新的文本图像倾斜检测及校正算法

在文档扫描过程中,文档可能会发生倾斜,而很多字符识别和布局分析算法都对倾斜十分敏感,文本图像的倾斜检测及校正就成为文档分析不可缺少的环节.提出了一种新的倾斜文本图像的校正方法,该方法首先获取文档图像的bounding box,以bounding box面积最小作为倾斜校正的最终目标,并使用遗传算法搜索该最小值.实验结果表明,该算法对倾斜角的检测具有较高的精确度.     

基于最小二乘法的文档图像倾斜检测方法

在文档扫描过程中,输入的文档图像不可避免地会发生倾斜现象,而布局分析及字符识别算法对页面倾斜都十分敏感,因此倾斜检测和校正是文档分析预处理的重要环节。本文提出了一个基于最小二乘法的倾斜检测方法。它将字符连通区包围盒底边中心点作为特征点,利用文本行中特征点与基线的关系,将特征点用最小二乘法拟事出基线的方向,即为页面倾斜方向。同时,本文介绍了一种基于直线拟合的快速倾斜校正算法。实验证明,该算法速度快,准确度高。     

基于投影轮廓的文本图像倾斜检测

目的 在光学字符识别中,文本图像经常会出现一定角度的倾斜.为将倾斜的文本图像校正,以便于字符识别中的后续处理,快速准确地检测倾斜文本图像的倾角是非常重要的.方法 对基于投影轮廓的算法进行改进,提出了一种两级投影直方图方差的算法(TPHV).首先在预定的角度范围内以一定角度步长对选定的图像区域做多方向投影,以获取投影直方图;然后计算各角度投影直方图的均方差,求出所有投影直方图方差的最大差分,将对应的投影角度作为倾角的粗略估值,最后以粗略估值为中心,以第1次投影步长为半径的角度范围内,再次以给定的检测精度为步长进行投影,重复第1次投影的工作,求出投影直方图方差的最大值,以对应的角度作为图像倾角的检测值.结果 该算法能够处理各种复杂的文本图像;对于诸如2 480×3 508像素的较大图像,可在200 ms左右的时间内完成倾角的检测;可检测的倾角范围不受限制;对相关网站提供的5组共500幅测试图像检测误差绝对值均值不超过0.5°,最大值不超过0.7°,检测误差的方差不超过0.1.结论 实验结果表明,该算法具有明显优势:速度快,倾斜角度检测精度高,误差集中,检测范围大,对噪声不敏感,具有广泛的适用性,适合于复杂的排版方式.     

基于直线连续性的页面倾斜检测与校正

在文档扫描过程中,输入的文档图像不可避免地会发生倾斜现象,而布局分析及字符识别算法对页面倾斜都十分敏感,因此倾斜检测和校正是文档分析预处理的重要环节,文中提出了一个基于直线连续性的倾斜检测方法。它将字符连通区包围盒底边中心点作为特征点,利用文本行中特征点与基线的关系,计算出基线的方向,即为页面倾斜方向,接着,介绍了一种基于偏移值的倾斜校正方法,实验证明,该算法速度快,准确度高。     

基于投影的文档图像倾斜校正方法

针对文档图像的倾斜校正问题,提出了一种新的基于投影的文档图像倾斜角检测方法。首先采用一种高效的像素遍历算法对文档图像从不同角度进行投影,然后对投影数据进行累加求和,通过比较不同角度下的累加和来确定倾斜角度。该方法在投影过程中只需对文档图像进行极少部分投影,因而大大减少了运算量。基于该方法的特点,提出了由“粗”到“精”的投影策略,在确保检测精度的同时大幅提高了检测速度。实验结果表明,方法非常有效,可以获得很高的检测精度。     

A Document Skew Detection Method Using the Hough Transform

Document image processing has become an increasingly important technology in the automation of office documentation tasks. Automatic document scanners such as text readers and OCR (Optical Character Recognition) systems are an essential component of systems capable of those tasks. One of the problems in this field is that the document to be read is not always placed correctly on a flatbed scanner. This means that the document may be skewed on the scanner bed, resulting in a skewed image. This skew has a detrimental effect on document on document analysis, document understanding, and character segmentation and recognition. Consequently, detecting the skew of a document image and correcting it are important issues in realising a practical document reader. In this paper we describe a new algorithm for skew detection. We then compare the performance and results of this skew detection algorithm to other publidhed methods form O'Gorman, Hinds, Le, Baird, Posel and Akuyama. Finally, we discuss the theory of skew detection and the different apporaches taken to solve the problem of skew in documents. The skew correction algorithm we propose has been shown to be extremenly fast, with run times averaging under 0.25 CPU seconds to calculate the angle on the DEC 5000/20 workstation. Received: 21 November 1998, Received in revised form: 25 August 1999, Accepted: 20 October 1999     

Document skew estimation without angle range restriction

The existing skew estimation techniques usually assume that the input image is of high resolution and that the detectable angle range is limited. We present a more generic solution for this task that overcomes these restrictions. Our method is based on determination of the first eigenvector of the data covariance matrix. The solution comprises image resolution reduction, connected component analysis, component classification using a fuzzy approach, and skew estimation. Experiments on a large set of various document images and performance comparison with two Hough transform-based methods show a good accuracy and robustness for our method. Received October 10, 1998 / Revised version September 9, 1999     

基于改进Hough变换的文本图像倾斜校正方法

文本图像在扫描输入时产生的倾斜现象会对后续的页面分割及光学字符识别（OCR）处理产生很大的影响，而传统的标准Hough变换虽然具有对噪声不敏感，不依赖于直线连续性的优点，但由于计算量偏大，速度慢，在实用时有较大的局限性。提出一种基于改进的Hough变换的文本图像倾斜校正方法，通过在变分辨率图像中采用不同的文本方向提取算法，及选择合理投票门限等改进Hough变换的措施，减小了由图像区域及文字笔画粗细所产生的对倾角判定的不利影响，并使用基于偏移值的方法实现页面倾斜的快速校正。实验结果表明，该算法实现了大范围高精度的文本图像倾角的快速检测，具有较强的实用性。     

Convex hull based skew estimation

Skew estimation and page segmentation are the two closely related processing stages for document image analysis. Skew estimation needs proper page segmentation, especially for document images with multiple skews that are common in scanned images from thick bound publications in 2-up style or postal envelopes with various printed labels. Even if only a single skew is concerned for a document image, the presence of minority regions of different skews or undefined skew such as noise may severely affect the estimation for the dominant skew. Page segmentation, on the other hand, may need to know the exact skew angle of a page in order to work properly. This paper presents a skew estimation method with built-in skew-independent segmentation functionality that is capable of handling document images with multiple regions of different skews. It is based on the convex hulls of the individual components (i.e. the smallest convex polygon that fully contains a component) and that of the component groups (i.e. the smallest convex polygon that fully contain all the components in a group) in a document image. The proposed method first extracts the convex hulls of the components, segments an image into groups of components according to both the spatial distances and size similarities among the convex hulls of the components. This process not only extracts the hints of the alignments of the text groups, but also separate noise or graphical components from that of the textual ones. To verify the proposed algorithms, the full sets of the real and the synthetic samples of the University of Washington English Document Image Database I (UW-I) are used. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons with some existing methods are also provided.     

基于低秩矩阵分解的批量扫描文档图像纠偏

扫描文档图像纠偏的关键是对图像偏转角度进行快速准确的估计。传统的基于图片自身纹理结构的算法,如Hough变换、Radon变换,不仅易受文档自身特殊结构或噪声影响,而且单幅图像纠偏的平均耗时较长。提出了一种基于低秩矩阵分解理论扫描文档图像的批量纠偏方法,该方法将批量图像构造成一个较大的矩阵,通过迭代对每一列进行适当地旋转,达到矩阵具有较低秩的目的,进而实现对每副图像偏转角度的恰当估计及纠偏。实验结果表明,该方法不仅具有较高纠偏的精度,而且单幅图片的平均耗时也小于现有的图片纠偏算法。     

基于Radon变换的文本图像倾斜校正

归纳现有的多种倾斜字符校正方法,提出一种基于Radon变换用于一般字符校正的方法。该方法对文本图像做简单的数学形态学处理,利用Radon变换求出文本倾斜的角度。实验结果表明：与传统方法相比,本算法减少了计算量,提高了校正效率,且具有较强的适用性和鲁棒性。     

一种对于横竖混排中文版面倾斜的校正算法

文章提出了一种对于横竖混排中文版面倾斜的校正方法。通过对数字图像进行遍历,得到版面上的所有连通体。然后切分横竖混排区域,并以连通体行为单位先计算每行的倾斜角度,获得直方图,并作平滑处理,得到版面实际的倾斜角,最后进行相关的变换校正。文章最后给出了测试数据及结果分析。     

Document representation and its application to page decomposition

Transforming a paper document to its electronic version in a form suitable for efficient storage, retrieval, and interpretation continues to be a challenging problem. An efficient representation scheme for document images is necessary to solve this problem. Document representation involves techniques of thresholding, skew detection, geometric layout analysis, and logical layout analysis. The derived representation can then be used in document storage and retrieval. Page segmentation is an important stage in representing document images obtained by scanning journal pages. The performance of a document understanding system greatly depends on the correctness of page segmentation and labeling of different regions such as text, tables, images, drawings, and rulers. We use the traditional bottom-up approach based on the connected component extraction to efficiently implement page segmentation and region identification. A new document model which preserves top-down generation information is proposed based on which a document is logically represented for interactive editing, storage, retrieval, transfer, and logical analysis. Our algorithm has a high accuracy and takes approximately 1.4 seconds on a SGI Indy workstation for model creation, including orientation estimation, segmentation, and labeling (text, table, image, drawing, and ruler) for a 2550×3300 image of a typical journal page scanned at 300 dpi. This method is applicable to documents from various technical journals and can accommodate moderate amounts of skew and noise     

The effect of border noise on the performance of projection-based page segmentation methods

Projection methods have been used in the analysis of bitonal document images for different tasks such as page segmentation and skew correction for more than two decades. However, these algorithms are sensitive to the presence of border noise in document images. Border noise can appear along the page border due to scanning or photocopying. Over the years, several page segmentation algorithms have been proposed in the literature. Some of these algorithms have come into widespread use due to their high accuracy and robustness with respect to border noise. This paper addresses two important questions in this context: 1) Can existing border noise removal algorithms clean up document images to a degree required by projection methods to achieve competitive performance? 2) Can projection methods reach the performance of other state-of-the-art page segmentation algorithms (e.g., Docstrum or Voronoi) for documents where border noise has successfully been removed? We perform extensive experiments on the University of Washington (UW-III) data set with six border noise removal methods. Our results show that although projection methods can achieve the accuracy of other state-of-the-art algorithms on the cleaned document images, existing border noise removal techniques cannot clean up documents captured under a variety of scanning conditions to the degree required to achieve that accuracy.     

基于游长平滑的文档图像倾斜校正

图像获取设备将纸质文档转换为文档图像时，文档图像不可避免地存在一定的倾斜。目前，对于倾斜文档图像的处理仍然存在许多困难，因此有必要对倾斜的文档图像进行倾斜校正。但是文档版面十分复杂，包含文字、图像、图形和表格等内容，所以文档图像倾斜校正存在着一定的困难。文章提出了基于游长平滑处理的文档图像倾斜校正方法，实验表明该方法具有倾斜校正速度快、精度高和适应性强的特点。已经在重庆市北碚区档案管理数字化系统中得到成功应用。     

Skew angle estimation in document processing using Cohen’s class distributions

A skew angle estimation approach based on the application of several time–frequency distributions of Cohen's class to the horizontal projection profile of the page is proposed for document processing. Our results prove that the Wigner–Ville is the best trade-off between accuracy and computational cost.     

Skew Correction of Document Images Using Interline Cross-Correlation

An efficient algorithm is presented in this paper for correcting skew of text lines in scanned document images. In this method, the cross-correlation between two lines in the image with a fixed distance is calculated. The correlation functions for all pairs of lines in the image are accumulated. The shift for which the accumulated cross-correlation function takes the maximum is then used for determining the skew angle. The image is rotated in the opposite direction for skew correction. The correlation function can be calculated without multiplications for binary images, thus the algorithm can be very efficiently implemented. The method can be used directly for gray-scale and color images as well as binary images. It has been tested on scanned document images with good results.