利妥昔单抗联合氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病17例

目的 评价利妥昔单抗联合氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺（FCR方案）治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)患者的疗效和安全性。方法选取年龄＜70岁且CD20阳性的初治或既往仅用苯丁酸氮芥治疗的CLL患者,应用FCR方案治疗,利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2,第1天,静脉滴注;氟达拉滨25 mg/m2,第2天至第4天,静脉滴注;环磷酰胺250 mg/m2,第2天至第4天,静脉滴注。28d为1个疗程,治疗4～6个疗程,治疗结束后评价疗效。结果共入组17例患者,总有效率为94.12％(16/17),完全缓解率为35.29％(6/17)。Ⅲ-Ⅳ级不良反应主要为中性粒细胞减少,白细胞减少。结论FCR方案治疗CLL疗效确切,患者耐受良好,可以作为初治患者的一线治疗方案。     

MT方案治疗急性单核细胞白血病的疗效及其与染色体核型的关系

目的 研究米托蒽醌联合替尼泊苷(MT)方案在急性单核细胞白血病(M5)诱导缓解中的疗效及患者不良反应,并观察疗效与白血病染色体核型的关系.方法 将33例M5患者按治疗史分两组:初治组23例(A组)、DA(柔红霉素联合阿糖胞苷)或HDA(三尖杉酯碱、柔红霉素和阿糖胞苷)1个疗程无效组10例(B组).按核型预后分两组:预后中等组29例(C组),预后不良组4例(D组),均采用MT方案2个疗程诱导缓解,分别统计4组的临床疗效及患者不良反应.结果 MT方案对A、B组的M5诱导完全缓解(CR)率分别为83%(19/23)及60%(6/10),有效率达91%(21/23)及70%(7/10).C、D组CR率分别为83%(24/29)及25%(1/4),有效率为88%(26/29)及50%(2/4),其中复杂核型CR率为0(0/3),非复杂核型的11q23染色体异常患者一次化疗达CR率100%(4/4).MT方案对M5化疗后白细胞最低点在第(7±3)天出现,为(0.4±0.2)×109/L,白细胞<1×109/L时间达(8±5)d,未见化疗相关死亡病例.结论 MT方案简单有效、较安全,是治疗M5的较佳化疗方案,对1个疗程DA、HDA方案无效者亦可试用.MT方案化疗疗效与核型预后分组有关,对11q23染色体异常的M5患者疗效较好,对复杂核型患者疗效欠佳.     

去甲氧柔红霉素或柔红霉素联合阿糖胞苷诱导治疗急性髓系白血病的疗效比较

目的 探讨去甲氧柔红霉素(IDA)+阿糖胞苷(Ara-c)(IA方案)及柔红霉素(DRA)+Ara-C(DA方案)诱导治疗急性髓系白血病(AML)的疗效的比较.方法 回顾性分析确诊并行IA方案(IDA每天8～12 mg/m2静脉滴注,第1天至第3天;Ara-C每天100～150 mg/m2,每12 h静脉滴注1次,第1天至第7天)或DA方案(DNR每天40～50 mg/m2静脉滴注,第1天至第3天;Ara-C用法同IA方案)诱导治疗的93例AML患者的临床资料,用SPSS13.0软件包对上述两个组的完全缓解(CR)率、有效率进行分析.结果 IA组和DA组的CR率为72.5%、47.2%(χ2=5.011,P<0.05),有效率为82.5%、77.4%(χ2=0.122,P>0.05).结论 对于急陛髓系白血病的诱导治疗,IA方案较DA方案具有更高的诱导CR率.     

HAG预激化疗作为诱导缓解方案治疗老年人急性髓系白血病和骨髓增生异常综合征的临床观察

目的 观察HAG预激化疗作为诱导缓解方案在治疗老年急性髓系白血病(AML)和骨髓增生异常综合征-难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多型(MDS-RAEB)患者中的疗效.方法 对应用HAG预激方案治疗的21例AML和9例MDS-RAEB患者(≥60岁)的临床资料进行回顾性总结,包括疾病完全缓解(CR)率、有效率以及不良反应.结果 21例老年AML患者中,HAG诱导缓解的有效率为66.7%(14/21),其中CR率为47.6%(10/21);9例老年MDS-RAEB患者中,CR率为55.6%(5/9):HAG预激化疗的主要不良反应为因骨髓抑制继发的感染,调整化疗方案后所有患者均能耐受.结论 HAG预激化疗作为诱导缓解方案适用于老年AML和MDS-RAEB患者.     

CAG方案治疗低增生性急性髓系白血病29例

目的 观察CAG方案治疗低增生性急性髓系白血病(AML)的临床疗效.方法 对29例低增生性AML患者采用CAG方案,阿柔比星(Acla)14 mg/m2,第1天至第4天,静脉注射;阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)10 mg/m2,第1天至第14天,每12 h皮下注射;粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)200μg/m2,第1天至第14天,皮下注射,并于第1次注射Ara-C之前12 h开始使用,最后一次注射Ara-C前12 h停用;当中性粒细胞＞10×109/L时,暂时减少或停用G-CSF.结果 29例患者中完全缓解(CR)14例(48.3%),部分缓解(PR)7例(24.1%),总有效率72.4%,治疗失败(NR)7例,早期死亡1例.结论 CAG方案治疗低增生性AML安全有效,可有效缩短外周血粒细胞减少的时间,降低化疗相关死亡率.     

沙利度胺联合MP方案治疗多发性骨髓瘤的疗效评价

目的 比较沙利度胺联合美法仑+泼尼松方案(MPT)与美法仑+泼尼松方案(MP)治疗多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的疗效与患者不良反应.方法 采用回顾性分析,MPT组26例,美法仑每天9 mg/m2口服,第1天至第4天,泼尼松60 mg/m2,第1天至第4天,或者美法仑每天4 mg/m2口服,第1天至第7天;泼尼松每天40 mg/m2口服,第1天至第7天,28 d为1个疗程,沙利度胺白化疗开始持续给药,100～200 mg/d,每4周为1个疗程,MP组21例,美法仑及泼尼松用法用量同MPT组,6个疗程后评价总疗效结果 MPT组的总有效率(ORR)为65.4%,明显高于MP组的42.9%(P＞0.05);MPT组中位反应时间为2个月,MP组为3个月;MPT组患者治疗后血红蛋白及清货白升高明显高于MP组(P＜0.05);MPT组不良反应的发生率高于MP组(P＜0.05),但两组3度以上的不良反应差异无统计学意义;MPT组中位无进展生存时间(PFS)为11个月,2年PFS为66.18%.结论 与MP方案相比,MPT方案可以提高MM患者的有效率,改善生活质量,延长生存时间,耐受性良好.     

低剂量硼替佐米联合沙利度胺及化疗治疗多发性骨髓瘤35例

目的 观察低剂量硼替佐米联合沙利度胺及化疗治疗多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者的疗效及安全性.方法 35例初治及难治复发MM患者,硼替佐米1.1 mg/m2,第0、3、7、10天,静脉注射;沙利度胺从50 mg/d开始逐渐加量至150 mg/d或患者能够耐受的最大剂量;化疗方案根据每疗程患者情况选择MP、VAD或AD方案.28 d为1个疗程,每例患者至少接受2个疗程以上治疗.达到部分缓解(PR)及以上疗效的患者应用沙利度胺150 mg/d或患者能够耐受的最大剂量维持治疗.采用2006年MM国际统一疗效标准观察疗效,根据国际癌症研究中心不良事件通用命名标准评估不良反应.结果 中位随访20个月,35例患者治疗总有效率82.8%,其中完全缓解(CR)率48.6%,良好的部分缓解(VGPR)率17.1%,PR率17.1%.3年预计无进展生存(PFS)和总生存(OS)率分别为60.92%和72.41%.达PR以上疗效患者的OS率高于未达PR患者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004).初治及难治复发患者客观缓解率(ORR)及OS率差异无统计学意义.Ⅲ～Ⅳ度非血液学毒性主要包括乏力(3/35)、恶心、呕吐(8/35)、便秘(4/35)和周围神经病变(3/35).Ⅲ～Ⅳ度血液学毒性为粒细胞缺乏(10/35)和血小板减少(8/35).结论 低剂量硼替佐米联合沙利度胺及化疗治疗MM具有较好的疗效及安全性,沙利度胺维持治疗可延长患者PFS时间.     

原发结内外周T细胞淋巴瘤19例临床特征及预后分析

目的 分析原发结内外周T细胞淋巴瘤(PTCL)的临床特点、治疗和预后.方法 回顾性分析19例原发结内PTCL患者的临床资料、治疗反应以及预后因素.结果 19例患者中位发病年龄54岁,男女比例2.17∶1,其中94.7%(18/19)为Ⅲ～Ⅳ期,84.2%(16/19)有B症状,84.2%(16/19)有结外器官受累,57.9%(11/19)有骨髓浸润.化疗完全缓解(CR)率36.8%(7/19),2年总生存(OS)率47.4%,2年无进展生存(PFS)率25%.预后分析显示,结外侵犯数量(EN)≥2个、美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)体能状态评分≥2分、国际预后指数(IPI)评分＞2分以及β2-微球蛋白(βrMG)升高为不良预后因素.结论 原发结内PTCL是一类高度侵袭的异质性T细胞淋巴瘤,化疗效果差,多项因素提示不良预后.     

Hyper CVAD B方案治疗难治性和复发性急性淋巴细胞白血病12例

目的 观察Hyper CVAD B方案治疗难治性和复发性急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的疗效及患者不良反应.方法 选择12例难治性复发性ALL患者,应用Hyper CVAD B方案,具体根据患者年龄、体表面积、合并症进行调整用药剂量和用药间期,若1个疗程未达到完全缓解(CR)或部分缓解(PR),则进行第2个疗程,方案同前,2个疗程未达CR则换用其他方案.结果 12例患者中获得CR8例,PR 2例,NR 2例,总有效率83.3%.主要的不良反应是骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、口腔溃疡,无严重的心肝肾功能改变和神经系统并发症.结论 Hyper CVAD B方案可作为难治性和复发性ALL的挽救治疗方案,患者不良反应可耐受.     

DAG方案治疗老年人低增生性急性髓系白血病18例

目的 观察低标准剂量DAG方案治疗老年人低增生性急性髓系白血病(AML)的疗效.方法 柔红霉素(DNR)40 mg/d,静脉注射,第1天至第3天;阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)100 mg/次,1次/12 h,静脉滴注,第1天至第7天;粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)150μg/d,皮下注射,第1天至第7天,休息14 d,重复化疗,2个疗程后评价疗效.结果 完全缓解(CR)9例(50.0%),部分缓解(PR)5例(27.7%),总有效率77.7%.结论 DAG方案治疗老年人低增生AML疗效显著,值得临床推广应用.     

Scaling of movement velocity: a measure of neuromotor retardation in individuals with psychopathology

The combination of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (modified ICE), was evaluated for its toxicity and activity in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twenty patients, 14-69 years of age, with relapsed (19 cases) or refractory (one case) aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with modified ICE therapy, consisting of ifosfamide 6 g/m2 (1.2 g/m2 day 1-5), carboplatin 400 mg/m2 (day 1) and etoposide 500 mg/m2 (100 mg/m2 day 1-5). The regimen was repeated at approximately 28-day intervals. All patients had undergone a doxorubicin-containing regimen before modified ICE therapy. Median total dose of previously received doxorubicin was 406 mg/m2 (range: 200-825 mg/m2). The median interval from diagnosis to modified ICE therapy was 9.4 months (range: 3.6-121 months). Two patients achieved CR and five achieved PR out of 16 patients with measurable lesions (response rate 43.8%; 95% confidence interval 19.0-68.6%). Median overall survival was 227 days (range: 41-552 days) from the start of modified ICE therapy. Myelosuppression was the most serious toxicity, namely 16 patients (80%) and 11 patients (55%) showed grade 4 neutropenia and grade 4 thrombocytopenia after the first course, respectively. Modified ICE therapy might be an active regimen with acceptable toxicity as a salvage chemotherapy in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.     

DIZE (dexamethasone, idarubicin, and continuous infusion of ifosfamide and etoposide): an effective and well-tolerated new regimen for patients with relapsed lymphoma

We performed a phase II study of dexamethasone, ifosfamide, idarubicin and etoposide (DIZE) in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The regimen consisted of dexamethasone (20 mg i.v. days 1-4), idarubicin (8 mg/m2 i.v. days 1+2), continuous infusion (c.i.) of ifosfamide (1,000 mg/m2 days 1-4), and c.i. etoposide (60 mg/m2 days 1-4). G-CSF (5 microg/kg) was used to support neutrophil recovery from day 5. In older patients (> 60 years) the dosage of idarubicin and ifosfamide was reduced to 75% in the initial cycle. Fourty six patients (pts) were treated with a total of 131 cycles. Sixteen pts were primary resistant and 30 were relapsed. Median age was 54.3 years (range 22-75). The median number of different prior chemotherapies was 1.7 (range 1 to 5). 31/46 (67.4%) pts had advanced disease (stage III or IV); 19/46 had B symptoms. Of 43 evaluable pts the response rate was 58.1% including 11 complete remissions (CR) and 14 partial remissions (PR). Mean duration of response was 8 months (1-30+). DIZE was more effective in relapsed than in refractory high-grade NHL (74 % vs 16.6%; p < 0.001). Of four heavily pretreated pts with HL, one obtained CR and two PR (response rate 75%). Myelosuppression was generally moderate with a mean duration of leukocytopenia < 1,000/microl of 2.5 days (range 0-18) and of thrombocytopenia < 25,000/microl 1.5 days (range 0-17). One patient died of uncontrollable infection in treatment related neutropenia. No other serious toxicities apart from alopecia were observed. We conclude that DIZE is safe and effective in heavily pretreated pts with relapsed lymphoma. The continuous infusion of cytostatic drugs such as that used in the new DIZE protocol might reduce hematotoxicity.     

Longitudinal observation and outcome of nonfamilial childhood haemophagocytic syndrome receiving etoposide-containing regimens

The long-term outcome of 22 children treated with etoposide-containing regimens for haemophagocytic syndrome (HS) were longitudinally studied; none of them had a family history of the disease. All patients received etoposide-containing (150 mg/m2/d) regimens, combined, in 16 cases, with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and prednisolone. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 12 patients, partial remission in seven, and early mortality occurred in three. Of the 12 CR patients, only four remain alive and disease-free, with a median follow-up of 47.4 months; one CR patient died due to infection and the remaining seven had relapsed diseases. Three patients with a partial response or with relapsed disease progressed to T-cell lymphoma, characterized, in the two cases tested, by clonal chromosomal abnormalities. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was implicated in disease pathogenesis in 15/22 patients. The overall survival was 45.5%, 40.9% and 40.9% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively, and disease-free survival for CR patients at these same times was 45.5%, 36.4% and 36.4%. The etoposide-containing regimen would appear to be an effective initial therapeutic option for childhood HS. However, in view of the frequency of partial remissions and relapsed disease, a more intensive chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation should be applied. The progression to EBV-containing T-cell lymphoma in three patients is consistent with the previous observation that EBV-associated HS is a potentially malignant disease.     

New antitumor drugs for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

We summarize in this article the antitumor activity of newly developed drugs against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The Taxans (paclitaxel and docetaxel), complex polycyclic organic chemicals isolated from the yew tree, have a broad antitumor spectrum with impressive activity in solid tumors. In the SWOG Phase II study on relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, paclitaxel (Taxol), showed 30% CR and 14% PR. In the CALGB study on docetaxel, a 14.5% response rate (12.5% for low-grade lymphoma and 16.1% for intermediate-high grade lymphoma) was found. In the Japanese phase II study of docetaxel, the response rate was 29.4% for all patients (14.3% for low-grade lymphoma and 40.0% for intermediate-high grade lymphoma). Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell specific antigen CD20. A phase II trial was conducted with four weekly infusions of 375 mg/m2 in patients with relapsed low-grade or follicular lymphoma. The response rate was 46%. A clinical trial combining Rituximab with 6 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients has recently been completed. Early evaluation of this experience suggests that this combination resulted in a PR or CR in all patients. New purine nucleoside analogs (fludarabine, cladribine, pentostatin) are active against common and generally incurable low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders. These new drugs combined with other chemotherapeutic reagents are expected to overcome refractory or incurable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.     

Busulfan and melphalan as conditioning regimen for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma

Twenty-four patients with multiple myeloma (MM), three (12.5%) in complete remission (CR) and 21 (87.5%) in partial remission (PR) were treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) (busulfan 12 mg/kg+melphalan 140 mg/m2) as preparative regimen for autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation. These cells were previously collected by leukapheresis after mobilization by high-dose cyclophosphamide (HD Cy)+rhGM-CSF (18 patients) or rhG-CSF alone (six patients). Considering 23 evaluable patients following HDCT, the CR rate was 58% (14 patients) and the PR rate was 38% (nine patients). One transplant-related death occurred following this regimen (4%). With a median follow-up of 20 months (range 4-34) after transplantation, 21 patients are alive (87%). Disease progression after transplantation was observed in four patients. Overall and relapse-free actuarial survival at 24 months was 91% and 74%, respectively. 12 patients (50%) remain in CR 15 months (4-34) post transplant. The major toxicity was mucositis. Busulfan+melphalan is a safe and feasible conditioning regimen for APBSCT in MM with acceptable toxicity and a high objective response rate, which may result in prolonged survival.     

Peripheral blood stem cell autografts for the treatment of children over 1 year old with stage IV neuroblastoma: a long-term follow-up

This is the first report of the long-term therapeutic results in 22 children more than 1 year old with stage IV neuroblastoma who were treated with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). The median age of the patients at PBSCT was 4 years (1 to 10 years) and seven of the 17 patients who were evaluated for N-myc amplification were positive. PBSC were collected by a median of four aphereses per patient. The patients underwent PBSCT from 6 to 21 months after the start of therapy (median 10.5 months) at which time 13 patients were in CR, seven were in PR, and two had refractory disease. Multi-drug therapy using the 'high-MEC' regimen consisting of carboplatinum (400 mg/m2) and VP-16 (200 mg/m2) on days -7 to -4, and melphalan (90 mg/m2) on days -3 and -2, was the primary cytoreductive regimen. The median number of infused MNC and CFU-GM was, respectively, 4.3 x 10(8)/kg and 2.4 x 10(5)/kg. After PBSCT, three patients died of regimen-related toxicities and one patient who was transplanted with refractory disease died of disease progression without any benefit from transplantation. Hematological recovery was evaluated in 21 patients, excluding one early death. The median number of days required to achieve an AGC of >0.5 x 10(9)/l and platelet count of >50 x 10(9)/l were, respectively, 11 and 46. Eleven patients relapsed 3 to 50 months after PBSCT, and currently seven patients (5/13 who were transplanted in CR and 2/7 in PR) are surviving disease-free at 52 to 84 months. Although the retrospective nature of this study and several variables prevent a meaningful analysis, the overall results still support the feasibility of developing a prospective study of PBSCT with a larger number of children with high-risk neuroblastoma.     

Laparoscopic needle colposuspension for genuine stress incontinence

Twenty patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with high-dose chlorambucil (14 mg/m2 every 6 hours for 6 doses) and dexamethasone (40 mg/day for 5 days). There was a 45% response rate with 17% complete responses. The median duration of complete response was 7 months. The regimen was well tolerated and had minimal toxicity.     

Haemorrhagic hydrops of the gallbladder

Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube is uncommon; optimal primary treatment is still not well defined, and little information is available about the efficacy of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. Thirty-eight patients with fallopian tube carcinoma were treated with cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2), Adriamycin (50 mg/m2), and cisplatin (50 mg/m2) (CAP). Thirty-two patients received the combination chemotherapy as first-line treatment after cytoreductive surgery, whereas six subjects were treated for recurrent disease. The patients received a median of six cycles of therapy (range, four to nine). At the initiation of chemotherapy, 24 patients had measurable lesions. In this group of patients, 15 had a clinical complete response (CR), four had a partial response (PR), three had stable disease (SD), and two had progressive disease (PD) after chemotherapy. The overall clinical response rate (CR + PR) was 80%. Ten of the 14 CR patients who were submitted to second-look operation (SLO) were found free of disease, in pathologic complete response (pCR). Three pCR patients relapsed, and two of them died despite second-line treatment. Nine patients achieving PR, SD, and PD after first-line chemotherapy were further treated (five with chemotherapy, two with radiotherapy, two with progesteron), but none responded to second-line treatment and all died (median survival, 9 months). Fourteen patients without gross residual disease after cytoreductive surgery had no measurable lesions and were not evaluable for response. Seven of them had negative SLO and remain disease free. Three patients (two stage III and one stage II) who refused SLO relapsed 14, 16, and 26 months after completion of chemotherapy. The median survival for the entire group was 38 months, and the 5-year survival rate was 35%. The toxicity of the regimen was moderate. The CAP regimen appears to be active in primary fallopian tube carcinoma and yields response rates comparable to those reported for epithelial ovarian cancer.     

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for poor prognostic Hodgkin's disease (HD): comparative results with two CBV regimens and importance of disease status at transplant

Clinical outcome of 47 consecutive patients with advanced HD who underwent ASCT in our Department was analyzed retrospectively. Median age was 28 years (28 males and 19 females). At transplant, 15 (32%) patients were in CR (five in first CR after two chemotherapy regimens and 10 in second CR), eight (17%) in PR (seven without a prior CR), 22 (51%) had relapsing disease (19 with sensitive relapse) and two had primary refractory disease. The CVB regimen with two different schedules was used: 22 (47%) patients received standard CBV (CY 6 g/m2, BCNU 300 mg/m2 and etoposide 600 mg/m2) and 25 (53%) received an increased CBV dose (CY 7.2 g/m2, BCNU 440 mg/m2 and etoposide 2 g/m2). Antitumor response for 28 evaluable patients was similar for both CBV regimens: 87 and 75% (P=0.39). At 7.2 years, actuarial overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and event-free survival (EFS) for the whole series were 51.7+/-8%, 34+/-9% and 28+/-8%, with a median follow-up for the surviving patients of 3 years (0.7-7.6). No differences in these survival functions according to the CBV regimen used were observed (P=0.57). A history of a prior CR (P=0.003), duration of first CR >1 year (P=0.04), absence of bulky nodal disease at transplant (P=0.054), absence of extranodal disease at transplant (P=0.01), and a CR status at transplant (P=0.0006) were associated with a better PFS on univariant analysis. On multivariate analysis, only CR status at transplant remained significant (P=0.05). When patients in second CR at transplant and those in first sensitive relapse were analyzed separately, no differences in clinical characteristics or in treatment received pretransplant were observed; however, PFS was significantly different (P=0.01). In conclusion, CR status at transplant is useful in identifying 'good risk' patients and is necessary to obtain the greatest benefit from ASCT independent of the CBV regimen used.