电厂从建成到退役期间要经历初始循环、过渡循环、平衡循环序列,平衡循环在理想情况下是一个无限的循环序列,一般认为平衡循环是性能指标最佳的循环方案,并为燃料管理人员定为目标运行循环。基于华龙一号百万千瓦级核电厂,通过对燃料组件和可燃毒物的合理布置及优化,采用了混合富集度燃料组件的换料策略,进行了平衡循环的燃料管理方案设计。结果表明,燃料管理方案在循环长度、核焓升因子、慢化剂温度系数、停堆裕量和组件卸料燃耗方面均满足预先设定的燃料管理目标。平均批卸料燃耗和燃料组件燃耗限值的比值约为0.92,与AP1000、EPR等三代核电站相当,具有非常好的燃料经济性。     

压水堆内钍-铀增殖循环研究——堆芯设计

在全UOX（铀氧化物）堆芯平衡循环的基础上,研究了UOX/PuThOX（钚钍混合氧化物）混合堆芯和UOX/U3ThOX（工业级²³³U-钍混合氧化物）混合堆芯的燃料管理方案设计,实现了钍 铀增殖循环。U3ThOX燃料组件在堆内停留6个燃料循环,平均循环长度较参考的全UOX堆芯增加5 EFPD;U3ThOX燃料组件卸料后冷却1年时易裂变核素存量较装料时增加了7%。为比较分析,设计了UOX/MOX（钚铀混合氧化物）混合堆芯的燃料管理方案。核特性分析结果表明：1）装载PuThOX燃料对堆芯核特性产生的影响与装载MOX燃料类似,硼微分价值和控制棒价值减小、临界硼浓度变大、慢化剂温度系数更负、停堆裕量减小、多普勒亏损更大;2） UOX/U3ThOX混合堆芯和参考的全UOX堆芯具备相似的核特性。     

Heat- and neutron-physical characteristics of power-generating units of nuclear power plants with VVER-1000 during operation above nominal power

The margin to critical level of heat exchange of thermal power and coolant temperature at the core exit as well as the nonuniformities of the energy release under the operating conditions of a nuclear power plant with VVER-1000 above nominal power is analyzed for the No. 2 unit of the Balakovo nuclear power plant. It is confirmed that the safety criteria comply with OPB-88/97. The content of each of the three main stages of operation is presented. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made concerning updating the technical design of the reactor facility in order to increase the power level.     

Advanced mixed oxide fuel assemblies with higher plutonium contents for pressurized water reactors

Optimizing fuel cycle costs by increasing the final burnup leads to reduced generation of plutonium. Under properly defined boundary conditions thermal recycling in mixed oxide (MOX) fuel assemblies (FAs) reduces further the amount of plutonium which has to be disposed of in final storage. Increasing the final burnup requires higher initial enrichments of uranium fuel to be matched by an advanced design of MOX FAs with higher plutonium contents. The neutronic design of these MOX FAs has to consider the licensing status of nuclear power plants concerning the use of MOX fuel. The Siemens Nuclear Fuel Cycle Division, with more than 20 years' experience in the production of MOX fuel, has designed several advanced MOX FAs of different types (14 × 14 to 16 × 16) with fissile plutonium contents up to 4.60 w/o.     

Reactivity Coefficients in BN-600 Core with Minor Actinides

In 1999, the IAEA has initiated a Coordinated Research Project on “Updated Codes and Methods to Reduce the Calculational Uncertainties of the LMFR Reactivity Effects.” Three benchmark models representing different modifications of the BN-600 fast reactor have been sequentially established and analyzed, including a hybrid core with highly enriched uranium oxide and MOX fuel, a full MOX core with weapons-grade plutonium, and a MOX core with plutonium and minor actinides coming from spent nuclear fuel. The paper describes studies for the latter MOX core model. The benchmark results include core criticality at the beginning and end of the equilibrium fuel cycle, kinetics parameters, spatial distributions of power, and reactivity coefficients obtained by employing different computation tools and nuclear data. Sensitivity studies were performed to better understand in particular the influence of variations in different nuclear data libraries on the computed results. Transient simulations were done to investigate the consequences of employing a few different sets of power and reactivity coefficient distributions on the system behavior. The obtained results are analyzed in the paper.     

Transport of MOX fuel: continuous challenge

Abstract

For 45 years TN International has been involved in the radioactive materials transportation field. Since the beginning the spent nuclear fuel transportation has been its core business. During all these years TN International, now part of AREVA, has been able to anticipate and fulfil the needs for new transport or storage casks design to fit the nuclear industry evolutions. A whole fleet of casks able to transport all the materials of the nuclear fuel cycle has been developed. This paper focuses on the casks used to transport the fresh and used mix oxide (MOX) fuel. To transport the fresh MOX boiling water reactor and pressurised water reactors fuel, TN International has developed two designs of casks: the MX 6 and the MX 8. These casks are and have been used to transport MOX fuel for French, German, Swiss and in a near future Japanese nuclear power plants. A complete set of baskets have been developed to optimise the loading in terms of integrated dose and also of course capacity. Mixed oxide used fuel has now its dedicated cask: the TN 112 which certificate of approval has been obtained in July 2008. This cask is able to transport 12 MOX spent fuel elements with a short cooling time. The first loading of the cask has been performed in September 2008 in the Electricité de France nuclear power plant of Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux. By its continuous involvement in the nuclear transportation field, TN International has been able to face the many challenges linked to the radioactive materials transportation especially talking of MOX fuel. TN International will also have to face the increasing demand linked to the nuclear renaissance.     

基于MOX燃料组件的177混合堆芯装料方案数值研究

通过计算华龙一号（HPR1000）压水堆平均卸料燃耗得到乏燃料中钚（Pu）同位素的含量,以此成分比例来设计铀钚混合氧化物（MOX）燃料。采用离散型燃料组件设计,通过不同Pu含量的MOX燃料棒离散型布置来降低与UO₂燃料组件间的功率梯度。采用程序MCNP和COSLATC模拟堆芯功率分布和热中子注量率分布,采用分区分层的低泄漏装料方案,降低不同燃料组件间的功率梯度,展平堆芯的功率分布。在不考虑可燃毒物的前提下,利用3种Pu含量的MOX组件将混合堆芯的功率峰因子控制在1.77左右,明显优于原堆芯的功率峰因子,为国产三代压水堆引入MOX燃料提供了具有参考价值的装料方案。