基于积分时间的国产红外探测器非均匀性校正算法

由于受制造探测器的半导体质量和工艺过程等因素的影响,红外探测器存在积分时间响应不均匀性。为了提高红外探测器的成像质量,有必要对其存在的非均匀性进行校正。分析了积分时间对探测器单元响应输出的影响,详细阐述了基于积分时间的非均匀性校正算法的原理,并提出了一种盲元补偿方法。将该算法用于国产640×512制冷型探测器的非均匀性校正实验,结果表明该算法对探测器的非均匀性校正具有明显的效果。     

加入运动触发场景的非均匀性校正方法

针对目前非均匀性校正方法存在的问题与不足,介绍了适于红外焦平面阵列探测器的非均匀性校正处理方法。其特点是用一个触发电路使基于场景的非均匀性校正电路对探测器的运动信号做出响应。实验结果表明,在没有劣化静态场景的情况下,该方法实现了运动场景信号的校正,不仅消除了红外焦平面阵列响应的非均匀性,而且补偿了其漂移。     

红外探测器非均匀性校正系统研制

分析了红外焦平面阵列（IRFPA）基于定标的非均匀性校正算法和基于场景的非均匀性校正算法的优势和不足。针对红外焦平面阵列二元非线性的非均匀性理论模型这一特点,提出了一种基于S曲线拟合的校正算法。利用FLIR公司的长波非制冷红外探测器进行信号采集,建立了焦平面探测元的响应模型。描述了基于FLIR长波非制冷红外探测器在FPGA平台的处理流程,并实现了S曲线校正算法,提高了红外图像的质量。实验表明,经过S曲线拟合校正处理,减弱了红外图像的条纹噪声,使IRFPA组件的非均匀性从6.45%降低至2.06%。     

一种基于场景的非均匀校正算法

提出了一种基于场景的非均匀校正算法,它不仅可以消除红外焦平面阵列响应特性的 非均匀性,还可以补偿其漂移。建立了一个包含漂移因素的红外焦平面探测器响应模型,该模型构成了算法的基础。非均匀校正算法分两步执行:首先执行初步非均匀校正消除大部分的非均匀性,然后利用运动场景形成的红外图像序列来补偿响应特性的漂移噪声。场景运动估计是本算法的关键,块匹配方法被介绍来实现准确地运动估计。真实的红外图像数据说明了该算法的有效性。     

基于双边滤波约束的线列红外探测器恒定统计校正方法

线列红外探测器的非均匀性会导致获取的红外图像含带固定噪声,这将严重影响图像的观测识别.提出一种基于双边滤波约束的局部恒定统计校正方法.该方法在恒定统计的非均匀校正方法的基础上,根据场景特性,对响应信号采用双边滤波方法进行滤波分析,并在统计结果中加以约束限制,可有效地解决原图像的非均匀性,并且避免了恒定统计算法中的“鬼影”与拖尾等问题.实验结果表明提出的算法校正效果明显,收敛速度快,易于工程化实现,可以大幅度提高线列红外成像系统的观测质量.     

基于两点的红外图像非均匀性校正算法应用

红外焦平面探测器像元响应存在非均匀性,工程应用中需采用相应的非均匀性校正技术。虽然基于场景的非均匀性校正算法很多,但两点校正算法仍是最为成熟和最容易实现的算法之一。介绍了两点非均匀性校正算法,并对1×128线列红外探测成像系统基于FPGA和DSP平台,进行了工程实现及应用,效果良好。     

基于场景的红外非均匀性校正算法对比研究

红外技术发展到今天,红外凝视焦平面探测器阵列性能高、使用简单,从而成为红外系统的主流。但是,红外探测器的工艺和技术生产不出像可见光CCD那样均匀的红外器件,红外探测器阵列的非均匀性一直是红外凝视探测器的主要缺陷。人们开发了多种非均匀性校正算法,尤其是基于场景的自适应算法,极大地弥补了探测器的非均匀性缺陷。但是到目前为止,各种算法都有一定的局限性,尚不能彻底解决非均匀性问题。针对目前常用的几种非均匀性校正算法,包括时域高通滤波算法、神经网络算法、恒定统计量算法等,在天空、地面等不同场景条件下进行了仿真测试,对算法的实施效果进行了对比分析。     

基于改进伽马曲线的星载长波红外焦平面非均匀性校正算法

随着长波红外探测器技术的进步,通过选用宇航级大阵列长波红外探测器,天基红外遥感卫星技术得到快速发展。长波红外探器响应强非线性导致传统的基于线性模型的非均匀性校正算法校正误差大,从而影响卫星在轨使用效能。针对该问题,结合大量实验室数据和卫星在轨数据的统计分析结果,建立了一种新的长波红外探测器非线性响应模型,据此提出了一种基于改进伽马曲线的非均匀性校正算法,以有效克服探测器响应强非线性对校正精度的影响。该算法首先建立基于改进伽马曲线的探测器非线性响应模型,依据此模型对获取图像进行非线性压缩映射,实现探测器响应的线性化,然后利用星载基于定标技术的线性化算法实施非均匀性校正,同时,定标温度点根据所建立模型参数动态更新,最后通过逆非线性化压缩映射还原出实际的非均匀校正后的图像。基于人造黑体和在轨实景红外图像的实验结果表明,该算法有效解决了探测器响应强非线性对校正精度的影响,校正后图像的视觉效果和定量化指标均优于传统的星载非均匀校正算法。     

一种基于定标的红外图像非均匀性分区域校正算法

红外探测器的非均匀性问题直接影响红外成像质量和测量精度。地基红外辐射测量系统对远距离飞行目标进行成像时往往不能占满全靶面区域。为提高图像质量,提出了一种基于定标的非均匀性分区域校正算法。以靶面大小为640×512的制冷型中波红外探测器为实验对象,基于黑体定标的两点校正法,采用全靶面校正算法及本文算法进行了验证。结果表明,当成像区域小于全靶面的1/3时,分区域非均匀性校正后非均匀性误差低于0.002%。与全靶面非均匀性校正算法相比,此校正算法使非均匀度进一步降低了30%至75%不等,非均匀性误差的下降率大于30%。采用本文算法后,各区域的非均匀度进一步下降,校正目视效果进一步提高。因此该校正方法具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于FPGA的IRFPA联合非均匀性校正的实时实现

红外焦平面阵列(IRFPA)的快速发展对探测器的非均匀性校正技术要求越来越高.目前常用的基于标定技术的两点或多点校正算法在应用中难以完全克服探测器响应的非线性和随时间及环境变化的漂移的影响.本文提出了基于标定和基于场景的联合校正算法及其在FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)上的实时实现技术.其中利用基于标定的二项式拟合算法来消除探测器的大部分非均匀性,基于场景的时域高通算法来抑制探测器非均匀性参数漂移的影响,从而使这两类算法取长补短,可有效克服各自的缺陷.文中详细描述了基于FP-GA实现联合校正算法的基本原理和处理流程.实验表明,这种联合校正算法效果良好,可以充分满足大规模IRFPA非均匀性校正的要求.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.