66 kV抗水树XLPE绝缘轻型海底电缆研制

介绍一种额定电压66 kV抗水树XLPE绝缘轻型海底电缆的研制方法。通过对模型电缆进行工频电压和雷电冲击电压击穿性能测试,按照CIGRE TB 722:2018规范对研制样品进行500 Hz/3000 h、50 Hz/8750 h、50 Hz/17500 h 3种湿式绝缘质量鉴定试验,按照CIGRE TB 490:2012和CIGRE TB 623:2015规范对研制产品进行型式试验,试验结果完全满足设计规范要求。在未来的深远海、大功率海上风机互联阵列海缆选型中,66 kV抗水树XLPE绝缘轻型海底电缆可以完美替代35 kV XLPE绝缘海底电缆。     

Investigation of Water Tree Degradation in Dry‐Cured and Extruded Three‐Layer (E‐E Type) 6.6‐kV Removed XLPE Cables

Dry‐cured and extruded three‐layer (E‐E type) 6.6‐kV cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables were introduced into electric power systems more than 30 years ago, but they do not experience failures because of water tree degradation. Also, the degradation index of water treeing for these cables has not been established. Therefore, investigating results of residual breakdown voltage and water tree degradation of these cables will help us plan for cable replacement and determine water tree degradation diagnosis scheduling, and will be fundamental data for cable lifetime evaluation. In this study, the authors measured the ac breakdown voltages of dry‐cured and E‐E type 6.6‐kV XLPE cables removed after 18 to 25 years of operation and observed the water trees in their XLPE insulation. As a result, it was observed that breakdown voltages were larger than the maximum operating voltage (6.9 kV) and the ac voltage for the dielectric withstanding test (10.3 kV). Water trees were mainly bow‐tie water trees and their maximum length was approximately 1 mm. Although the number of measured cables was limited, the lifetime of this type of cable was estimated to be approximately 40 years, even experiencing water immersion.     

Study on the dielectric characteristics of DC XLPE cables

The DC characteristics of XLPE (crosslinked polyethylene) power cables were investigated. Cables with an insulation thickness of 2.5 mm, 9 mm, and 13 mm using either XLPE or conductive-inorganic-filled XLPE (XL-A) were manufactured, and four kinds of breakdown tests (DC, polarity reversal, impulse, and superposing opposite polarity impulse on DC prestress) were performed. A 250 kV, XL-A cable (20 mm thickness) was designed and manufactured using the results. The test results show that the XL-A cable possesses much better DC breakdown characteristics than the XLPE cable and is adequate for use in DC cables     

Long-term reliability testing of 500 kV DC PPLP-insulatedoil-filled cable and accessories

This paper describes the results of a long-term reliability test of a newly developed 500 kV DC oil-filled cable and accessories that transmit up to 2800 MW. This is the largest capacity ever used for submarine cables. The test line was 500 m and consist of submarine cables, land cables and several kinds of accessories. An optical fiber sensor was first installed in the oil duct of the cable to measure the conductor temperature directly under application of DC voltage. From 1994 to 1996, the authors carried out an accelerated electrical and thermal aging test equivalent to 40 years, a load cycle test, a polarity reversal test and a transient overloading current test. Satisfactory breakdown strength was confirmed in the residual test which followed the long-term test. These results have been instrumental to the decision to construct 500 kV DC commercial submarine cable lines     

Development and design of DC‐GIS

In order to realize a reliable, compact, and economical converter station for HVDC transmission, applications of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for dc transmission lines are considered. The characteristics of dc gas insulation differ from those of ac. The behavior of metallic particles left in the enclosure is one of the largest differences. The accumulation of electrical charges on solid insulators is another essential factor in designing a DC‐GIS. Also, degradation of metal oxide arrester blocks under dc stress must be deliberated. Based on the fundamental studies, we developed the components of ± 500‐kV DC‐GIS. Electrical and mechanical performances of these components have been tested and proven to be satisfactory. Finally these components have been assembled into a full DC‐GIS and subjected to a long‐term voltage endurance test. In this paper, the design philosophy of ± 500‐kV DC‐GIS, details of the components, and the test results are described. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(2): 51–61, 1999     

Development of 500 kV dc PPLP-insulated oil-filled submarine cable

This paper outlines the development of a 500 kV dc oil-filled submarine cable capable of transmitting 2800 MW with a ±500 kV 2800 A bipole system. Although polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP) has been employed as ac cable insulation material, this is the world's largest first application to dc cables. The conductor size is 3000 mm², which would be the largest size for submarine cables. Various fundamental and prototype tests have proved that the cable has excellent characteristics electrically as well as mechanically. The cable and accessories are currently undergoing a long-term accelerated aging test as a final confirmation of their reliability and stability. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120 (3): 29–41, 1997     

关于110kV交联电缆(XLPE)竣工试验的探讨

目前国内基于试验设备的情况和试验条件的限制,对于110kV交联电缆的耐压试验多数还是采用直流192kV、15分钟作为标准,IEC60840则对于交联电缆的耐压试验推荐采用交流系统最高运行电压、5分钟作为试验标准。110kV三蕉线前后两次分别采用了直流、交流作了试验,根据两次试验的结果,结合国内外形势发展趋势,有必要制订本行业关于110kV交联电缆(XLPE)竣工试验的标准。     

±160 kV直流XLPE海底电缆载流特性仿真及试验

南澳岛±160 k V多端柔性直流输电工程在我国首次采用了高电压、大长度的挤包绝缘直流电缆系统,而目前在国内尚无此电压等级直流电缆工程的运行及维护经验,因此亟需对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)直流电缆的载流特性展开研究,从而为直流电缆线路运行限值的控制以及在线监测系统的定制提供技术支持。通过研究不同敷设环境下直流电缆的散热原理,采用专业有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics建立了带保护套管埋地敷设方式下±160 k V直流XLPE海底电缆的温度场模型,用以模拟其温度分布和计算其载流量;通过在试验场地开展静态载流试验,对仿真模型的可靠性进行了验证;对试验结果进行讨论,分析得出了直流海缆的载流特性。     

我国高压及超高压交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆的应用与发展

本文介绍我国 110 k V及 2 2 0 k V交联聚乙烯 (XL PE)绝缘电缆及其附件的发展。高压 XL PE电缆是我国城市电网建设与改造工程采用地下电缆输电系统的首选产品。本文叙述 XL PE电缆的绝缘设计原则、绝缘质量控制要求 ,特别是绝缘中杂质、微孔以及绝缘与半导电屏蔽界面的微孔与凸起、绝缘收缩与交联工艺的关系 ,及电缆附件的选型与预制附件橡胶应力锥的设计方法。介绍了我国特大城市 ,上海、北京与广州高压电缆系统的应用情况。最后对我国 110 k V及 2 2 0 k V XL PE电缆及附件进一步发展以及 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆系统发展与应用前景作了预测     

挤出绝缘高压直流电缆系统试验技术规范综述及建议

高压直流电缆系统的试验标准和技术方法直接决定了对产品可靠性评估的准确性,也间接对电缆结构及运行设计产生影响。概述了国内外针对挤出绝缘直流电缆系统试验的相关技术规范及标准,重点介绍了CIGRE发布的技术手册TB 496中推荐的型式试验和预鉴定试验的方案及要求,以及我国国家电线电缆质量监督检验中心推出的TICW 71-74系列技术规范;还介绍了若干发达国家针对直流电缆系统试验技术所进行的研究及应用,并对有待深入研究的相关课题提出了建议。     

Space change behavior in full scale ±250 kV dc XLPE cables

Space charge in full size ±250 kV dc cables was measured using a pulse-electroacoustic method. Two newly developed types of dc XLPE cables with 20 mm thick insulation were subjected to measurements at a dc voltage of 500 kV, keeping the conductor temperature either at room temperature or at 85°C. Qualitative analyses of the space charge distribution and the quantitative analysis of the electric fields in the vicinity of semicon interfaces were made. It was shown that the field in the vicinity of the inner semiconductor tends to increase by 10 to 40% when the polarity of the applied voltage was switched, in the case when the conductor was kept at 85°C. However, the distortion of the electric field was significantly smaller than that expected with conventional XLPE cables. As a result, dc cables are considered to have stable dc characteristics from the viewpoint of space charge behavior. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 124(2): 16–28, 1998     

电力电缆技术的发展与研究动向

电力电缆广泛应用于城市电网中,经历了从充油电缆(OF电缆)、钢管电缆到交联聚乙烯电缆(XLPE电缆)的发展过程。XLPE电缆与其他电缆相比,有不需要供油、供气设备、防火性能好、安装维护简单等优良性能,被越来越多的国家所采用。电力电缆的安全运行关系到城市电网的安全可靠性,逐渐受到了各国的高度重视。提高高压电缆路径通道的管理水平、安全运行以及输送能力,其关键技术的研究非常重要。笔者叙述了电力电缆及其附件相关技术的研究状况和今后的发展趋势,得出提高城市电网的可靠性和安全性,降低运行成本是今后的发展趋势。     

外加电压及绝缘温差对XLPE直流电缆电场分布的影响

为了明确交联聚乙烯绝缘直流电缆电场随外加电压和绝缘温差的分布规律,基于有限元仿真分析方法,对±500 kV交联聚乙烯绝缘直流海缆进行了不同外加电压和绝缘温差下的电场分布研究,并与拉普拉斯场强计算方法进行对比.结果表明,通过拉普拉斯场强计算方法得到的直流电缆绝缘场强呈稳定分布,而有限元仿真情况下可见随着绝缘温差升高直流电...     

35 kV及以下XLPE电力电缆试验方法的研究

通过对交链聚乙烯（ＸＬＰＥ）电力电缆试品的工频、０．１Ｈｚ超低频和振荡３种击穿电压的平行比对试验研究,探讨能够有效发现、判别ＸＬＰＥ电力电缆运行故障隐患的试验方法,试验研究结果表明：振荡波电压试验能够有效地发现电力电缆及其附件的制造和安装质量缺陷,超低频电压试验能够有效地发现电力电缆及其附件绝缘树枝状早期劣化缺陷;工频电压试验是一种较好的方法,需进一步深入研究。     

Successful testing of 345-kV XLPE cables and premolded joints atIREQ

Extruded polymeric cables and accessories are an alternative to self-contained fluid filled (SCFF) cables for extra-high-voltage (EHV) systems. Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cables have many advantages over the traditional fluid-filled pressurized cable system with the elimination of the hydraulic system and the associated equipment and complications during the installation and operation/maintenance of such systems. Other advantages of the extruded cable system arise from the new accessory technologies and the use of splices and terminations that are prefabricated and pretested in the factory and require less time to install on site. Concerns over the long term reliability of high voltage cable systems, in particular the accessories and the lack of service experience above 300 kV led to the decision of Hydro-Quebec to carry out a prequalification (long-term) test program to assess the reliability of the cable materials and to verify the cable and accessory installation methods to be employed. The cables were installed in duct banks and manholes simulating actual installation conditions used in Hydro-Quebec underground cable network. This paper describes the program and results of the prequalification tests of 345-kV XLPE cables and accessories performed at Hydro-Quebec's Research Institute (IREQ) in partnership with three international cable manufacturers, Alcatel, Fujikura and Pirelli     

中国交联聚乙烯绝缘高压直流电缆发展的三级跳: 从160 kV到200 kV再到320 kV

自2012年起,先后有±160 kV、±200 kV及 ±320 kV 交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘的高压直流电缆投入了柔性直流输电工程应用或进入现场敷设。它们分别是：2013年12月投入运行的南澳三端柔性直流输电工程,采用37 km的±160 kV直流海底和直流陆地电缆,用于连接南澳岛大型风场与陆地电网;2014年6月投入运行的舟山±200 kV多端柔性直流输电工程,海底电缆总长度达到294 km;正在建设的厦门±320 kV柔性直流输电工程,电缆总长度21 km,计划于2015年12月投入运行。以上三项柔性直流输电工程的成功建设与运行,也使中国的挤出绝缘高压直流电缆在电压等级上实现了三级跳式的跨越。本文介绍了XLPE绝缘高压直流电缆研发过程中针对材料特性、空间电荷分布、脱气及测试方法等方面的研究成果。并简要介绍了三个电压等级电缆现有柔性直流工程中的应用情况。     

±320kV直流电缆交联聚乙烯/三元乙丙橡胶附件击穿特性

高压直流电缆接头与终端为电缆系统故障的多发点,其击穿强度为直流输电系统安全稳定运行的重要基础。文中以±320 kV高压直流海底电缆中交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene,XLPE)/三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene propylene diene monomer,EPDM)附件为研究对象。首先,研究电缆及附件负荷循环耐压试验,发现附件界面为击穿薄弱环节;其次,研究绝缘材料电导率随温度变化特性对电场分布的影响规律,通过有限元仿真模拟电缆空载和满载运行时附件的温度分布与电场分布,发现最大电场出现在电缆绝缘靠近附件应力锥一侧,为29.5 kV/mm,低于附件材料的击穿场强;最后,研究界面在直流电场下空间电荷特性对电场分布规律的影响,通过电声脉冲法测试复合叠层片状样品介质界面的空间电荷及其电场分布,发现场强畸变率约为100%~200%。同材料本征绝缘匹配相比,界面空间电荷积聚对附件内部电场造成的畸变程度更严重,在后续附件提升中应更注重开发抑制空间电荷的绝缘材料。     

Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS. From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF₆ gas. Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166     

两起因铜屏蔽层开断引起的电缆事故的分析

介绍并分析了两起因35kV单芯交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆铜屏蔽层开断而引起的电缆烧坏事故,认为要重视铜屏蔽层直流电阻或铜屏蔽层感应电压和电流的检测。     

High voltage VLF testing of power cables

This publication describes a laboratory test program conducted with the objective to develop a test that would replace the existing DC withstand test. The article describes the methodology used to establish the voltage duration and magnitude of VLF (0.1 Hz) high voltage field tests suitable for crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated power cable. The results show that the voltage breakdown of laboratory aged XLPE cable at 0.1 Hz is approximately equal to that at 60 Hz, that proof tests at 0.1 Hz cause very little damage to the cable, and that 0.1 Hz testing appears to be a satisfactory alternate to DC testing. Preliminary values are suggested for voltage magnitude and time duration of cable acceptance, maintenance and proof tests at 0.1 Hz for XLPE cable rated up to 35 kV. A program is underway to similarly evaluate samples of service-aged XLPE cable; as well as to demonstrate the use of the preliminary test values at typical utility installations