R161/R13I1/R32混合物替代R22的理论分析

选用R161/R134a//R32和R161/R13I1/R32三元混合工质作为R22的替代制冷剂,分析其在不同工况下的制冷循环热力性能和可燃性,并与R22、R407C和R410A进行比较。结果表明所选的R161/R134a/R32混合物和R161/R13I1/R32混合物均具有作为R22替代物的潜力,并且R161/R13I1/R32混合物的GWP值远低于R32、且不可燃,优势更加明显。     

美国推出替代R22和R502的HFC基混合工质

在由SHRAE和ARI举办的空调、供暖、制冷93展览会上,美国四大制冷剂制造厂商公布了各自的新的HFC基混合工质。 联合信号公司介绍了由它们开发的HFC基共沸混合工质GenetvonAZ—50和AZ—20,分别作为R502和R22的长期替代物,AZ—50由R125和R134a组成,AZ—20由R125和R32组成。 杜邦公司公布了它的R22替代制冷剂—SuvaAc9000,这是一种由R32、R125和R134a组成的HFC基共沸混合工质。     

全卤代烃CF3I和CF4的阻燃能力实验

实验测量了多组含CF3I或CF4的制冷剂混合物的爆炸极限,绘制了爆炸极限数据曲线和数据表格,确定了不同摩尔比例制冷剂混合物的爆炸三角区和临界爆炸比.参照文献中已得出的部分实验结论,通过分析比较得出全卤代烃CF3I和CF4比N2、CO2等"惰性气体"以及含氢卤代烃R134、R134a、R125等更能有效抑制可燃制冷剂的燃...     

混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a PVTx性质的实验研究

为了获得混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a的热物性数据,本文利用Burnett法为基础搭建的高精度PVTx实验台,在温度为268~323 K时,测定了质量分数为55%/45%,50%/50%和45%/55%混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a的PVT性质,最终拟合了三种不同配比的混合工质的气态维里方程,方程和实验数据具有较高的重合度。     

速冻装置制冷工质R22的替代

本文对替代速冻装置制冷剂R22的单元工质（如R717、R290、R134a)和混合工质（如R407c,R407d,R407e,R410a,R410b,R404a,R507)进行了热力计算和循环分析，结果表明经过不断完善上述工质均有望成为R22的替代工质。     

R134a与R410A在空调工况下的性能比较

传统制冷剂R22的替代已是大势所趋.本文着重对R22的替代制冷剂R134a与R410A的传热、阻力压降特性进行实验比较研究,认为R410A在传热、阻力压降特性方面比R134a优良,作为R22的替代制冷剂,R410A应比R134a更有竞争力.     

R404A在螺杆制冷机组中替代R22性能研究

在比较分析HFC非共沸混合制冷剂R404A(R125/R143a/R134a,44/52/4wt%)和R22物性特点的基础上,理论和试验研究了R404A在螺杆制冷机组中替代R22的可行性和适用性.研究结果表明,只要将原为R22设计的螺杆制冷机组稍加改动,直接加入R404A制冷剂,机组便完全能够正常运行,其各主要性能指标与R22较为接近.     

在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车中应用新型制冷剂的模拟分析比较

运用分布参数法,对目前正广泛使用的环保制冷剂R134a和新型中低温用混合制冷剂R404A在平行流冷凝器内的换热和流动情况进行了模拟分析和比较,结果表明在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车运行工况范围内,R404A的传热和流动性能优于R134a,是一种有广阔应用前景的新型中低温混合制冷工质.     

纯工质及混合工质管外沸腾换热特性研究

对水平管外纯工质R22、R134a,R125浓度分别为6%,12%,18%的R134a/R125混合工质以及三元混合工质R417A(R134a/R125/R600浓度分别为50%/46.6%/3.4%)池沸腾换热性能进行了试验研究。通过对不同工质在光管和强化管外的沸腾换热性能进行比较与分析表明:强化管外沸腾换热系数明显高于光管,在热流密度为60k W/m2时,纯工质R22在强化管外沸腾换热系数是光管的3.10倍;纯工质R134a在强化管外沸腾换热系数是光管的2.85倍;在分别含6%、12%、18%R125的R134a/R125混合工质中,强化管外的沸腾传热系数是相对于同条件下光管的2.49、2.42、2.28倍;在R417A中,强化管外沸腾换热系数是光管的2.10倍。不同质量浓度的R125对光管沸腾换热系数影响相对较小,而对强化管外沸腾换热系数影响较大。     

R22替代工质回热循环的性能分析

R22的替代工质的制冷性能通常比R22差，采用回热循环是改善循环性能的一种方法，但是增加回热器会带来成本的增加，而且不同的制冷剂在回热循环中的COP及容积制冷量的变化也是不同的。针对上述问题，分析回热循环的特性和6种制冷剂（R290，R1270，R134a／R1270（0．45／0．55），R134a／R290（0．6／0．4），R407C和R410A）在回热循环中的容积制冷量和COP的变化特点。研究结果表明，R134a,／R1270，R290和R134a／R290系统使用回热器后，性能改善较大，R410A系统只有在高冷凝温度、高过热度时才有必要使用回热器，其余替代工质系统使用回热器，其系统性能改善不明显。     

Lower Flammability Limit of Difluoromethane and Percolation Theory

Measurements of flammability limits by the ASTM E 681 method are believed to be affected by vessel size. In order to investigate the effect of volume on measured lower flammability limits in air, experimental measurements of the lower flammability limit of difluoromethane (R-32) are made at 21°C using 3, 5, 12, and 20 L vessels. A spark ignition source is used with the voltage adjusted to the value where dielectric breakdown just begins to occur (approximately 7–12 kV). The results demonstrated a higher concentration for the lower flammability limit for the vessels smaller than 5 L suggesting that wall effects quench the flame propagation. The lower flammability limit for vessels with a 5 L or greater volume are in good agreement with those obtained in earlier investigations. For 5 L and larger vessels the lower flammability limits systematically shift to higher concentrations of difluoromethane with increasing vessel size which is consistent with a percolation model for spatial flame propagation. Extrapolation of the data to infinite vessel size using a percolation model yielded a lower flammability limit of 15.2 vol.%. The results are consistent with the work of Richard for refrigerant mixtures, R134a/R152a and R125/R152a, in large volume vessels (200 L) where effects of vessel walls are negligible.     

Flow condensation heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants

Flow condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of R12, R22, R32, R123, R125, R134a, and R142b were measured experimentally on a horizontal plain tube. The experimental apparatus was composed of three main parts; a refrigerant loop, a water loop and a water-glycol loop. The test section in the refrigerant loop was made of a copper tube with an outside diameter of 9.52 mm and 1 m length. The refrigerant was cooled by cold water passing through an annulus surrounding the test section. All tests were performed at a fixed refrigerant saturation temperature of 40 °C with mass fluxes of 100, 200, 300 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and heat flux of 7.3–7.7 kW m⁻². Experimental results showed that flow condensation HTCs increase as the quality and mass flux increase. At the same mass flux, the HTCs of R142b and R32 are higher than those of R22 by 8–34% while HTCs of R134a and R123 are similar to those of R22. On the other hand, HTCs of R12 and R125 are lower than those of R22 by 24–30%. Previous correlations predicted the present data satisfactorily with mean deviations of less than 20% substantiating indirectly the reliability of the present data. Finally, a new correlation was developed by modifying Dobson and Chato's correlation with an introduction of a heat and mass flux ratio combined with latent heat of condensation. The correlation showed a mean deviation of 10.7% for all pure halogenated refrigerants' data obtained in this study.     

Evaluation of supplementary/retrofit refrigerants for automobile air-conditioners charged with CFC12Evaluation des frigorigènes supplémentaires / de remplacement pour des systèmes de conditionnement d'air automobiles utilisant du CFC12

In this study, thermodynamic performance of supplementary/retrofit refrigerant mixtures for CFC12 used in existing automobile air-conditioners was examined. A thermodynamic computer analysis of an automobile air-conditioner was carried out for the initial screening of possible mixture candidates, and refrigerant mixtures composed of HCFC22, HFC134a, HCFC142b, RE170 (dimethylether), HC290 (propane), and HC600a (iso-butane) were proposed to supplement CFC12. Also a breadboard type refrigeration test facility was manufactured to verify the performance of the alternative refrigerant mixtures proposed through the computer analysis. Test results showed that HFC134a/RE170 mixture with zero ozone depletion potential is the best long term candidate to supplement CFC12. On the other hand, HCFC22/HFC134a/RE170 and HCFC22/HFC134a/HCFC142b mixtures are good only as short term supplementary/retrofit alternatives since they contain HCFC22. A hydrocarbon mixture of HC290/HC600a showed a good performance but its use in existing automobile air-conditioners should be carefully considered due to its flammability.     

Performance des mélanges de frigorigènes utilisés pour remplacer le HCFC22

In this study, 14 refrigerant mixtures composed of R32, R125, R134a, R152a, R290 (propane) and R1270 (propylene) were tested in a breadboard heat pump in an attempt to substitute HCFC22 used in residential air-conditioners. The heat pump was of 3.5 kW capacity with water as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the evaporator and condenser that are in a counter current flow configuration. All tests were conducted with the HTF temperatures fixed to those found in the ARI test A condition. Test results show that ternary mixtures composed of R32, R125, and R134a have a 4–5% higher coefficient of performance (COP) and capacity than HCFC22. On the other hand, ternary mixtures containing R125, R134a and R152a have both lower COPs and capacities than HCFC22. R32/R134a binary mixtures show a 7% increase in COP with the similar capacity to that of HCFC22 while R290/R134a azeotrope shows a 3–4% increases in both COP and capacity. The compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures tested are much lower than those of HCFC22, indicating that these mixtures would offer better system reliability and longer life time than HCFC22. Finally, test results with a suction line heat exchanger (SLHX) indicate that SLHX must be used with special care in air-conditioners since its effect is fluid dependent.     

Diesel combustion of oil and refrigerant mixture during pump-down of air conditioners

Compressor-destruction accidents during the pump-down operation of air conditioners were experimentally investigated. Assuming air penetration into refrigerant tubes, the gaseous mixture of the air, refrigerant, and lubricating oil for a compressor was compressed by the compressor with different refrigerant concentrations, and the diesel combustion of the mixture was examined. The compressor was simulated by a small-scale engine. R1234yf, R32, R410A, R134a, R22, and R125 were tested as refrigerants. The mixture burned via adiabatic compression when the refrigerant concentration was low, which means that accidents during the pump-down were caused by the diesel combustion of the mixture. The refrigerant burned and caused intense pressure increase. The mixture without the oil did not burn under any refrigerant concentration, which suggests that oil is necessary for the combustion. These phenomena were observed in the results for R1234yf, R32, R410A, R134a, and R22. Thus, combustion was observed under certain conditions even for refrigerants categorized as non-flammable.     

含R290混合物用于家用空调冷媒的性能研究

对含R290的共沸混合工质用于替猪八戒R22的可行性进行了研究.理论计算结果表明,共沸混合物除了具有优良的热物理性能之外,容积制冷量亦有所提高,有可能成为R22的替代物;对这几种工质的可燃性进行了评估,认为其用于家用空调节器器是安全的.     

R290家用空调器的可靠性设计

通过对比R290和R22的热物性,指出R290是一种理想的替代制冷剂,但是存在易燃易爆的安全隐患。基于R290的可燃性,论述家用空调器采用R290作为制冷剂的可靠性方案设计与控制方式。     

HFC-161混合物替代R502的理论研究

提出一种新型制冷剂HFC-161/125/143a(质量百分比10/45/45)用于替代制冷剂R502.新制冷剂环境性能良好,ODP值为0,GWP值为3466,GWP值小于R502及其常用替代制冷剂R404A和R507.采用Refprop软件计算了HFC-161混合物的基本热物理性质,以及低温工况和变工况下的理论循环性能,并与制冷剂R502、R404A、R507的相关数据进行对比.结果表明:新制冷剂的运行压力、压比、COP值、单位容积制冷量与R502相当,温度滑移小于R502常用替代物R404A,是一种性能优良的制冷剂R502的替代物.