如何应对美国的反倾销

中国纺织品服装进入美国市场可能遇到的打击措施：一是反倾销，二是特保措施。特保措施对美国人来讲，既便宜又迅速；反倾销的成本昂贵，而且整个程序一般要一年时间。     

Method to Measure the Force to Pull and to Break Pin Bones of Fish

A texture measurement device was modified to measure the force required to pull pin bones from King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), snapper (Pagrus auratus), and kahawai (Arripis trutta). Pulled bones were also subjected to tension to measure the breaking force. For all fish, the pulling force depended on the size of the fish, and on the length of the pin bone (P < 0.05). In general, larger fish required greater pulling force to remove pin bones. For example, fresh small salmon (about 1500 g whole) required 600 g on average to pull pin bones, and large fish (about 3700 g whole) required 850 g. Longer bones required greater pulling force. The breaking force followed the same trend. In general, the breaking force was greater than the pulling force. This allows the removal of the bones without breaking them. There was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference between the forces (both pulling and breaking) from fresh and frozen/thawed samples, although in general frozen/thawed samples required less force to pull. With the quantification of pulling and breaking forces for pin bones, it is possible to design and build better, “more intelligent” pin bone removal equipment.     

Ability of Bifidobacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile to adhere to human intestinal mucus

The hydrophobicity and capacity to adhere to human intestinal mucus of Bifidobacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile were assessed and compared with those of their more sensitive original strains. The resistant variants used were previously obtained [Int. J. Food Microbiol. 82 (2003) 191; Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94 (2004) 79] by progressive adaptation of originally more sensitive strains to gradually increasing concentrations of bile. In five out of the seven groups of original and bile-resistant variants tested the resistant strains showed higher adhesion levels to human mucus (range between 1.4- and 4-fold) than their corresponding original strains. However, in the presence of physiologic concentrations of bile (0.3%, w/v) the adhesion level of all Bifidobacterium strains dropped between 7% and 74%, depending on the strain. In spite of this, the adhesion capability of three bile-resistant variants remained higher than that of their originals. Hydrophobicity evidenced considerable variability; in four out of the seven bile-resistant strains it was higher than in the original strains, although no direct correlation between adhesion and hydrophobicity could be established. It was concluded that the acquisition of bile resistance by our Bifidobacterium strains promoted changes in hydrophobicity and in the adhesion of these microorganisms to human intestinal mucus.     

Towards strategies to adapt to pressures on safety of fresh produce due to climate change

This article outlines the findings from a Delphi study aimed to generate insights from a systems perspective about responding to climate change in terms of food safety of fresh produce. The study identified pressures to food safety of fresh produce at primary production, related to contamination of water sources and production environment with microorganisms, pesticide residues, mycotoxins and heavy metals due to heavy rainfalls and floods, droughts, increased temperature and change in seasonality, as results of climate change. First response to these pressures is realised by the core control activities implemented at farm, and depends on their current implementation and actual operation. The experts highlighted the need to strengthen activities, such as water control (including water treatment and quality monitoring), irrigation method, pesticide management (and pre-harvest intervals), personal hygiene requirements and (cold) storage control. Validating the effectiveness of control activities for the changed circumstances, guidance and training to the farmers was emphasized. Moreover, response strategies were proposed for farms to cope with the pressures immediately after occurring and to adapt long-term with support at the community level.The participating experts represented countries from the global north with industrialised food systems, and from the global south — with structured and traditional food systems. They assessed the likelihood of most pressures as higher for the countries from the global south, which was explained by existing response strategies in the global north. It was proposed that the adaptive and coping capacities of companies, regions and sectors are determined by the currently available adaptation and coping strategies. The pressures to food safety can differ per company, supply chain, region and sector due to variability of current climate vulnerabilities, control activities, and adaptive capacity. This paper argues that future adaptation actions should take into account the context of countries, sectors and companies, thus, focus on improving adaptive capacity from a systems perspective.     

PLC在捻制设备应用中应注意的问题

简述PLC用户程序的工作过程,指出PLC在捻制应用中应注意的输出触点竞争、输出触点容量和报警电路设计等问题,给出解决问题的具体方法和程序,使得PLC的应用更加安全可靠。     

Use of microbial beta-lactamase to destroy penicillin added to milk

A simple method is described for destruction of penicillin residues in bulk milk to an undetectable amount (less than .003 U/ml) with commercially available crude beta-lactamase enzyme. Milk containing .1 or .5 U/ml penicillin G was treated with .01 to 1.0 mU/ml of beta-lactamase (Bacillus cereus) for up to 96 h. The Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis assay was used to quantify penicillin in milk between .003 to 1.0 U/ml. The .5 U/ml of penicillin G was reduced to an undetectable amount within 18 h at 4 degrees C by 1.0 mU/ml of beta-lactamase. The development of titratable acidity over 5 to 6 h in contaminated milks treated with beta-lactamase and inoculated with Streptococcus thermophilus GH, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis, or a commercial starter culture was the same as for control milk samples containing no additives or only enzyme. Pilot-scale manufacture of Swiss and Cheddar cheeses from contaminated milks treated with beta-lactamase yielded cheeses of comparable quality, to control cheeses produced from penicillin-free milk. There were no delays in acid production as judged from pH measurements during production and ripening of the cheeses. About 50% of beta-lactamase activity added to milk remained after pasteurization at 63 degrees C for 30 min. The safety for human consumption of cheese containing small quantities of penicillin degradation products from milk treated with beta-lactamase remains to be established.     

油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺和不同杀菌剂敏感性的相关分析

为了明确油菜菌核病菌对新型杀菌剂嘧菌环胺的敏感性和该药剂与其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定江苏省不同地区的53个油菜菌核病菌菌株对嘧菌环胺的敏感性,并测定对嘧菌环胺不同敏感性的10个菌株对菌核净、异菌脲、腐霉利、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇等杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,菌株间对嘧菌环胺的敏感性差异显著,EC50（抑制中浓度）值在0.0342～1.087 6μg/mL之间;通过EC50值相关性分析,油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺与上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。     

Synthesis of reactive dye to impart mosquito repellency to nylon

Mosquito repellent textile materials are being increasingly in demand as a preventive measure to protect the consumers from mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, etc. Many of these agents are applied in post-colouration operation to the fabric. Although initially they show good repellency against mosquitoes, upon repeated washing cycles, this effect gets diminished considerably. In the present work, nylon fabric is imparted mosquito repellent finish in one, single operation of dyeing cum finishing. This approach is based on the modification of commonly used mosquito-repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and synthesizing a reactive dye based on this important ingredient. A reactive dye was synthesized in order to impart mosquito repellency to the nylon 6 fabric, DEET was first subjected to nitration using Potassium nitrate and dichloromethane (DCM). This nitrated product was reduced in the presence of water: ethanol (30:70) and the amine, thus, produced was then condensed with 2, 4, 6-trichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine (cyanuric chloride) a reactive group. The resultant product was finally reacted with an amino group present in 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulphonic acid (Bronner’s acid) to obtain Sodium6-((4-(diethylcarbamoyl)-2-methylphenyl) amino)-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl) amino) naphthalene-2-sulfonate (reactive dye). This reactive dye was then applied on nylon 6 fabric by covalent bonding to provide mosquito-repellent material. The chemical structures of the dye were characterized using FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The melting point of the dye was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The fastness properties of the dyed cum finished fabric were measured to evaluate the performance of the dye. Efficacy of mosquito repellency of the treated nylon 6 fabric was studied using standard methods. The nylon 6 fabric reacted with the mosquito-repellent dye and showed very good durable mosquito-repellent activity.     

蚕茧收烘管理如何适应市场经济的探讨

社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善,给蚕茧收购与经营管理工作带来了新的机遇和挑战。为适应市场经济发展的需要,正确贯彻和执行国家蚕茧收购与经营管理的方针和政策,笔者就蚕茧收烘管理有关问题谈谈自己的看法。1进一步统一认识,认清在市场经济条件下搞好蚕茧收烘管理工作的重要性建立社会主义市场经济机制,其目的是进一步解放生产力,更有效地发展经济。利用市场机制和价格规律的作用,引导蚕茧收烘经营单位按照市场要求合理配置蚕茧资源,提高蚕茧质量,提高产品市场竞争力,创造较好的经济效益。在市场经济条件下,我们必须始终坚持“以质量求…     

变性淀粉在甘蔗渣化学浆造纸中应用的考察

考察了变性淀粉的种类、纤维的表面电荷和微细纤维含量等对纸页抗张强度和施胶度的影响。结果表明 :甘蔗渣化学浆的表面电荷较小 ,两性淀粉对甘蔗渣化学浆具有显著的纸力增强作用 ,但在松香皂胶施胶中 ,两性淀粉反而导致纸页的抗张强度下降。微细纤维含量极大地影响变性淀粉的作用效果     

Field demonstration of successful bioaugmentation to achieve dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to ethene

A laboratory microcosm study and a pilot scale field test were conducted to evaluate biostimulation and bioaugmentation to dechlorinate tetrachloroethene (PCE) to ethene at Kelly Air Force Base. The site groundwater contained about 1 mg/L of PCE and lower amounts of trichloroethene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE). Laboratory microcosms inoculated with soil and groundwater from the site exhibited partial dechlorination of TCE to cDCE when amended with lactate or methanol. Following the addition of a dechlorinating enrichment culture, KB-1, the chlorinated ethenes in the microcosms were completely converted to ethene. The KB-1 culture is a natural dechlorinating microbial consortium that contains phylogenetic relatives of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. The ability of KB-1 to stimulate biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes in situ was explored using a closed loop recirculation cell with a pore volume of approximately 64,000 L The pilot test area (PTA) groundwater was first amended with methanol and acetate to establish reducing conditions. Under these conditions, dechlorination of PCE to cDCE was observed. Thirteen liters of the KB-1 culture were then injected into the subsurface. Within 200 days, the concentrations of PCE, TCE, and cis-1,2-DCE within the PTA were all below 5 microg/L, and ethene production accounted for the observed mass loss. The maximum rates of dechlorination estimated from field date were rapid (half-lives of a few hours). Throughout the pilot test period, groundwater samples were assayed for the presence of Dehalococcoides using both a Dehalococcoides-specific PCR assay and 16S rDNA sequence information. The sequences detected in the PTA after bioaugmentation were specific to the Dehalococcoides species in the KB-1 culture. These sequences were observed to progressively increase in abundance and spread downgradient within the PTA. These results confirm that organisms in the KB-1 culture populated the PTA aquifer and contributed to the stimulation of dechlorination beyond cDCE to ethene.     

Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni to heat and to pulsed electric fields

The resistance of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11351 to heat and to pulsed electric fields (PEF) was studied at different treatment intensities (temperatures between 52 and 60 °C, and electric field strengths between 15 and 35 kV/cm, respectively). The influence of the growth phase, the pH of the treatment medium and the presence of sodium pyruvate in the recovery medium was also examined. A model based on the Weibull distribution was used to describe the inactivation curves, and times for the first decimal reduction were calculated (δ values). C. jejuni cells did not increase their resistance to heat nor to PEF upon entrance into stationary phase. The acidification of the treatment medium from 7.0 to 4.5 caused a sensitization of C. jejuni to heat (δ value at 55 °C × 1/4); on the contrary, resistance to PEF was increased (δ value at 25 kV/cm × 2.5). The absence of pyruvate in the recovery medium prevented recovery of a high percentage of heat-treated cells, but did not affect PEF survival. Whereas C. jejuni can be considered a heat sensitive organism (δ value at 55 °C and buffer of pH 7.0 of 2 min, z value 4.40 °C), it showed a relatively high resistance to PEF as compared to other vegetative cells (δ value at 25 kV/cm and buffer of pH 7.0 of 7 pulses, z_PEF value 8.20 kV/cm). Results obtained in this investigation indicate that Campylobacter spp. should be taken into account for the design of PEF treatments for food hygienization.Industrial relevanceBefore PEF can be commercially implemented it is necessary to determine its efficacy on pathogenic microorganisms of interest in order to ensure safety of food. There is no data available about the resistance of C. jejuni to pulsed electric fields, although it is now recognised as the leading cause of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis throughout the world. In this research we characterize the resistance to heat and to PEF of C. jejuni NCTC 11351. Physiological factors affecting its survival to both agents are also explored.     

依据气候特征 加强储粮安全管理

我省位于中国的最东北部，是商品粮生产的主要省份，特殊的地理位置和气候往往容易给储粮带来安全隐患。造成这种隐患的直接原因：一是进入秋冬之交和入春时，粮仓（囤）内外和粮堆内外温差较大，引起粮堆结露、结顶，导致坏粮；二是粮食收购入库时，原始水分较高，管理不善，出现坏粮事故；三是多年来，露天储粮量超过７５％，造成火灾隐患；四是沿江河粮库、地势低洼，易受洪涝灾害；五是检测技术落后，不能实现提前预报。以上问题，必须根据我省季节气候特点，加强储粮管理，才能确保库存粮食安全。１根据季节气候特征加强储粮管理１．１…     

发展木材工业 促进林业可持续发展

阐述木材合理使用是环保行为,中国木材进口是经济全球化对资源的有效配置,并提出保证中国木材供应和中国木材工业做大做强的措施。     

发展木材工业促进林业可持续发展

阐述木材合理使用是环保行为,中国木材进口是经济全球化对资源的有效配置,并提出保证中国木材供应和中国木材工业做大做强的措施.