Polychlorinated naphthalene levels,distribution, and biomagnification in a benthic food chain in the Baltic Sea

The scientific literature contains little information regarding bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food webs. Here we present new information on the food chain transfer of PCNs within a food chain in a subarctic environment PCNs (tetra- to hepta-chloro congeners) were measured in surface sediments and in a marine benthic food chain, comprising amphipods, isopods, and fourhorned sculpins. Samples were collected from five locations in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea. PCN concentrations in the sediments were similar to background levels determined previously in sediments from the northern hemisphere. Measurement of the carbon content of the sediments allowed the calculation of biota to sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Tetra- and penta-CNs exhibited BSAF values greater than one, while BSAFs for the more chlorinated PCNs were less than one. This suggests more efficient assimilation, by amphipods, of the less chlorinated PCNs. A decrease in sigmaPCN concentrations from the lowest to the highest trophic level was demonstrated (amphipods: 10-69 ng/g lw, isopods: 3.9-16 ng/g lw; fourhorned sculpins: 0.54-1.5 ng/g lw). Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated based on the concentrations of the congeners. These indicated that a few congeners biomagnified significantly: the highest BMFs (0.09-1.4) were found for 2,3,6,7-substituted congeners and those lacking adjacent hydrogen-substituted carbon atoms.     

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Fish Oil Supplements on the Canadian Market: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

ABSTRACT:  Canadians are interested in improving their diet through the consumption of fish oil food supplements, which are marketed to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Convenience samples of omega-3 enriched dietary supplements ( n  = 30) were collected in Vancouver, Canada, between 2005 and 2007. All of the omega-3 supplements were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and, although every sample was found to contain detectable residues of PBDEs, only 24 samples were found to have PCDD/F concentrations above the level of detection. PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 0.05 pg TEQ/g lipid to 45.7 pg TEQ/g lipid in salmon and shark oils, respectively. Maximum PBDE concentrations similarly were observed in shark oil (113 μg/kg lipid), however, most supplements had concentrations below 5 μg/kg lipid. Average PCDD/F and PBDE intake estimates, based on consumption of maximum supplement dose following product label recommendations, were 4.32 pg TEQ/d and 25.1 ng/d lipid, respectively.     

Iodine isotopes (129I and 127I) in the Baltic Proper, Kattegat, and Skagerrak basins

Radioactive anthropogenic pollution has raised concerns about the present and future environmental status of the semienclosed Baltic Sea. We here study the distribution and inventory of the anthropogenic radioactive (129)I in water depth profiles collected from 16 sites in August 2006 and 19 sites in April 2007 in the Baltic Proper and related Kattegat and Skagerrak basins. The results reveal considerable differences of (129)I concentration in terms of spatial and temporal variability and expose relatively high concentrations in the deep waters. Variability in the concentration of (127)I, stable natural isotope of iodine, seems to follow changes in the seawater salinity, but in oxygen-poor bottom waters sediment diagenetic release may contribute to the concentration of both isotopes in the water body. Inventory estimates show that (129)I in August 2006 (24.2 ± 15.4 kg) is higher than that in April 2007 (14.4 ± 8.3 kg) within the southern and central Baltic Proper whereas almost a constant load occurs in the Kattegat Basin. Calculated model inventory shows correspondence to empirical data and provides a guideline for future environmental assessment on the impact of (129)I load in the studied region.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their congener-specific accumulation in edible fish from the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea.

Concentrations and composition profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in composite samples of 10 species of edible fish from the Gulf of Gdańsk, in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, Poland, to understand the status of contamination and possible human exposure risk. Apart from the total PCBs, planar non-ortho (IUPAC nos 77, 126, 169) and mono-ortho (nos 105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, 189) chlorobiphenyls were also quantified and their dioxin-like toxicity assessed. The absolute total PCB concentrations in fish ranged from 43 to 490 ng g(-1) wet wt (910-11000 ng g(-1) lipids), while of TCDD TEQs of planar members were from 0.15 to 3.1 pg g(-1) wet wt (8.1-81 pg g(-1) lipids). The penta- and hexa-CBs usually comprised 70-80% of the total PCBs and were followed by hepta-, tetra- and tri-CBs, and for a specific site tri- and tetra-CBs comprised as much as 22%. Among the individual CB congeners, nos 118, 153 (+132) and 138 (+160 +163 +164) were the most abundant, while no. 110 comprised between 6.8 and 9.3% of the total PCBs in some species. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to examine the interdependences among CB congeners in the factor space. The PCA model and cluster analyses were further used to examine site- and species-specific differences and similarities of PCB composition, and the results are discussed. An assessed daily intake rate of TCDD TEQ of planar PCBs with the fishmeal of the Gulf of Gdańsk in the 1990s was between 78 and 96 pg per capita or between 1.3 and 1.6 pg kg(-1) body weight.     

饲料水分常规分析适宜温度与时间研究

通过在不同的温度、不同时间下测定饲料样品的含水率 ,再与国标法测得的结果比较 ,找出一种最合适的、最省时的测定饲料水分含量的方案 ,结果显示 :本试验设定的 12种水分测定方案测得的结果 ,与国标法测得的结果差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,(14 0± 2 )℃ ,30min水分测定方案测得的结果与国标法测得的结果最为接近 ,因此 (14 0± 2 )℃ ,30min水分测定方法是测定饲料含水率的最佳方案     

Reference Material for the Determination of Polychlorodibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins,Polychlorodibenzo-furans,and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fish: Production Process,Homogeneity, and Stability

The presence of dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in food is an important consideration for food safety, especially in fish matrices that are susceptible to bioaccumulation of those compounds from marine environments. In this context, the production of a reference material (RM) for this analytical scope is of great importance for ensuring the reliability of the results generated by monitoring programs. A lyophilized material was produced by spiking tilapia fillets with 29 compounds, and the material was evaluated based on the potential for using it as a certified reference material (CRM) or in proficiency testing (PT) schemes. A pilot experiment was performed to evaluate the incorporation of the analytes in tilapia fillets using standards prepared in nonane and in fish oil. The process yield was approximately 16% for both conditions, but higher mean recoveries were achieved with fish oil. The tilapia fillets were processed, and a portion of this bulk was spiked and then homogenized. The spiked and unspiked portions were frozen prior to lyophilization. Each freeze-dried portion was homogenized and sieved, and then, the portions were mixed, packed, and stored under refrigeration. The material was considered homogeneous for all analytes based on the criteria established for PT. Of the tested analytes, 27 were found to be stable in the short-term design (p > 0.05) when the material was kept at 45 ± 2 °C for 9 days. Long-term stability was evaluated at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months, and 22 of the analytes were found to be stable through up to 4 months of storage based on the criteria defined in references related to both the production of CRM and PT. The contributions of the homogeneity and stability in the short- and long-term uncertainties were estimated and indicated the adequacy of the material for use as a reference for trueness experiments.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in herring from the Southern Baltic, 1981

Summary A total of 295 samples of muscle tissue from herring netted in 1981 in the southern part of the Baltic Sea were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and analogues (DDE and DDD), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and isomers of benzenehexachloride (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-BHC). The mean values obtained for herring muscle tissue relating to wet weight were: 8.6 g HCB/kg, 12 g alpha-BHC/kg, 20 g gamma-BHC/kg, 41 g p,p-DDE/kg, 49 g p,p-DDD/kg, 30 g p,pDDT/kg, 120 g DDT/kg and 550 g PCB/kg; beta-BHC was detectable in trace amounts and delta-BHC was not detected. Herring caught in the area under the direct influence of the Vistula River contained higher levels of DDT in their muscles than those in the other regions investigated.Significant positive recti linear correlations were found between the residue concentration of HCB, p,p-DDE, p,p-DDD and _DDT in muscles and the body length of herring, and between the lipid content and the body length.

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Organochlor-pesticide und Polychlorbiphenyle im Hering aus der südlichen Ostsee, 1981

Zusammenfassung 295 Proben aus dem Muskelgewebe von Heringen, gefangen 1981 in der südlichen Ostsee, wurden auf polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB), DDT und Analoge (DDE und DDD) Hexachlorbenzol (HCB) und die Isomere von Hexachlorcyclohexan (-,ß-,- und-BHC) untersucht. Die mittleren Werte, bezogen auf das Frischgewicht des Heringsmuskels waren: 8,6 g HCB/kg, 12 g -BHC/kg, 20 g-BHC/kg, 41 g p,p-DDE/kg, 49 g p,p-DDD/kg, 30 g p,p-DDT/kg, 120 g Gesamt-DDT/kg und 550 g PCB/kg;ß-BHC wurde in Spuren und-BHC überhaupt nicht nachgewiesen. Heringe, die in unmittelbaren Einfluß des Vistula-Flusses gefangen wurden, hatten in ihren Muskeln höhere Werte an Gesamt-DDT verglichen mit denen anderer Regionen. Signifikante positive Korrelationen wurden zwischen den Rückständen an HCB, p,p-DDE, p,p-DDD und Gesamt-DDT im Muskel bzw. dem Lipidgehalt und der Länge des Herings gefunden.

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Financial support under grant PR-4 (7.1/1)     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in flatfish from the southern Baltic, 1983

Summary Hexachlorobenzene (HCB),-,-,- and-benzenehexachloride (BHC; HCH),p,p-DDE,o,p-DDD,o,p-DDT,o,p-DDD andp,p-DDT ( DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) levels have been determined in muscle tissue of 37 turbotsPsetta maxima, 27 plaicesPleuronectes platessa and 106 floundersPlatichthys flesus netted during 1983 in a different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The mean levels found for flatfish muscle tissue related to wet weight were: 0.7, 0.88 and 1.1 g/kg HCB; 1.3, 2.6 and 3.0 g/kg-BHC; 11, 10 and 11 g/kg-BHC; 4.4, 4.9 and 5.5 g/kg-BHC;-BHC remained undetected; 17, 18 and 20 g/kg BHC; 5.1, 5.2 and 8.7 g/kg p,p-DDE; o,p-DDD remained undetected; o,p-DDT was detected in 10 of 106 samples of the muscle tissue of flounder at the mean level of 17 g/kg; 4.6, 5.0 and 7.6 g/kgp,p-DDD; 3.1, 4.0 and 11 g/kgp,p-DDT; 13, 14 and 29 g/kg DDT and 71, 66 and 94 g/kg PCBs for turbot, plaice and flounder, respectively. Generally, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in wet muscle tissue of fish followed the increased lipids content of muscles. Some local differences in pollution pattern of organochlorines have occurred. The results are compared with levels found in flatfish collected in a different regions of the Baltic Sea during 1966–1981, and reported previously by other authors.

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Organochlorpesticide und polychlorierte Biphenyle in Plattfischen aus der südlichen Ostsee,1983

Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt von Hexachlorbenzol (HCB)-,-,- and-Benzolhexachlorid (BHC; HCH), p,p-DDE, o,p-DDD, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDD und p,p-DDT ( DDT) und polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) wurde in Muskelgewebe von 37 SteinbuttsPsetta maxima, 27 SchollenPleuronectes platessa und 106 FlundernPlatichthys flesus bestimmt, die 1983 in verschiedenen Regionen der südlichen Ostsee mit Netz gefangen wurden. Der mittlere Gehalt für obige Plattfische, bezogen auf das Naßgewicht, betrug: 0,7, 0,88 und 1.1 g/kg HCB; 1,3, 2,6 und 3,0 g/kg-BHC; 11, 10 and ll /kg-BHC; 4,4, 4,9 and 5,5 g/kg-BHC; -BHC blieb unentdeckt; 17, 18 and 20 g/kg BHC; 5,1, 5,2 und 8,7 g/kg p,p-DDE; o,p-DDD blieb unentdeckt; o,p-DDT konnte in 10 von 106 Proben von Flundern mit einem mittleren Gehalt von 17 g/kg nachgewiesen werden; 4,6, 5,0 und 7,6 g/kg p,p-DDD; 3,1, 4;0 and 11 g/kg p,p-DDT; 13,14 und 29 g/kg DDT and 71, 66 and g/kg PCB waren die Werte für Steinbutt, Schollen and Flunder.

     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in herring from the southern Baltic, 1983

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-benzenehexachloride (BHC, HCH), p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT (sigma DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels have been determined in muscle tissue of 187 herring (Clupea harengus) netted during 1983 in a different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The mean levels found for herring muscle tissue related to wet weight (microgram/kg) were: 14 HCB, 18 alpha-BHC, 23 beta-BHC, 14 gamma-BHC, delta-BHC remained undetected, 56 sigma BHC, 115 p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT remained undetected, 84 p,p'-DDD, 51 p,p'-DDT, 250 sigma DDT and 530 PCB. The levels of organochlorine pesticides determined in wet muscles or extractable lipids of herring are nearly 2-3 times as high as those noted in fish sampled in the same area in two years before, whilst for PCBs the wet weight levels were comparable, and when based on a lipid weight are somewhat higher. The results are compared with levels found in herring collected in different regions of the Baltic Sea during 1965-1983, and reported previously by other authors.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in cod from the southern Baltic, 1983

Summary Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), -, -, - and -benzenehexachloride (BHC; HCH),p,p-DDE,o,p-DDD,o,p-DDT,p,p-DDD and p,p-DDT (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels have been determined in muscle tissue of 207 cod (Gadus morhua) netted during 1983 in different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The mean levels found for cod muscle tissue (g/kg) related to wet weight were: 0.65 HCB, 1.2 -BHC, 9.0 -BHC, 2.8 -BHC, -BHC remained undetected, 13 BHC, 4.4p,p-DDE,o,p-DDD ando,p-DDT remained undetected, 4.0p,p-DDD, 1.8p,p-DDT, 10 DDT and 55 PCBs. The results are compared with levels found in cod caught in different regions of the Baltic Sea during 1967–1983, and reported previously by other authors.

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Organochlorpesticide und polychlorierte Biphenyle in Kabeljau aus der südlichen Ostsee,1983

Zusammenfassung Die Werte für Hexachlorbenzol (HCB), -, , -, und -Benzolhexachlorid (BHC; HCH),p,p-DDE,o,p-DDD,o,p-DDT,p,p-DDD undp,pDDT (DDT) und polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) wurden im Muskelgewebe von 207 Kabeljaus (Gadus morhua), mit Netz in verschiedenen Regionen der südlichen Ostsee 1983 gefangen, bestimmt. Die mittleren Werte, bezogen auf das Frischgewicht, waren: 0,65 g/kg HCB, 1,2 g/kg -BHC, 9,0 g/kg -BHC, 2,8 g/kg -BCH, -BHC blieben unbestimmt, 13 g/kg BHC, 4,4 g/kgp,p-DDE,o,p-DDD undo,p-DDT blieben unbestimmt, 4,0p,p-DDD, 1,8p,p-DDT, 10 g/kg DDT und 55 g/kg PCB. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den Werten früherer Jahre von 1967–1983 und mit denen anderer Autoren verglichen.

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Partially with financial support under grant PR-4 (Sea Fisheries Institute)     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in flatfish from the southern Baltic, 1983

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-benzenehexachloride (BHC; HCH), p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT (espilon DDT) and polychlorinated biphenlys (PCBs) levels have been determined in muscle tissue of 37 turbots Psetta maxima, 27 plaices Pleuronectes platessa and 106 flounders Platichthys flesus netted during 1983 in a different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The mean levels found for flatfish muscle tissue related to wet weight were: 0.7, 0.88 and 1.1 microgram/kg HCB; 1.3, 2.6 and 3.0 micrograms/kg alpha-BHC; 11, 10 and 11 micrograms/kg beta-BHC; 4.4, 4.9 and 5.5 micrograms/kg gamma-BHC; delta-BHC remained undetected; 17, 18 and 20 micrograms/kg epsilon BHC; 5.1, 5.2 and 8.7 micrograms/kg p,p'-DDE; o,p'-DDD remained undetected; o,p'-DDT was detected in 10 of 106 samples of the muscle tissue of flounder at the mean level of 17 micrograms/kg; 4.6, 5.0 and 7.6 micrograms/kg p,p'-DDD; 3.1, 4.0 and 11 micrograms/kg p,p'-DDT; 13, 14 and 29 micrograms/kg epsilon DDT and 71, 66 and 94 micrograms/kg PCBs for turbot, plaice and flounder, respectively. Generally, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in wet muscle tissue of fish followed the increased lipids content of muscles. Some local differences in pollution pattern of organochlorines have occurred. The results are compared with levels found in flatfish collected in a different regions of the Baltic Sea during 1966-1981, and reported previously by other authors.