FTIR study of aqueous nitrate reduction over Pd/TiO2

The interactions between Pd/TiO₂ catalyst and the reactants and potential reaction intermediates present during aqueous nitrate reduction, including NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻ and NO in the presence of H₂ and H₂O were studied by infrared spectroscopy. Adsorbed forms of NO, nitrite and nitrate could all be detected in the presence of water. In the presence of water/H₂, nitrate was the most stable surface species followed by nitrite and then highly reactive NO, suggesting that the reduction of nitrate to nitrite is the rate-limiting step. High concentrations of adsorbed nitrite appear to be linked to the detection of gaseous N₂O while the formation of ammonia is related to reactions on the Pd surface and the extent of formation is linked to high levels of adsorbed NO in addition to the surface hydrogen availability and the presence of water.     

Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮合成甲基异丁基酮

以HZSM-5为载体,采用浸渍法制备系列Pd/HZSM-5催化剂,在高压连续流动固定床反应器中考察Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮性能,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,当HZSM-5载体上Pd负载质量分数为0.5%时,在反应温度140 ℃、氢压1 MPa、空速0.48 h^-1和氢酮物质的量比为1条件下,Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化活性较高,丙酮转化率为45.91%,甲基异丁基酮选择性为94.33%。采用XRD、H₂-TPD、SEM、EDS和TGA等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,负载质量分数0.5%的Pd在HZSM-5分子筛表面分散均匀,且0.5%Pd/HZSM-5催化剂具有较高氢吸附能力,失活的主要原因为催化剂表面积炭,采用流化床反应器取代传统的固定床反应器可以很好的解决催化剂积炭问题。     

Selective hydrogenation of acetylene over Pd/CeO2

Five hundred ppm Pd/CeO₂ catalyst was prepared and evaluated in selective hydrogenation of acetylene in large excess of ethylene since ceria has been recently found to be a reasonable stand-alone catalyst for this reaction. Pd/CeO₂ catalyst could be activated in situ by the feed gas during reactions and the catalyst without reduction showed much better ethylene selectivity than the reduced one in the high temperature range due to the formation of oxygen vacancies by reduction. Excellent ethylene selectivity of ~100% was obtained in the whole reaction temperature range of 50°C–200°C for samples calcined at temperatures of 600°C and 800°C. This could be ascribed to the formation of Pd_xCe_1−xO_2−y or Pd-O-Ce surface species based on the X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, indicating the strong interaction between palladium and ceria.     

Photo-catalytic production of hydrogen form ethanol over M/TiO2 catalysts (M = Pd, Pt or Rh)

The photo-catalytic production of hydrogen from liquid ethanol, a renewable bio-fuel, over Rh/TiO₂, Pd/TiO₂ and Pt/TiO₂, anatase, has been studied. In the absence of the metal, TiO₂ shows negligible production of molecular hydrogen. The addition of Pd or Pt dramatically increases the production of hydrogen and a quantum yield of about 10% is reached at 350 K. On the contrary, the Rh doped TiO₂ is far less active. The low activity of Rh compared to that of Pd and Pt is not due to poor dispersion or low available Rh sites on the surface, as analyzed by XPS and TEM. For all three catalysts, TEM shows most particles with a size less than 10 nm. XPS results show that while the state of Pd and Pt particles in the as-prepared catalysts was mostly metallic that of the Rh was composed of non-negligible contribution of Rh cations. The extent of reaction of a series of alcohols was also studied, for comparison, on Pt/TiO₂. It was found that the reaction is governed by the solvation of the alcohol. In that regard, the production of molecular hydrogen over Pt/TiO₂ showed the following trend: methanol ≈ ethanol > propanol ≈ isopropanol > n-butanol.     

助剂对碳四馏分选择性加氢Pd/Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

以Al₂O₃为载体,Pd为活性组分,Ag和Li为助剂,制备碳四馏分选择性加氢脱除丁二烯催化剂,并对催化剂进行XPS、TPR和TPD表征。结果表明,加入助剂Ag使Pd的电子云密度升高,而加入助剂Li使催化剂表面酸中心数量减少。催化剂评价结果表明,加入助剂Ag和Li后,催化剂的1-丁烯双键异构活性降低,加氢选择性提高。     

负载型CuMnO_x/TiO_2催化剂催化燃烧甲苯

采用沉积-沉淀法制备CuMnO_x/TiO_2新型甲苯燃烧催化剂,考察焙烧温度、Cu与Mn物质的量比、Cu和Mn总负载量、空速及水蒸汽含量对催化甲苯燃烧性能的影响。研究表明,焙烧温度500℃和Cu与Mn物质的量比为1∶1时,催化剂活性最好,反应温度250℃时,甲苯去除率为100%;水蒸汽的出现明显降低了甲苯转化率。XRD和H2-TPR表征结果表明,CuMnO_x/TiO_2催化剂的主要活性相为铜锰尖晶石(Cu1.5Mn1.5O4),它的存在降低了CuMnO_x/TiO_2催化剂的还原温度,是催化活性优良的主要原因。     

Partial oxidation of ethanol over Pd/CeO2 and Pd/Y2O3 catalysts

The effect of the support nature on the performance of Pd catalysts during partial oxidation of ethanol was studied. H₂, CO₂ and acetaldehyde formation was favored on Pd/CeO₂, whereas CO production was facilitated over Pd/Y₂O₃ catalyst. According to the reaction mechanism, determined by DRIFTS analyses, some reaction pathways are favored depending on the support nature, which can explain the differences observed on products distribution. On Pd/Y₂O₃ catalyst, the production of acetate species was promoted, which explain the higher CO formation, since acetate species can be decomposed to CH₄ and CO at high temperatures. On Pd/CeO₂ catalyst, the acetaldehyde preferentially desorbs and/or decomposes to H₂, CH₄ and CO. The CO formed is further oxidized to CO₂, which seems to be promoted on Pd/CeO₂ catalyst.     

Enantioselective hydrogenation of 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid over cinchonidine-modified Pd/alumina

A chiral alkanoic acid was prepared with up to 52% excess of the (S) enantiomer by hydrogenating an,-unsaturated carboxylic acid with a cinchonidine-Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst system. Favourable conditions are: high surface hydrogen concentration ( 60 bar hydrogen pressure, low catalyst concentration and apolar solvents), near ambient temperature and a cinchonidine/reactantmolar ratio of at least 0.4 mol%. It is proposed that high hydrogen solubility and the presence of 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid reactant as dimers are advantageous for enantiodifferentiation.     

Unexpected Inversion in Enantioselectivity in the Hydrogenation N-acetyl Dehydrophenylalanine Methyl Ester using Cinchona-Modified Pd/Al2O3 catalyst

The enantioselective hydrogenation of N-acetyl dehydrophenylalanine methyl ester (NADPME) to N-acetyl phenylalanine methyl ester is investigated using cinchona-modified Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The catalyst was prepared using deposition-reduction and was evaluated for the reaction using methanol as solvent with various cinchonine alkaloid/NADPME molar ratios. Enantioselectivity was sensitive to this ratio. For cinchonine at low cinchonine:NADPME molar ratios the S-N-acetyl phenylalanine methyl ester was formed with low enantioselection, and as the cinchonine:NADPME ratio was increased the reaction became less enantioselective. In the extreme the solubility of cinchonine limited the extent of the experimental conditions that could be explored. As expected cinchonidine modified Pd/Al₂O₃ initially gave R-N-acetyl phenylalanine methyl ester, again with low enantioselection. However, as the cinchonidine:NADPME molar ratio was increased the reaction initially became racemic and then was selective to the formation of S-N-acetyl phenylalanine methyl ester. This unexpected inversion in the sense of enantioselection was observed in a range of solvents.     

Modeling of the enantioselective hydrogenation of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst

A kinetic model was developed for the enantioselective hydrogenation of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione based on parallel racemic and enantioselective routes in the presence of cinchonidine. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood type of competitive adsorption approach was used in the model, which was combined with a batch reactor model. The proposed model could sufficiently describe the observed kinetic results.     

添加ZrO2的Pd/Al2O3催化剂及其催化蒽醌加氢性能

以四氯合钯（II）酸（H2PdCl4）为前体,活性氧化铝（Al2O3）为载体,硝酸锆（Zr（NO3）4）为添加组分,采用不同方式的分步浸渍法制备了添加ZrO2的Pd/Al2O3催化剂。考察了制备方法和反应条件对催化剂蒽醌加氢催化性能的影响,发现催化剂活性与制备方法有关。当对添加锆的载体进行适当焙烧,控制Pd负载量为0.3%,还原温度低于300℃时,催化剂的蒽醌加氢活性较高,与未添加ZrO2的催化剂相比提高了约20%。X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气物理吸附（BET）、透射电镜（TEM）、X光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温还原（TPR）等表征对催化剂物相结构、比表面积、表面形貌及组分间相互作用的分析表明,ZrO2的掺杂提高了载体Al2O3的高温稳定性,改善了催化剂中活性组分Pd与载体间的相互作用,促进了Pd在载体表面的分散,从而提高了催化活性。     

H2气氛中TiOx的形成及其对Ni/TiO2催化剂顺酐液相加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/TiO₂催化剂,利用N₂物理吸附、H₂-TPR、XRD、H₂-TPD及CO-TPSR等表征手段研究H₂气氛中随着热处理温度升高,Ni/TiO₂催化剂结构和织构变化规律,并考察催化剂的顺酐液相加氢性能。研究表明,随着热处理温度的升高,催化剂C-C键加氢活性逐渐增高,而CO加氢活性先增高后降低。产生这一现象的原因与TiO_x物种随H₂气氛中热处理温度的升高而逐渐增多有关。     

Cu/SiO2催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中失活比较

采用固定床微型反应器考察Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO₂催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中的稳定性,分别反应1 000 h和750 h后,Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO2催化剂均失活。采用物理吸附、DTG、原位XRD和H₂-TPR等对失活前后Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO₂催化剂进行比较。结果表明,Cu/ZnO和Cu/SiO₂催化剂在醋酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应中失活机理不同,Cu/ZnO 催化剂失活的主要原因是Cu晶粒长大,催化剂上ZnO晶粒同时长大;Cu/SiO₂催化剂失活主要原因是积炭物种对催化剂孔道的堵塞和对活性位的覆盖。     

载体对V_2O_5-MoO_3/TiO_2催化剂表面性质及其选择性催化还原脱硝性能的影响

采用比表面积分别为101.86 m2·g-1(A)、86.37 m2·g-1(B)和7.78(C)m2·g-1(C)的TiO_2载体,通过分步浸渍法制备V2O5-Mo O3/TiO_2(A,B,C)选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂。在空速为10 000 h-1和氨氮体积比1.0条件下,以TiO_2(A)与TiO_2(B)为载体制备的催化剂脱硝活性在反应温度窗口(350~450)℃超过90%,且具有良好的高温抗硫中毒性能和相对较小的氨气氧化率。而以TiO_2(C)为载体制备的脱硝催化剂活性温度窗口窄,在350℃时获得的最高脱硝活性仅为73%,且对NH3的氧化作用较强。利用X射线衍射、低温N2吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、H2程序升温还原和NH3程序升温脱附等对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明,活性组分V2O5在载体TiO_2(A)上分散性良好,主要以孤立态钒氧物种形式存在,因此,以TiO_2(A)为载体制备的催化剂比表面积、氧化还原性和表面酸性等性能更优。     

TiO2-SiO2 and V2O5/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst: Physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic behavior in selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

TiO₂-SiO₂ with various compositions prepared by the coprecipitation method and vanadia loaded on TiO₂-SiO₂ were investigated with respect to their physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic behavior in SCR of NO by NH₃ and in the undesired oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃, using BET, XRD, XPS, NH₃-TPD, acidity measurement by the titration method and activity test. TiO₂-SiO₂, compared with pure TiO₂, exhibits a remarkably stronger acidity, a higher BET surface area, a lower crystallinity of anatase titania and results in allowing a good thermal stability and a higher vanadia dispersion on the support up to high loadings of 15 wt% V₂O₅. The SCR activity and N₂ selectivity are found to be more excellent over vanadia loaded on TiO₂-SiO₂ with 10–20 mol% of SiO₂ than over that on pure TiO₂, and this is considered to be associated with highly dispersed vanadia on the supports and large amounts of NH₃ adsorbed on the catalysts. With increasing SiO₂ content, the remarkable activity decrease in the oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃, favorable for industrial SCR catalysts, was also observed, strongly depending on the existence of vanadium species of the oxidation state close to V⁴⁺ on TiO₂-SiO₂, while V⁵⁺ exists on TiO₂, according to XPS. It is concluded that vanadia loaded on Ti-rich TiO₂-SiO₂ with low SiO₂ content is suitable as SCR catalysts for sulfur-containing exhaust gases due to showing not only the excellent de-NO_x activity but also the low SO₂ oxidation performance.     

甲醇和乙醇合成异丁醛La-V/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以V_2O_5为活性组分,通过对催化剂活性组分、载体结构和助剂等因素的研究,制备La-V/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂,在n(甲醇)∶n(乙醇)=4∶1、空速1.5 h-1、氮气流量120 m L·min~(-1)、反应温度360℃和常压条件下,乙醇转化率84%,异丁醛选择性67%。     

Enhanced selectivity and formation of ethylbenzene for acetophenone hydrogenation by adsorbed oxygen on Pd/SiO2

The effect of adsorbed oxygen for selectivity of acetophenone (AP) hydrogenation on Pd/SiO₂ catalyst at 298 K has been studied by means of gas phase acetophenone hydrogenation, infrared (IR) spectra, and temperature-programmed desorption. Acetophenone hydrogenation on reduced Pd/SiO₂ catalyst reveals a typical series reaction in which phenylethanol (PE) is the intermediate for ethylbenzene (EB) formation. The selectivity of the reaction is towards phenylethanol at low temperature. The oxidized Pd/SiO₂ catalyst exhibits very different catalytic selectivity with reduced catalyst. The selectivity of ethylbenzene can be significantly boosted to over 90%, even if the reaction approaches zero conversion, suggesting that phenylethanol needs not be an intermediate for production of ethylbenzene from acetophenone. The formation of ethylbenzene and phenylethanol on oxidized Pd may be controlled by a parallel reaction pathway. The numbers of adsorbed oxygen on Pd surface strongly dominate the rate of EB formation. The bulk Pd oxide cannot be reduced by hydrogen at 298 K, so the oxygen atoms in Pd bulk act a poison for AP hydrogenation, leading to deactivation of oxidized Pd catalyst. The adsorbed oxygen on Pd surface plays the important role that can activate the C---H bond of CH₃ group in acetophenone, leading to the formation of a new intermediate (perhaps acetophenone enolate). This intermediate is the key species that will be further hydrogenated to ethylbenzene.     

Pd/C催化剂研究进展

介绍了近年来对苯二甲酸加氢精制Pd/C催化剂的研究开发情况,包括催化剂性能及催化剂制备工艺。着重介绍了该催化剂性能改进、催化剂载体活性炭的预处理工艺以及浸渍溶液中添加辅助溶液的研究进展。     

碱金属盐对低氢酯比下苯甲酸甲酯加氢催化剂的修饰

为了考察了Mn与Zn摩尔配比以及不同碱金属盐修饰制得的锰锌复合氧化物催化剂对苯甲酸甲酯气固催化加氢合成苯甲醛反应活性和选择性的影响,在氢酯比为1.5的条件下,进行苯甲酸甲酯催化加氢反应,发现以5%LiCl修饰的活性组分负载量为25%、n(Mn)/n(Zn)为1.14的MnO-ZnO/γ-Al2O3催化剂,在常压、430℃、空时为1.84 h时,苯甲酸甲酯的转化率为97.71%,苯甲醛的选择性为84.80%.