SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF PHENOL WITH MINERAL ACID SALTS OF HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT AMINES

Distribution equilibria in the solvent extractions of phenol with various mineral acid salts of high-molecular-amines were measured at 30°C to examine the effects of types of amines and mineral acids on the distribution equilibria.

It was found that the extraction is greatly enhanced by converting the free base amines into their hydrochloric acid salts in the cases of secondary and tertiary amines while it is decreased in the case of a primary amine. On the effect of types of mineral acids, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid salts of trioctylamine can much more effectively extract phenol than the free base amine and the order of the efficiency for phenol extraction was found to be as follows: Aliquat 336 > sulfuric acid salt of trioctylamine i its hydrochloric acid salt ≥ its nitric acid salt > its perchloric acid salt ? free base amine.     

EXTRACTION OF NITRIC AND PHOSPHORIC ACIDS WITH TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE

The extraction of nitric acid and phosphoric acid by tributyl phosphate (TBP), from solutions containing acid mixture and in the presence of nitrate salts, has been studied. The effect of the temperature on acid extraction has been also investigated. It is found that TBP extracts nitric acid preferentially to phosphoric acid, especially in the presence of nitrate salts. The coextraction of nitric acid suppresses the extraction of phosphoric acid. These results were interpreted in terms of common ion effect and variation of the activity coefficients variation in both phases. The simultaneous effects of the salts and acids on the extraction of both acids is also studied

Some tests were carried out, using process solution, to evaluate the extraction of acids. Both batch experiments and continuous tests (using mixer settler) were performed. Some flowsheets were tested in order to improve the extractivity and the selectivity of phosphoric acid. The results show the limitation of TBP for the extraction of phosphoric acid. TBP can be used to selectively extract nitric acid.     

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF NITRIC,HYDROCHLORIC AND SULFURIC ACID AND THEIR URANYL SALTS WITH TRI-n-OCTYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE

ABSTRACT

The equilibrium constants of the extraction of nitric, hydrochloric and sulfuric acid and of their uranyl salts with trl-n-octylphoophlne oxide (TOPO), dissolved In different diluents, have been determined. Obtained extraction constants have been correlated with the corresponding dissociation constants of mineral aclda used. The more mineral acid dissociated, the less undlssoclated molecules of acid available and, as a consequence, the extraction process is less expressed.     

EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL VARIATION WITHIN PROTON-IONIZABLE CROWN ETHERS UPON THE SELECTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ALKALI METAL AND ALKALINE EARTH CATIONS

Lipophilic crown ethers with pendant proton-ionizable groups are novel complexing agents for use in solvent extraction of alkali metal and alkaline earth cations. A variety of crown carboxylic acids, crown phosphonic acid monoesters, and crown phosphonic acids have been synthesized to probe the effect of structural variation within the complexing agent upon selectivity and efficiency in solvent extraction. Synthetic routes to these novel extractants and results from competitive solvent extractions of alkali metal cations and of alkaline earth cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform are summarized     

EXTRACTION OF SHIKIMIC AND QUINIC ACIDS

Solvent extraction using an extractant/diluent system was evaluated for the recovery of shikimic and quinic acids. Tridodecylamine (TDA) was used as the extractant, and 1-heptanol as the diluent. TDA complexes with the acid resulting in an acid-amine complex, which is solvated by the alcohol diluent. In back extraction, oleic acid was added to the organic phase as a displacer. Oleic acid competitively displaces the carboxylic acid in the acid-amine complex, thus forming a displacer-amine complex. The distribution coefficient for back extraction by competitive displacement increased by at least an order of magnitude depending on the mole to mole ratio of oleic acid to TDA

Based on results from batch extraction experiments, a mass-action analysis was introduced for modeling forward and back extraction. The mass-action analysis served as a tool for understanding the mechanism of the extraction process.     

A PROCESS FOR DEFLUORINATION AND PURIFICATION OF WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACIDS CONTAINING HIGH Al CONCENTRATIONS.

Abstract

A solvent extraction process is described for defluorination and desulfation of filter phosphoric acids with high Al content. The solvent used contain an amine and phosphoric acid as main constituents. The acid obtained is compatible with feed-grade requirements. It can be concentrated to 56–60% P₂O₅ by multiple effect evaporation, decreasing steam requirements by 50%. If an acid-base couple solvent is used in this process, part of the extracted phosphate can be recovered by back-wash with water in the form of highly purified phosphoric acid low in metals, fluorine and sulfate. The remainder of the acid along with the extracted sulfate is obtained as ammonium salt. The extracted F is converted into crystaline alkali fluorosilicate.     

杨梅核仁油的理化指标和脂肪酸成分分析

采用索氏提取法提取杨梅核仁油,并测定了杨梅核仁油的常见理化指标,同时采用GC-MS法分析了杨梅核仁油中的脂肪酸成分。结果表明,杨梅核仁油的提取率为67%,杨梅核仁油的折光率为1.471,酸价为0.416mg/g,过氧化值为0.023。GC-MS分析共检测出9种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸总含量为85.63%,亚油酸含量为40.36%。     

正辛醇为稀释剂条件下二元羧酸的萃取平衡特性

以二元羧酸乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、顺丁烯二酸和苹果酸为分离对象,三烷基氧膦（TRPO）为络合剂,正辛醇为稀释剂进行了系统的萃取相平衡实验.结果表明,溶质的pK_a1和羧酸的亲油性同时影响络合萃取平衡.红外光谱分析表明,萃取剂TRPO与正辛醇之间形成氢键,抑制了对羧酸的萃取,使得TRPO与有机羧酸之间形成1∶1的络合物;负载有机羧酸的红外谱图表明,TRPO萃取有机羧酸为氢键溶剂化历程,负载有机羧酸的TRPO中的P=O键吸收峰的位移与有机羧酸的酸性有关.采用质量作用定律分析方法建立了负载量的表达式,模型拟合精度令人满意.     

COMPARISON OF NAPHTHENIC ACID,VERSATIC ACID AND D2EHPA FOR THE SEPARATION OF RARE EARTHS

Equilibrium data are presented for the separation of selected rare earths Including La, Dy, Yb and Y, using solvent extraction from a chloride system. The solvents examined are Naphthenlc acid, Versatic acid and D2EHPA In shellsol 2016 at 15°C. The data presented show that Yttrium has a similar distribution co-efflclent to the heavy rare earths In D2EHPA but the distribution co-efflclent is similar to the light rare earths In the carboxyllc acid systems (Versatic and Naphthenlc acid). This Indicates that carboxyllc acids could be used to separate yttrium from heavy rare earths and In combination with D2EHPA for the separation from materials containing all the rare earths.     

热泵蒸煮过程的分析与计算

本文对可应用于蒸煮过程的压缩式热泵和蒸汽喷射式热泵,进行了分析与计算,结果表明在蒸煮过程中采用热泵系统。能收到极显著的节能、节水效益;还表明应以整个供热系统的供热系数和一次能源利用系数来衡量各热泵系统的能量利用性。     

高锰酸钾蒸发工艺改进和节能降耗措施

由于旧工艺和设备的不合理性,造成蒸发生产能力低,蒸汽和水的消耗高,碱损大。本文列举了旧工艺存在的问题,阐述了改进后的新工艺特点,并提出了几点节能降耗的措施。     

Mineral carbonation accelerated by dicarboxylic acids as a disposal process of carbon dioxide

Mineral carbonation is based on the reaction of carbon dioxide with metal-oxide bearing minerals, usually containing magnesium or calcium silicate, to form hardly soluble carbonates and other solid byproducts. The concept is based on acceleration of the naturally occurring rock weathering process. In the present work the calcium silicate is present in the mineral, wollastonite. To accelerate the process and make it potentially useful for practical applications, mineral carbonation is conducted here using an indirect two-step route in which the reactive component (Ca²⁺ ions in considered case) is first extracted from the mineral matrix and afterwards carbonated. Two solid byproducts are formed in this process: silica in the extraction step and calcium carbonate in the carbonation step. In the experimental part of this work, both stages of mineral carbonation are investigated using three extraction media: acetic acid and two dicarboxylic acids, succinic and adipic. To interpret the extraction stage of the mineral carbonation process the shrinking core - shrinking shell model is proposed. In the model, the change of the unreacted core size is due to surface reaction that is affected by the porous layer diffusion, with the porous layer subject to abrasion. The model of abrasion is based on the theory of turbulence. Results of investigations show that succinic acid is most effective, followed by adipic acid and acetic acid when both stages of the process are considered in detail.     

Determination of evaporation coefficients of semi-volatile organic aerosols using an integrated volume—tandem differential mobility analysis (IV-TDMA) method

We present the integrated volume—tandem differential mobility analysis method for determining evaporation coefficients of semi-volatile aerosols. This thermodenuder-based method allows separate determination of the three parameters governing aerosol evaporation, namely, saturation pressure, surface free energy and evaporation coefficient. Saturation pressure is determined by measuring particle volume changes as the aerosol passes through equilibrium states, while evaporation coefficient and surface free energy are determined by fitting particle evaporation rates measured under non-equilibrium conditions to a numerical model of the evaporation process. Evaporation coefficient is determined in a size range where surface free energy effects are negligible, allowing for single parameter optimization.We demonstrate the technique by applying it to dicarboxylic acid aerosols which are pertinent to atmospheric chemistry problems. We obtained evaporation coefficients and surface free energy values of 0.07±0.02 and 0.15±0.07, 0.08±0.02 and 0.17±0.12 and 0.24±0.04 and for succinic, adipic, and pimelic acids, respectively.     

表面活性剂复配体系的分析

介绍了一种使用经典的分析技术定量测定液体皂、皂胶、洗衣皂及香皂中存在的皂类、脂肪酸、非离子表面活性剂及除肥皂以外的阴离子表面活性剂和两性表面活性剂混合物的分析方法。这种方法克服了分析混合表面活性剂系统时常常会碰到的问题。     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTION OF THORIUM( IV) AND URANIUM( VI) BY 2-ETHYLHEXYL PHENYLPHOSPHONIC ACID AND MICELLES OF DINONYL NAPHTHALENE SULPHONIC ACID

ABSTRACT

The influence of temperature in the range 15 to 75° C on the extraction of thorium( IV) and uranium( VI) from nitric acid solutions into ligroine solutions of 2-ethylhexyl phenylphosphonic acid ( HEHφ P) micellar dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid ( HDNNS) extractants and mixture of the two extractants is reported. From the variation of the distribution ratio with temperature, the enthalpy changes associated with the extraction were determined, and an attempt was made to estimate the free energy and entropy changes associated with the extraction process. The results indicate that the extraction of thorium is favored by both entropy change and enthalpy change when the solvent is HEHφ P and the mixture of HEHOP and HDNNS, but entropy controlled when HDNNS is the extractant. On the other hand, the extraction of uranium by HEHφ P is enthalpy controlled but favored by entropy change when the solvent is HDNNS or a mixture of the two ligands. Temperature did not affect the extraction stoichiometry.     

The Effect of Temperature on Forward/Back Extraction Using an Amine Extractant for the Recovery of Cyclic Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

ABSTRACT

Forward extraction of shikimic and quinic acids with tridodecylamine (TDA)/1-heptanol is favored at low temperature. In back extraction, higher temperatures and the addition of oleic acid as a competitive displacer provided 80% recovery for shikimic acid and 70% recovery for quinic acid. Higher recoveries are possible since these valuesare limited by the forward extraction step. The effect of temperature swing on carboxylic acid extraction by amines is primarily due to the change in amine basicity with temperature. The addition of a displacer lowers the energy cost by lowering the temperature required in back extraction.     

DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF A LIQUID MEMBRANE ENZYME REACTOR FOR THE DETOXIFICATION OF BLOOD

Liver failure causes the enrichment of different lipophilic metabolites: phenol derivatives, mercaptans and short-chain fatty acids in blood. The removal of these toxines from blood is necessary to avoid death and to support the liver's self-regeneration. The liquid surfactant membrane technique with consecutive chemical reaction is used for this purpose.

Liquid membranes were developed for the extraction of fatty acids. Enhancement of mass transfer is achieved by an instantaneous chemical reaction inside the emulsion globules, selectivity is obtained by using a suitable carrier. Essential fatty acids are not affected. Phenolic compounds are removed by extraction and consecutive enzymatic reaction inside the liquid membrane globules. This way of detoxification is identical with elimination in the living organism. Furthermore, a new model is being developed to describe the results of phenol extraction. This model makes possible the simulation of the detoxification process in the human organism. A flow sheet is proposed showing how to apply the liquid surfactant membrane technique to artificial liver support and the detoxification rate is calculated. Artificial liver Liquid membrane Blood detoxification     

BINARY EXTRACTION OF PLATINUM METALS

ABSTRACT

The equations describing the regularities of interphase distribution of platinum metals as their chloro complex acids in systems containing binary extractants have been derived. The dependencies of distribution coefficients of platinum metals on the composition of both phases, and their aqueous acidity have been determined when both binary extraction and a combination of anion-exchange and binary extraction occurred. The interrelation of the binary extraction constant of chloro complex acids of platinum metals with the extraction constant of hydrochloric acid and the anion-exchange constant is described. We studied platinum metal extraction by salts of organic acids and organic bases and showed that in the systems involving binary extractants, such as salts of quaternary ammonium bases, the distribution of platinum metals proceeds via either anion-exchange or binary mechanisms depending on the composition of the system. With increasing pH, the distribution coefficients of platinum metals decrease according to the regularities of binary extraction due to forming thermodynamicaHy stable binary extractants, R4NA

When the anion-exchange extraction occurs, the distribution of complex acids of platinum metals in the systems containing binary extractants is affected by interactions of the extractants and the extracted compounds with the organic acids. Interactions between extractants in the chloride form and the molecules of organic acids have been shown to be largely responsible for the extraction characteristics. The binary extractant systems are preferred in the development of solvent extraction processes for the recovery and the stripping of platinum metals.     

THE EXTRACTION OF COBALT(II) FROM A THIOCYANATE MEDIUM BY SOME DIAMINE AND MONOAMINE EXTRACTANTS DISSOLVED IN 5% ISODECANOL - BENZENE

The tertiary amine extractants N,N,N’,N’-tetra-n-octylethylenediamine, N,N-di-n-octyl-2-(aminomethyl)pyridine and Alamine 336 were used to extract cobalt(II) from a thiocyanate medium. The extraction equilibria were identified and the extraction constants for these equilibria are presented.

Thiocyanic and sulphuric acid extraction was investigated. The protonation constants of the tertiary amines with these acids are reported.

The potential of the chelate mode, displayed by tertiary diamine extractants, was evaluated. The extraction properties of tertiary diamine extractants were demonstrated to be superior to a tertiary monoamine extractant, Alamine 336.     

A Method for Analyzing Fatty Acids in Cattle Hair,with Special Emphasis on Lauric Acid and Myristic Acid

This study is aimed at improving a protocol for measuring fatty acids in cattle hair with respect to sensitivity, repeatability, and speed to increase its applicability as a biomarker. For the investigation, 14 hair samples from German Holstein cows are used. Alternative methods for grinding the hair (mortar vs mill), lipid extraction (modified Folch vs kit extraction), and solvent evaporation before injection on a gas chromatograph (evaporated vs unevaporated extracts) are tested. Hair ground with a mill compared to that with a mortar has smaller particles and a higher concentration of total lipids after extraction (p < 0.02). The kit used for lipid extraction is faster, and the amount of extracted total lipids and individual fatty acids, especially C12:0, is increased (p = 0.001). The analysis of unevaporated methyl ester extracts using gas chromatography (GC) analysis yields 5.8 and 1.3 higher amounts of C10:0 and C12:0, respectively, than those of evaporated extracts (p < 0.001). According to the results, the protocol for determining fatty acids in cattle hair can be improved by grinding the hair with a mill, extraction of lipids with a kit, and direct loading of methyl ester extracts in a gas chromatograph. Practical Applications: The fatty acid profile of hair reflects the metabolic status of an animal for the previous 1–3 weeks, as these fatty acids are not influenced by diurnal and short‐term fluctuations. An improved protocol is developed that increases the throughput of fatty acid analysis and improves its applicability for practical use. For breeding and animal welfare, the analysis of cattle hair is possible for more efficient evaluation of the hair fatty acid profile as a robust biomarker in a larger animal population.