重组人白细胞介素-11治疗恶性血液病化疗相关性血小板减少30例

目的 观察重组人白细胞介素-11(rhIL-11,商品名:巨和粒)治疗恶性血液病化疗相关性血小板减少的疗效及安全性方法随机选取确诊的常规化疗的恶性血液病30例,化疗后加用rhIL-11作为治疗组,并随机选取同期化疗的恶性血液病患者35例作为对照组,分析比较两组病例血小板减少程度、血小板≤100×109/L的持续天数、血小板输注次数及其不良反应结果治疗组在化疗结束时血小板计数为(41.22±23.67)×109/L,化疗后1周及2 周时血小板计数分别为(82.22±46.72)×109/L及(119.67±34.12)×109/L;治疗组化疗期间输注血小板例数7例;治疗组在化疗结束后第7天及第14天时,血小板计数恢复正常(≥100×109/L)分别为12例(40.00%)和26例(86.67%),与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).且治疗组治疗过程中不良反应轻微,有良好的耐受性和安全性.结论 rhIL-11治疗细胞毒药物化疗所致血小板减少安全、有效,值得在恶性血液病的治疗中推广使用.     

病毒性脑炎患儿脑电图与脑脊液分析

目的:观察病毒性脑炎患儿脑电图与脑脊液分析.方法:选取我院5年来收治的病毒性脑炎患者180例,分为三组:健康组、观察组(白细胞数＞10×109/L)和对照组(白细胞数≤10×109/L)各60例,依次进行脑电图和脑脊液分析研究.结果:进行脑电图检查的患者中,脑电图异常率92%,脑脊液异常率49.8%,头颅CT异常率14.6%.进行脑脊液分析的患者中,健康组中脑脊液白细胞数正常或轻度改变者占67.5%.观察组中脑膜受累症状明显(58.9%)51/60,头痛的出现率为(89.9%)58/60,与前两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:脑电图与脑脊液检查都对病毒性脑炎患儿都起着至关重要的作用.     

慢性粒细胞白血病长期生存26年一例因素分析

患者男性,79岁,于1984年3月9日首次就诊于我科,当时主诉易疲劳1年,发现白细胞(WBC)计数逐渐增高6个月,WBC(17～23)×109/L.初诊时查体:脾于左肋缘下2 cm,余未见阳性体征.血常规:WBC 27×109/L,血红蛋白(Hb)136 g/L,血小板(Plt)210×109/L;白细胞分类:中性粒细胞0.84,淋巴细胞0.11,单核细胞0.02,嗜酸粒细胞0.02,嗜碱粒细胞0.01.     

中剂量依托泊苷联合粒细胞集落刺激因子动员恶性淋巴瘤的外周血造血干/祖细胞

目的 观察中剂量依托泊苷(VP16)和粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)在恶性淋巴瘤患者动员采集自体外周血造血干/祖细胞的有效性和安全性.方法 31例恶性淋巴瘤患者(非霍奇金淋巴瘤30例,霍奇金淋巴瘤1例),VP16 1.2 g/m2分3 d静脉滴注,外周血白细胞降至最低点时给予G-CSF每天5μg/kg,分2次,皮下注射,直至采集结束.结果 VP16应用后12 d(10～15 d)开始采集外周血造血干/祖细胞,获得单个核细胞(MNC)7.8×108/kg[(5.2～11.3)×108/kg],CD+34细胞7.2×106/kg[(5.3～13.1)×106/kg] 18例患者采集1次,13例采集2次.所有患者移植后均恢复造血,外周血粒细胞＞0.5×109/L的中位时间为12 d(9～18 d),血小板＞20×109/L的中位时间为14d(10～21 d).患者无严重不良反应结论中剂量VP16和G-CSF动员恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血干/祖细胞有效、安全,可获得满意的动员采集效果.     

全反式维甲酸、三氧化二砷、化疗联合治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病疗效观察

目的 评估全反式维甲酸(ATRA)、三氧化二砷(As2O3)、化疗联合治疗初诊急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的疗效和患者不良反应.方法 对40例采用ATRA、As2O3、化疗三联疗法治疗的APL患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察其疗效及不良反应.结果 总体CR率92.5%(37/40),完全缓解所需中位时间27(22～61)d;白细胞≥10×109/L组CR率72.7%(8/11),白细胞<10×109/L组CR率100%(29/29),差异有统计学意义(x2=8.550,P=0.004);治疗过程中无严重不良反应,仅1例发生维甲酸综合征.结论 ATRA、As2O3、化疗联合应用可作为APL患者的首选治疗方案.     

骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性疾病白血病急变并发深静脉血栓形成一例

患者女,57岁.2009年4月因"下肢疼痛3月余,诊断为急性白血病2月余"入我院.患者2006年4月在北京某三甲医院就诊,检查发现白细胞较低,为2.7×109/L,血小板、血红蛋白均正常.后血小板逐渐增高,最高达865×109/L.2007年3月骨髓穿刺示:骨髓增生明显活跃,全片可见巨核细胞248个,产板巨10个,颗粒巨210个,裸核巨28个,血小板散在可见;骨髓活组织检查示:造血组织容量78%,不除外骨髓增殖性疾病病理改变,小梁组织红系、粒系增生活跃,未分化细胞散在易见;偶见粒系中幼阶段细胞片状分布,单核细胞片状分布,小巨核细胞易见;染色体核型分析(吉姆萨显带):46,X,Xq-(3/20)/46,XX(17/20).诊断为:骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性疾病.诊断后患者未再就诊及治疗.2009年1月患者出现左侧小腿疼痛,后渐发展至双腿.超声检查未见明确血栓形成;查血常规发现三系降低.     

伊马替尼联合粒细胞集落刺激因子治疗慢性粒细胞白血病11例

目的 研究伊马替尼(IM)联合粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)降低单药IM疗效欠佳的慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)残留病的疗效.方法 采用IM联合G-CSF治疗11例IM治疗后Ph染色体转阴率≥35%的CML患者.起始治疗量为IM 400或600 mg/d,G-CSF 5μg·kg-1·d-1,皮下注射.白细胞计数≥30×109/L者,延迟或间断使用G-CSF直至白细胞＜20×109/L.治疗过程中定期检测外周血bcr-abl转录水平,治疗6个月后转录水平降低未超过0.5个对数(log)者,停用G-CSF.bcr-abl转录水平持续下降但仍未获得完全分子生物学缓解者,继续使用该方案治疗1～6个月.结果 11例患者中9例出现bcr-abl转录水平的明显下降(包括7例下降＞1个对数和2例下降＞0.5个对数),2例出现bcr-abl转录水平的下降小于0.5个对数.7例下降＞1个对数者,其中2例获得完全分子生物学缓解,5例原为部分细胞遗传学缓解的患者获得完全细胞遗传学缓解.所有患者均能耐受,未出现因不良反应中断治疗和治疗相关性死亡病例.结论 IM联合G-CSF方案治疗单药lM治疗反应欠佳的CML患者有效、安全.     

MT方案治疗急性单核细胞白血病的疗效及其与染色体核型的关系

目的 研究米托蒽醌联合替尼泊苷(MT)方案在急性单核细胞白血病(M5)诱导缓解中的疗效及患者不良反应,并观察疗效与白血病染色体核型的关系.方法 将33例M5患者按治疗史分两组:初治组23例(A组)、DA(柔红霉素联合阿糖胞苷)或HDA(三尖杉酯碱、柔红霉素和阿糖胞苷)1个疗程无效组10例(B组).按核型预后分两组:预后中等组29例(C组),预后不良组4例(D组),均采用MT方案2个疗程诱导缓解,分别统计4组的临床疗效及患者不良反应.结果 MT方案对A、B组的M5诱导完全缓解(CR)率分别为83%(19/23)及60%(6/10),有效率达91%(21/23)及70%(7/10).C、D组CR率分别为83%(24/29)及25%(1/4),有效率为88%(26/29)及50%(2/4),其中复杂核型CR率为0(0/3),非复杂核型的11q23染色体异常患者一次化疗达CR率100%(4/4).MT方案对M5化疗后白细胞最低点在第(7±3)天出现,为(0.4±0.2)×109/L,白细胞<1×109/L时间达(8±5)d,未见化疗相关死亡病例.结论 MT方案简单有效、较安全,是治疗M5的较佳化疗方案,对1个疗程DA、HDA方案无效者亦可试用.MT方案化疗疗效与核型预后分组有关,对11q23染色体异常的M5患者疗效较好,对复杂核型患者疗效欠佳.     

急性脑梗塞后出血性转换的影响因素

目的 探讨急性脑梗塞患者发生出血性转换(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)的相关因素.方法 回顾分析108例急性脑梗塞的患者.患者入院时行头颅MRI,入院时及梗塞后7天内行头颅CT平扫.将108例患者性别、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟分别行x2检验,将年龄、梗塞灶数目、最大梗塞灶面积分别行成组t检验.结果 108例患者中,12例发生HT.12例术后发生HT者的最大梗塞灶面积为952.2±456.3mm2,而96例未发生HT患者的最大梗塞灶面积为317.2±197.5mm2,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),而其他因素的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于急性脑梗塞的患者,最大梗塞灶面积为梗塞后发生HT的危险因素,对梗塞后发生HT有一定的预测意义.     

供者外周血干细胞动员采集198例临床分析

目的 研究外周血造血干细胞移植( PBSCT)供者外周血干细胞动员采集的方法及其效 果。方法 198名健康供者每天皮下注射重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)(5～10) μg/kg进行外周血干细胞动员,第5天开始采集。采用血细胞分析仪行单个核细胞( MNC)计数,流式细胞术(FCM)行CD34+细胞计数。分析供者性别、身高、年龄、采集当天外周血白细胞(WBC)计数对动员采集效果的影响。结果所有供者均成功动员采集,采集当天的MNC计数平均为(4.19±1.96)×108/kg,CD34+细胞计数平均为(2.98±1.40) ×106/kg; MNC和CD34+细胞计数与供者性别、身高、年龄无关;采集当天外周血WBC计数与MNC、CD34+细胞计数呈正相关(r= 0.9201,P=0.0035;r=0.8420,P= 0.0149);采集当天外周血WBC计数≥20.0×109/L的供者比＜20.0×109/L的供者采集效果更显著(F=4.688,P= 0.0013;F= 4.622,P=0.0006)。结论rhG-CSF动员的健康供者采集当天外周血WBC计数是一项预测CD34+细胞采集数量的简单、可行的指标。     

Influence of molecular weight, protein core and charge of native heparin fractions on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation

The need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and repeated correction of persistent acidosis identifies extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients more likely to develop an intracranial hemorrhage. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This study was a retrospective-matched, case-controlled study of infants with ICH on ECMO compared with infants without ICH on ECMO. Data collected included patient demographics, ventilator parameters, blood gases, coagulation parameters, the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), neurologic findings, and outcome. The Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery at Kosair Children's Hospital in Louisville, Ky., was the setting. Twenty-three infants who developed an ICH (excluding subarachnoid hemorrhage) on ECMO were matched with a control group of 23 infants without an ICH on ECMO. The presence of acidosis (pH < 7.19 or HCO3 < 17; p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and the need for CPR (heart rate < or = 80 or mean blood pressure < or = 30 mm Hg, p < 0.003) shortly before or during cannulation correlated with the development of an ICH in infants on ECMO. The infants with an ICH required more frequent platelet transfusions (p < 0.005), had difficulty maintaining activated clotting times (ACTs) within a normal range (p < 0.03), and had abnormal neurologic examinations shortly before or after the ICH was detected with head ultrasound. The ultrasound was obtained as soon as possible after a change in the neurologic status. The need for CPR and repeated correction of persistent acidosis before or during cannulation identifies ECMO patients more likely to develop an ICH. We found that elevated ACTs and low platelet counts requiring transfusion showed a statistical association with the development of an ICH. Daily head ultrasounds and frequent neurologic checks are thus valuable tools in assessing the ECMO patient who demonstrates difficulty in maintaining coagulation values in the normal range or who requires frequent platelet transfusions.     

Intracranial hemorrhage associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of seven patients and a meta-analysis

We present the results of a meta-analysis using clinical data obtained from seven of our patients and 24 previously reported patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura complicated by intracranial hemorrhage. Twenty-four had an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and seven had a subdural hematoma (SDH). Mean age of the patients with ICH was significantly younger than those with SDH. The mortality rate of ICH associated with ITP was similar to that of spontaneous ICH. All seven patients with SDH improved without sequelae.     

Liver dysfunction in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mild degrees of liver dysfunction and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from the hemostatic standpoint. A detailed study of hemostatic systems was made in 462 patients with ICH. To compare ICH with the other cerebrovascular diseases, data from 120 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 114 others with cerebral infarction were reviewed. At admission, the medical histories of the patients, including information about previous alcohol consumption, was taken, and blood samples were collected to perform the following studies: platelet count, fibrinogen level, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin III, plasminogen and alpha 2-antiplasmin activity, platelet aggregability, and liver function tests. The incidence of liver dysfunction and alcohol consumption in patients with ICH was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and in those with cerebral infarction. Hematoma volume, mortality rate, and past alcohol consumption in patients with ICH significantly increased with worsening severity of liver dysfunction. Although almost all hemostatic parameters became worse with increasing severity of liver dysfunction, they changed within the normal limits. Platelet aggregability and alpha 2-antiplasmin activity in patients with liver dysfunction were remarkably deteriorated beyond normal limits. In conclusion, liver dysfunction associated with alcohol consumption appears to be an important factor in the deterioration of the clinical status of patients with ICH and may be one of the causative factors in the development of ICH. Although mildly impaired hemostatic systems may be partially responsible for these adverse effects of liver dysfunction on ICH, it seems probable that nonhemostatic mechanisms are attributed to the effects.     

Use of fluorocitrate and fluoroacetate in the study of brain metabolism

Between 1984 and 1994, of the 375 patients admitted to our department for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 24 (6.4%) had a recurrent ICH. There were 15 women and nine men and the mean age of the patients was 64.7 +/- 9.4 years (range 49-81) at the first bleeding episode and 68.7 +/- 7.5 years (range 57-83) at the second. The mean interval between the two bleeding episodes was 47.5 +/- 30.5 months (range 3 months to 14.8 years). Nine patients presented with more than one recurrence of ICH. Seventy-one percent of the patients were hypertensive. The site of the first hemorrhage was lobar in 17 patients, ganglionic (putamen, thalamus, or caudate nucleus) in six patients, and subdural in one. The recurrent hemorrhage occurred at a different location from the previous ICH. The most common pattern of recurrence was "lobar-lobar" (14 patients) and more rarely "ganglionic-ganglionic" (five patients), which was always observed in hypertensive patients. The outcome after the recurrent hemorrhage was usually poor, with severe cognitive impairment. By comparison with 81 patients followed up to 24 months (47.9 +/- 22.2 months) with isolated ICH without recurrence, only lobar hematoma and a younger age were risk factors for recurrences whereas sex and previous hypertension were not. The mechanisms of recurrence of ICH were multiple (hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy). Control of blood pressure after the first hemorrhage may prevent ICH recurrences.     

Prognostic factors in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

The introduction of etiological, diagnostic and therapeutical factors have modified the knowledge on the evolutive behaviour of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). Mortality and morbidity associated to spontaneous ICH were assessed using as independent variables clinical and neuroimage factors obtained upon admission of the patients. We studied 228 patients with spontaneous ICH selected from a data bank of 277 patients with non-traumatic ICH. During the first 24 hours, we assessed several clinical factors (arterial hypertension, Glasgows Neurological Scale and Barthels Scale) and TC images (size, location, extension of bleeding to ventricles, edema and atrophy). Thirty-one per cent of the patients died during the first 2 months. The multiple linear regression study showed that mortality was related to variables of the Glasgows Neurological Scale upon admission, extension to ventricles, size of ICH and perilesional edema, whereas the morbidity was only related to the size of the hemorrhage. Severity of the clinical affection, extension of the bleeding to ventricles, size of the hemorrhage and presence of perilesional edema, but not arterial hypertension, were the main factors affecting mortality at two months of spontaneous ICH.     

Determinants of 30-day mortality of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in Pakistan

BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the determinants of acute (30-day) mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a developing country setting, and to compare these findings with those available from studies conducted in the West. METHODS: Medical records of 146 patients admitted to a major tertiary hospital in Karachi, Pakistan between 1990 and 1991 with a diagnosis of spontaneous ICH were reviewed. The level and intensity of care provided to these patients was similar to that available at modern neurosurgical centers. The salient prognostic indicators that were studied included hypertension, pulse pressure, GCS score, neurologic deficits, and CT-scan predictors including site, size, and intraventricular spread of hemorrhage. These data were used to determine independent predictors of 30-day mortality by univariate and multivariate analysis. Additionally, 30-day survival probabilities for these outcome predictors were also computed. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality after spontaneous ICH was 39.7%. Two-thirds of the patients had a history of hypertension. The important clinical predictors at the multivariate level included GCS score < or =8 and progressive increase in pulse pressure. The CT scan predictors included intraventricular spread of hemorrhage, ventricular enlargement, and size of the bleed. Location of the lesion did not appear to significantly influence mortality. Survival analysis showed a large clustering of deaths within the first 72 hours of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The 30-day mortality rate and prognostic predictors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were found to be similar to those reported in the Western hemisphere. However, the correlation of incremental increase in pulse pressure with deteriorating prognosis was a new and significant finding.     

A multicenter trial of 6-aminocaproic acid (Amicar) in the prevention of bleeding in infants on ECMO

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), is a major source of morbidity and the leading cause of death in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Anecdotal reports have suggested that epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) can decrease the risk of ICH. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in a multiinstitutional, prospective, randomized, blinded fashion, the effect of EACA on the incidence of hemorrhagic complications in neonates receiving ECMO. METHODS: All neonates (except congenital diaphragmatic hernia) who met criteria for ECMO at three institutions were eligible for enrollment. EACA (100 mg/kg) or placebo was given at the time of cannulation followed by 25 mg/kg/h for 72 hours. Bleeding complications, transfusion requirements, and thrombotic complications were recorded. Post-ECMO imaging included head ultrasound scan computed tomography (CT) scan, and duplex ultrasound scan of the inferior vena cava and renal vessels. RESULTS: Twenty-nine neonates were enrolled (EACA, 13 and placebo, 16). Five (17.2%) patients had a significant (grade 3 or larger) ICH. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of significant ICH in patients who received EACA (23%) versus placebo (12.5%). Septic patients accounted for all of the ICH in the EACA group. Thrombotic complications (aortic thrombus and SVC syndrome) developed in two patients from the placebo group. There was no difference in thrombotic circuit complications between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the use of EACA in neonates receiving ECMO is safe but may not decrease the overall incidence of hemorrhagic complications.     

Parenteral glutamine infusion alters insulin-mediated glucose metabolism

There is no consensus of opinion on the treatment of hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage (HPH), especially in patients older than 65 years. The purpose of this study was to study the surgical outcome of HPH in patients older than 65 years while considering mortality and activity of daily life. Among eighty-three patients aged 65 or older with HPH, fifty-one patients received only medical treatment and 32 were operated upon to remove the hematoma. Each patient was measured by the intracerebral hemorrhage-intracranial hemorrhage grading scale (ICH Grade) which used the sum of eye opening and motor response scores derived from Glasgow Coma Scale. The cubic content of the HPH was calculated from measurement of maximum width (X), length (Y) and height (Z), and the hematoma volume taken as 1/2 that volume (X. Y. Z/2). The acute mortality in surgically treated group was 40.6% and three patients died during the follow-up period from one to six months after the operation. Determinant for the prognosis was the ICH grade and the volume of the hematoma. Patients who returned to ADL 1 and 2 (good recovery) after surgical treatment were 40.0% in ICH Grade I, 16.7% in ICH Grade II, and 20.0% in ICH Grade III. Among those patients who were in ICH Grade IV, none had good recovery. The acute mortality was zero in ICH Grade I, 16.7% in ICH Grade II, 40.0% in ICH Grade III, and 62.5% in ICH Grade IV. The crucial size was 60 ml with a mortality of 77.8% for hematomas larger and 39.1% for hematomas smaller than that. From our lim ited experience, we learned that operation in elderly patients with HPH was considered only in patients with hematomas between 20 to 60 ml, with a high operative mortality and only one-fourth having a good recovery postoperatively.     

Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage of structural origin during the first year of life

Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in term infants is not common, but when it occurs it is usually secondary to trauma, coagulation disorders and/or hypoxia. The possibility of a structural cause for an infantile ICH is unfortunately not seriously considered until very late. In this paper we report the cases of five full-term infants, each of whom developed ICH secondary to a structural lesion during the 1st year of life. Three presented during the newborn period. A congenital saccular aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery in an 8-month old male infant; a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation in a 2-week old female neonate; a deep parietal cavernous angioma in a 6.5-month-old male infant; a temporoparietal low-grade astrocytoma in a 12-day old male neonate and a temporoparietal desmoplastic ganglioglioma in a 9-day-old male neonate were the structural lesions that were causative for hemorrhage. In all cases but one, the diagnosis was reached by computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. All infants underwent surgery for the removal of the hematoma and of the lesion causative for the bleed. All are alive at 19, 3, 11.5, 10, and 5 years, respectively. We discuss the diagnosis of ICH with special emphasis on contemporary imaging modalities and stress the benefits of aggressive and timely surgical treatment. We then consider a concise analysis of the world literature on the occurrence of structural causes of ICH during infancy.