烧结NdFeB永磁材料取向度的定量计算

本文在分析烧结NdFeB取向度的各种计算方法的基础上，提出一种新的计算方法。采用这种方法，仅利用烧结体垂直于外加磁场方向截面的X射线衍射谱，通过简单的计算就能很容易的计算出磁体的取向度。     

X射线法测量锗单晶的应力

采用Hiroshi Suzuki等人提出的新的单晶应力测量原理,结合不对称布拉格衍射技术,对锗单晶的应力进行了测量。这种方法的优点在于利用多组试验数据求解多元线性回归方程,从而消除了一般单晶应变测定方法中无应变状态下晶面间距不准确对结果所带来的影响。该法可以推广应用于其他单晶体的应力测量和高织构取向材料的X射线应力测量。     

轧制过程中等规聚丙烯的织构进展

借助广角X射线衍射法对轧制过程中等规聚丙烯(iPP)材料的织构进展进行了极图的测量和取向分布函数(ODF)的计算,分析了冷轧过程中iPP的塑性变形机制。结果发现,轧制过程中iPP的主要塑性变形机制仍然是晶体学滑移,首先启动的滑移系是(010)[001]链滑移,其次是(100)[001]链滑移,期间没有发现明显的(110)[001]链滑移。轧制后iPP材料中形成的是含有几种(hk0)[001]织构组分的[001]//RD丝织构,大分子链沿轧制方向排列。     

Bi-2223/Ag带的透射电子显微术研究

晶粒之间的连接性、晶粒取向,以及磁通钉扎是影响超导临界电流Jc的主要因素.要全面了解不同的结构特性就必须使用不同的研究方法.为检验退火过程中的相转变、织构(晶粒取向一致度)、化学计量的变化只能采用高能同步加速X射线衍射方法.这种方法可以研究1mm2～2mm2面积大小的平均特性.     

三维极图及其测定方法

多相材料中各相形状和尺寸的空间分布可能引起Ｘ射线的各向异性吸收，导致其衍射强度取决于试样相对实验坐标体系的三维取向，这种衍射强度的空间三维分布不仅可以提供衍射相的晶体学取向分布，而且能反映各组成的相形状，尺寸几何分布的信息。介绍一种利用普通织构测角器测定三维极图的方法。     

Ti-6Al-4V两次真空熔炼锭的织构分析

钛合金铸锭的显微组织尺寸较大,很难找到具有典型代表的区域,从而阻碍了用普通X射线技术测量织构.另外,在一个铸锭中可出现几种典型的"晶带"(如柱状晶和等轴晶带),同时也限制了普通织构分析方法的应用.美国学者使用一种直接表征织构特征的方法,即取向图法(0IM).用该方法测量的织构精度主要取决于取样的晶粒数.对尺寸一定的铸锭来说,选取的区域晶粒大、数量少,通常不可能获得非常准确的织构分析结果.     

粉末注射成形技术在烧结NdFeB永磁体制备中的应用

全面介绍了采用注射成形技术制备烧结NdFeB永磁体的工艺过程；总结了粘结剂、磁场取向及成形、脱脂和烧结工艺对最终产品的影响；比较了注射成形和传统粉末冶金压制成形制备的NdFeB磁体的性能；在分析现状的基础上，指出了现阶段存在的问题。     

X射线多晶面探测器衍射系统及其应用

介绍了目前世界上先进的粉末衍射系统——X射线多晶面探测嚣衍射系统的主要配置、工作原理、二维衍射几何关系以及X射线多晶面探测器衍射系统在材料学研究中的典型应用，重点讨论了在金属的晶体学织构和应力研究中的应用。     

微量稀土对高压阳极电容铝箔织构演变的影响

采用晶体取向分布函数方法（ODF）和X射线衍射测定板面晶面衍射强度研究和分析了在高纯铝加入微量稀土（Y）对箔材织构演变的影响。研究结果表明：添加微量稀土，能改变高纯铝箔中变形织构组分的相对强度，随稀土含量增加，黄铜取向密度增加，S织构组分减少，成品退火箔材中立方织构含量随稀土含量增加就相应减少。当稀土含量为0.0030%时，成品退火箔材中立方织构取向密度最大。其作用机理是稀土元素Y化学活性强，能与铁等微量杂质元素形成一系列化合物，析出后可净化基体，降低基体中铁等杂质的浓度，消除杂质元素对高纯铝箔中立方织构形成的不利影响。     

熔融织构Y1-xNdxBa2Cu3O7-y的磁通钉扎

制备了Y1-xNdxBa2Cu3O7-Y熔融织构超导样品,X射线衍射分析表明,样品具有较高的织构度,样品中晶粒的取向为（001）方向, 钕均匀地替代了钇,并且对样品的晶体结构影响不大,样品的不可逆温度Tp随外场的变化说明,少量钕替代钇可以提高YBCO超导材料的磁通钉扎能力,在高温超导体中引入和样品本身结构的第二相可能是一种比较有效的增强高温超导材料磁通钉扎能力的方法。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...