Developments in Engineering in the Dyeing Industry

Recent developments in dyeing for the carpet trade are reviewed under two headings, viz. (a) dyeing by batchwise or substantive methods and (b) continuous dyeing. Reference is made to new techniques for the batchwise dyeing of wool—nylon and wool—Evlan*—nylon unions, as well as to a new type of nylon-reserving agent for use when dyeing these blends. Piece dyeing of carpet containing polyamide fibres with differential-dyeing affinity to give solid, tone-in-tone, and contrast effects is also reviewed, and mention is made of a technique that can be used on all-wool carpets to produce similar results. The continuous dyeing of different fibres in the form of loose stock, card sliver, slubbing, tow; and carpet is reviewed, and methods for space-dyeing synthetic-polymer yarns are outlined.     

Competing risks as a multi-state model

This paper deals with the competing risks model as a special case of a multi-state model. The properties of the model are reviewed and contrasted to the so-called latent failure time approach. The relation between the competing risks model and right-censoring is discussed and regression analysis of the cumulative incidence function briefly reviewed. Two real data examples are presented and a guide to the practitioner is given.     

液体荧光增白剂制备的研究进展

综述了双三嗪二苯乙烯型液体荧光增白剂制备的研究进展。介绍了二磺酸型液体荧光增白剂及四磺酸型液体荧光增白剂的制备工艺及产品的性能。对添加化学助溶剂,采用结晶、沉淀、洗涤、过滤等方法除去盐类及其它杂质,以改善荧光增白剂产品的水溶性、稳定性进行了评述。同时,介绍了膜技术在荧光增白剂分离及精制中的应用。     

The chemistry and biology of β-thiolactones

The structure and properties of β-thiolactones (2-thietanones) are discussed with an emphasis on the differences with β-lactones. Methods for the synthesis of β-thiolactones are reviewed as are the reactions of this relatively little explored class of sulfur-based hetereocycles. Finally, the biology of β-thiolactones is reviewed.     

New trends in polymer stabilization

Polymer stabilization has been an active area of research and development for several decades. In this review, advances in phosphite chemistry are discussed with regard to hydrolysis resistance and color retention. The use of lactones as carbon centered radical traps is reviewed with examples showing the increase in performance over traditional base stabilization systems. Discoloration issues arising from hindered phenolic antioxidants are outlined, and, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine chemistry is reviewed as a means of avoiding phenolic discoloration while providing polymer protection. Color fading in demanding fiber applications is explored as well as a new stabilizer designed for color retention. The elimination of acid-base interaction with NOR hindered amines is considered especially as it pertains to acidic polymer applications such as flame retardant end uses and agricultural films. Hindered amine stabilization chemistry and NOR performance data are discussed.     

甲烷为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池阳极催化剂研究进展

综述了以甲烷为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)阳极催化剂研究进展,介绍了传统的镍基复合催化剂,添加其它过渡金属Cu、Co、Fe等的复合催化剂和新型的钙钛矿型离子电子混合导体阳极材料体系的性能,提出了阳极极化、催化活性、积碳等存在的问题,展望了以甲烷为燃料的SOFC应用前景.     

On predicting self-diffusion coefficients from viscosity in gases and liquids

The relations between self-diffusion and viscosity for compressed liquids and gases have been reviewed, and a new equation for correlating viscosities over wide ranges of temperature and pressure is proposed. This formula is inspired by the Lennard-Jones Chain model of Yu and Gao for self-diffusion, and represents the viscosities of 15 compounds (1046 data points) with an average absolute deviation of 6.95%. Moreover, as the presented equation and the Yu-Gao model require the same fitting parameters, the ability to calculate self-diffusion coefficients from the viscosity parameter is studied. Some of the classic reviewed relations, such as the Stokes-Einstein formula, are also contrasted with the available experimental data of both transport properties.     

二芳基甲酮化合物合成研究进展(待续)

介绍了二芳基甲酮化合物用途、国内外开发过程,叙述了二芳基甲酮化合物制备方法的芳酰氯法、苯甲酸法和三氯甲苯法,并对各种方法的优缺点作了评价。其中芳酰氯法是制备二芳基甲酮化合物最主要的方法,苯甲酸法、三氯甲苯法以及四氯化碳法在制备具特殊结构的二芳基甲酮时显现了比芳酰氯法更好的优势。     

精细化学品选择性催化合成的机遇与趋势

评述了当前精细化工生产中的环境导向趋势，在原子利用率与E-因子(副产物kg/产物kg)基础上对替换工艺作了比较讨论。应用替代铬的分子筛作为循环使用的固体催化剂用于苄基与烯丙基氧化，氧化仲醇为酮，以及烃基过氧化物的选择性分解。介绍了沸石包裹金属铬合物作为氧化一还原固体催化剂的新进展，在水为介质中钯(O)三磺酸三苯膦络合物作为羰基化催化剂的应用，以及支载水相催化剂在包括对映选择性氢化反应在内的各种工艺中的应用。     

Intumescence: Tradition versus novelty. A comprehensive review

The objective of current research on intumescent formulations is on consolidated approaches for conferring flame retardancy properties to polymers and polymer blends. Numerous academic and industrial efforts have been carried out in the last fifteen years, by revisiting the traditional concept of intumescence on the basis of the new chemical synthesis or novel nano-technological developments. The main concepts of intumescence are reviewed in this report, highlighting the novelties as well as the most significant results achieved in the flame retardancy of polymeric materials in the last 10–15 years. Although the basic aspects of intumescence such as the chemical components, thermal and rheological aspects are well-known, the modeling and simulation of these systems are completely new and never reviewed. Analogously, the traditional chemical compositions will be compared with the novel systems, most of them based on the nanotechnology and synergistic aspects. Thus, the results collected up-to-now by using these new intumescent formulations will be dealt with the different polymer families. The use of current intumescent coatings for metals, steel, wood and plastics as well as the application of novel intumescent coatings deposited on fabrics, films and foams through layer-by-layer assembly are reviewed. Although the latter technique is not new, its use to confer flame retardancy properties to polymers is a recent development.     

间规聚苯乙烯共混改性研究进展

介绍了间规聚苯乙烯(SPS)的特点，论述了间规聚苯乙烯共混改性的研究进展。详细介绍了SPS和聚苯醚共混，SPS和弹性体共混以及SPS和聚酰胺、聚酯等高聚物的共混改性，并展望了SPS的应用前景。     

一种液相色谱新填充介质--多孔玻璃的特性与应用

本文综述了一种新型载体材料多孔玻璃的结构特点和制备原理,及其作为液相色谱新填充介质的良好特性和应用前景.     

The Collector Mechanism in Flotation

Abstract

This is a critical review of the research on the collector mechanism carried out during the last ten years. The work has been reviewed in three parts. The first part is concerned with the studies on the collector mechanism in sulfide minerals. The discussion centers on the collector action of xanthates and dixanthogens. The nature of the adsorbed film is discussed in the light of recent studies by infrared spectroscopy, electron diffraction, adsorption and calorimetric measurements. The influence of oxygen on the adsorption of xanthate on sulfide minerals is discussed and a critical evaluation made of the evidence for and against the theory that the presence of oxygen is crucial to the formation of a hydrophobic film at the sulfide mineral surface conditioned with xanthate. Recent studies on the stability of the adsorbed collector film are reviewed and correlated with the theories of the collector action of xanthates. The influence of modulating agents, activators, and depressants on the collector action of xanthates on pyrite, pyrrhotite, and marmatite are discussed. Finally, the collector action of xanthates on oxidized lead and zinc minerals has been reviewed and the known basic differences between the nature of the adsorbed species on these minerals and that on sulfide minerals is discussed. The collector mechanism in nonsulfide minerals is reviewed for the following groups of minerals: oxides, silicates, and alumino-silicates, polar salt-type minerals containing alkaline earth metal cations and soluble salts. The collector mechanism of anionic as well as cationic reagents is reviewed in conjunction with the action of modifying agents. The possibilities of employing chelating agents as mineral collectors for nonsulfide minerals are examined. The recent electrokinetic studies on nonsulfide systems in relation to the electrical double layer and nature of the adsorbed species is discussed in detail. In the third part certain new aspects of the collector mechanism, namely the role of impurities and nonstoichiometry of the mineral samples, are discussed. The possibility of controlling the floatabilities of minerals by incorporating impurity centers is examined. Finally, the kinetic factors affecting the collector mechanism are discussed.     

Solvent Extraction and Related Studies on Silver Recovery from Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

The main research in the solvent extraction of silver is exhaustively reviewed, together with relevant data on the metal ion complexation properties in one phase. Such features as the transport of competitive cations through liquid membranes and selectivity in silver extraction are also reviewed. The behavior of organic ligands interacting with silver is analyzed on the basis of the atom type or types directly responsible for extraction/complexation processes.     

乙氧基化反应器的模型化及其研究进展

介绍了乙氧基化原理及工业反应器的特征,综述了乙氧基化反应器的模型化方法,包括动力学、气液平衡、质量传递模型及参数获取方法。介绍了工业半间歇乙氧基化反应器的模拟方法及取得的一些进展,并对该领域的研究提出展望。     

具有二次介孔分子筛材料的制备和应用

综述了近年来分子筛二次介孔的制备方法和应用进展。以不同手段在现有分子筛的基础上制备二次介孔,是目前常用微孔-介孔复合孔结构分子筛材料的制备方法。制备方法可分为高温热处理、水蒸汽热处理、碱处理、酸处理、化学试剂处理和二次合成等。二次介孔的应用以工业催化领域为重点,详细介绍了在裂化反应、芳构化反应、异构化反应和烷基化反应中的应用。二次介孔的出现促进了反应物和产物的扩散和分子筛的容碳能力,促进了反应的进行,而保留的分子筛的微孔结构仍具有很好的择形性能。     

活性组分非均匀分布催化剂颗粒性能研究的进展

活性组分非均匀分布催化剂颗粒,与均匀分布者相比,常可给出较高的活性、选择性和抗毒稳定性.截止到1986年有关这一领域的理论和实验研究文献,Doughety和Verykios已作了极好的综合评述,但除Juang和Weng外,未能论及我国其它学者的工作.本文主要对有关非均匀活性分布催化剂颗粒内部行为的文献进行综述,内容包括等温、非等温条件下单一和复杂反应网络的理论模型、实验研究,以及重点放在解析法方面的活性分布最优化.从文献的来源讲,也述评了我国学术界的工作以及直到1989年在这一领域的最新成果.文章试图对文献中见到的点速率常数和活性分布表达式加以整理,并给出一种适用于任意单一或复杂反应网络的通用理论模型方程.对Thiele模数的形式也作了一般化.     

Design and Development of Nanomaterial-Based Drug Carriers to Overcome the Blood–Brain Barrier by Using Different Transport Mechanisms

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are the leading causes of death and disabilities in the world. It is quite challenging to treat CNS diseases efficiently because of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). It is a physical barrier with tight junction proteins and high selectivity to limit the substance transportation between the blood and neural tissues. Thus, it is important to understand BBB transport mechanisms for developing novel drug carriers to overcome the BBB. This paper introduces the structure of the BBB and its physiological transport mechanisms. Meanwhile, different strategies for crossing the BBB by using nanomaterial-based drug carriers are reviewed, including carrier-mediated, adsorptive-mediated, and receptor-mediated transcytosis. Since the viral-induced CNS diseases are associated with BBB breakdown, various neurotropic viruses and their mechanisms on BBB disruption are reviewed and discussed, which are considered as an alternative solution to overcome the BBB. Therefore, most recent studies on virus-mimicking nanocarriers for drug delivery to cross the BBB are also reviewed and discussed. On the other hand, the routes of administration of drug-loaded nanocarriers to the CNS have been reviewed. In sum, this paper reviews and discusses various strategies and routes of nano-formulated drug delivery systems across the BBB to the brain, which will contribute to the advanced diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.     

Mixed-integer programming approach for the synthesis of integrated process flowsheets

This paper discusses the problem of developing algorithmic methods for synthesizing chemical processes. It is shown that mixed-integer programming is the natural underlying tool for these types of methods. Mixed-integer linear programming models are reviewed for utility systems, heat-recovery networks and total processing systems. Various other applications are reviewed to show the versatility and scope of these types of techniques, as well as the shortcomings when other approaches are used. A brief outline for handling explicitly nonlinearities is also presented.     

Materials for biomedical applications

The various materials used in biomedical applications, viz., metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composites, are reviewed, and their respective areas of application discussed. Problems of compatibility with tissue and body fluids are reviewed and the performance of the various materials systems examined. Some examples of failure of implanted devices are shown, and the need for careful control of quality as well as of material specification is emphasized. Finally, the importance of close cooperation between medical, engineering and metallurgical specialists in this area is noted, together with the requirement of a better knowledge of materials on the part of the surgical personnel involved.