Die Bedeutung von Rezepturvarianten für die Eigenschaften von Lippenstiften

Significance of Various Recipes on the Properties of Lipsticks As a part of annual turnover of cosmetics in Germany during 1972, one billion DM worth of colour cosmetics, skin care products and parfumed lotions were sold, out of which 10% were lipsticks. Fifteen million pieces of lipstick sold shows the popularity of this article. Lipsticks are highly complex mixtures containing 25 and more components. Inadequate quality of lipsticks can be caused partly by the complicated production technology, however, mostly it is due to unbalanced recipes. The possibilities for applying exact methods of testing which yield measurable values are limited. Therefore empirical methods are used to a great extent for practical evaluation. Since the lipstick colours include hundreds of red shades, one ought to give special attention towards legal aspects of colouring agents used in lipsticks.     

Stationäre Chemische Energieumwandlung als Herausforderungen für den Verfahrensingenieur

Meeting future energy demands with more efficient, lower emission, and safe energy technologies has top priority in the medium term. Consumer-friendly energy concepts, integrated into regional and supraregional energy supply structures, represent further elements. These will make important contributions to resource-conserving and environmentally compatible power supplies utilizing local energy sources including renewable resources. Supplying energy to large areas involves additional tasks, from compensation of large amounts of fluctuating energy to the transport of fluctuating energy to the transport of renewable energy over long distances. Solar dish, parabolic section, and tower power generating plant have considerable economic and CO₂-reduction potential in sunny countries, such as in the Mediterranean region, However, the costs of solar-thermal electricity generation have to be reduced by a factor of 1.5 to 2. Fuel cell systems can attain particular significance as efficient low-emission energy conversion systems in power plant and automative engineering once their technical and economic potential can be realized.     

Bestimmung von Pentan als Indikator für die oxidative Ranzigkeit von Ölen

Determination of Pentane as an Indicator of Oil Rancidity Pentane, determined by a headspace gas chromatographic method, is an excellent indicator of oil rancidity. The methodology applied is very simple and could be performed in an oil laboratory without purchasing additional equipment. The amount of pentane correlated well with the iodometrically determined peroxide value (R²-value of 0.976). Heating the oil sample in air followed by an estimation of pentane is an alternative means to assess oil stability against oxidative deterioration.     

Charakterisierung von Slurry‐ Fermentationsprozessen als Grundlage für die mathematische Modellierung

Characterization of the Slurry Fermentation for Modeling The criteria for the characterization of the classical fermentation processes: Submerged, Emerged and Solid‐State Fermentations do not sufficiently describe all processes in those systems. Slurry Fermentation is an independent fermentation system that covers or encompasses processes that do not correspond to the classical systems and therefore require theoretical characterization. Slurry is understood as a two‐phase, monodisperse system with a continuous liquid phase, characterized by a high suspension viscosity and a limited convective mass transfer. Three cases are distinguishable: (1) lower volume fraction, high suspension viscosity and diffusive mass transfer (2) high volume fraction, high suspension viscosity, and diffusive mass transfer and (3) high volume fraction, high suspension viscosity and micro‐convective mass transfer.     

Über optimale Bedingungen für die proliferierende Polymerisation und die Darstellung von Popcornpolymeren hoher Festigkeit

Optimum conditions for the proliferous growth of popcorn polymers are studied. Optimum concentrations of divinylbenzene in styrene and glycoldimethacrylate in vinylacetate for proliferous growth are indicated. The formation of a dense, mechanically stable form of popcorn polymers is described and the possibility of a practical use of theses materials is considered.     

Wirtschaftlichkeit als Kriterium für die Entwicklung,Auslegung und Auswahl von Apparaten und Maschinen für Prozeßstufen

Economy as a criterion for development, design, and choice of equipment and machines for process steps . The object of this paper is to show how a supplier of individual machines can influence the total costs of a chemical processing plant. This influence is quantified using actual examples based on the development of a product range, the optimizing and matching together of mechanical and thermal separation processes, and the selection of the most suitable types of equipment. Studies show that the products and services of an equipment manufacturer can influence substantially more than just capital investment costs and interest charges with their consequent effects on the annual running costs of a plant. It is possible to reach more economical solutions for important stages in a manufacturing process if the plant designers and the equipment manufacturers work closely together. A too tightly specified enquiry can prevent a manufacturer from offering the technically and economically optimized solution. By involving equipment manufacturers and correctly using their know-how one can tap a substantial potential for the reduction of plant running costs.