Coordinated operation of a battery energy storage system and thermal generators for supply–demand balance maintenance and efficient use of photovoltaic energy

In future power systems with extremely large integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation, it is necessary to not only properly maintain supply–demand balance without power shortfall but also utilize as much PV energy as possible. The application of PV power forecast and energy storage devices to power system operation is necessary. In this study, we propose a method for determining and modifying the charging and discharging schedule of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and the unit commitment of thermal generators based on the PV power forecast. The proposed method is evaluated by numerical simulations for one year. The results show that both the energy shortfall and PV curtailment can be reduced by the proposed method.     

Real-time supply-demand schedule update and operation for generators and battery energy storage system based on forecasted and actual photovoltaic power outputs

The photovoltaic (PV) power output might be frequently curtailed to maintain electricity supply-demand balance in future power systems. In our previous study, we proposed a new method for updating the battery energy storage system (BESS) charge/discharge and the generator unit commitment (UC) schedules based on the forecasted and actual PV power outputs. The forecast dataset was updated every 3 h (eight times a day). Although the simulation results showed that the proposed method could reduce the supply-demand imbalances, it was not clear whether the forecasted or actual values made contributions. Therefore, in this study, we propose and evaluate a real-time scheduling and operation method using the forecasted and actual PV power outputs assuming that the forecasted dataset is updated only once a day. Numerical simulations of supply-demand operations are conducted on the power system model of the Kanto area of Japan for one year. The results show that the previous study method has a slight advantage over proposed method in terms of curtailed PV energy and operational cost of thermal generators reduction, but the difference is very small, indicating that the contribution of the actual PV power outputs is greater than that of the forecasted PV power outputs.     

考虑荷电状态的光伏微电网混合储能容量优化配置

储能系统容量优化配置是提高系统稳定性、降低微电网成本的有效措施之一。本文提出了一种考虑荷电状态的能量管理策略,对光伏微电网混合储能系统进行容量配置。首先,综合分析微电网运行的稳定性和经济效益,以全生命周期费用和买卖电量费用之和最小为目标,建立含超级电容和蓄电池的光伏微电网储能模型。其次,结合光伏可供能量和负荷需求功率,应用改进能量管理策略和粒子群算法,建立光伏微电网混合储能系统（HESS）容量配置双层优化模型。最后,以某地实际数据为例对优化问题进行求解,将优化结果与传统储能配置方法进行对比,验证了所提方法的有效性,为光伏微电网混合储能系统容量优化配比提供参考。     

混合储能提高光伏低电压穿越控制策略的研究

低电压穿越(Low-Voltage Ride Through,LVRT)是影响光伏并网发电系统稳定运行的重要因素.针对这一现状,文中提出了一种混合储能(Hybrid Energy Storage System,HESS)的控制策略来解决,HESS由蓄电池储能系统(Battery Energy Storage Syste...     

光储发电系统的虚拟转动惯量控制

在深入研究光储发电系统控制策略的基础上,阐述蓄电池虚拟转动惯量的概念,分析在频率动态变化过程中蓄电池的电池储能与机械动能之间的能量转换关系,并提出基于光储发电系统的虚拟惯性控制策略。该控制策略通过检测系统频率的变化与蓄电池荷电状态,调节蓄电池的荷电状态变化率与充放电电流的速率,从而短时调节蓄电池储备能量为系统提供惯性支持。通过光伏装机比重约为30%的仿真系统,验证该控制策略在系统出现功率不平衡后,能够利用蓄电池的虚拟惯量快速响应系统频率变化,从而提高了系统的频率稳定性。     

基于SOC调整的光伏电站储能系统调控策略

光伏（PV）发电输出功率具有波动幅度大和随机性强的特点,大规模并网光伏电站需要电池储能系统（BESS）对输出功率波动进行平滑抑制,以降低对电网的冲击。提出了一种衡量不同BESS控制策略抑制PV功率波动能力的评价指标,针对现有基本功率平滑控制策略的不足,提出基于电池荷电状态(SOC)调整输出的储能功率控制策略。通过调节BESS输出功率,对PV输出功率中较高频段波动成分进行补偿,并且在储能电池荷电状态（SOC）偏高/低时对输出功率加以自适应调整,在不削弱补偿效果的前提下,将SOC维持在正常范围内。仿真结果表明所提方法在光伏输出波动剧烈时仍有较好的平滑效果,并且对电池容量的需求较小。     

光伏与微型燃气轮机混合微网能量管理研究

在分析光伏发电和微型燃气轮机动态模型及运行特性的基础上,研究了光伏与微型燃气轮机混合微网能量管理策略。基于光伏与负荷功率波动的频率特性,提出了变步长时间序列法预测光伏与负荷功率,控制微型燃气轮机输出。为了保证混合微网运行的可靠性和提高蓄电池的运行效率和工作寿命,提出了模块化的储能蓄电池管理模型。混合微网并网运行时,利用可控的微型燃气轮机平滑光伏功率波动,使混合微网成为一个可调度的功率源;孤岛运行时,储能蓄电池与微型燃气轮机共同补偿光伏与负荷功率的差额,实现微网的稳定运行。采用PSCAD/EMTDC和Matlab联合仿真,证明了本文提出的能量管理策略的正确性,同时可有效减小储能设备配置容量。     

光伏发电系统蓄电池变电流快速充电的研究

对独立光伏发电系统中铅酸蓄电池的充电特性进行了分析,提出根据蓄电池端电压的变化预测蓄电池内过充电反应状况,采用变电流充电方法进行快速充电.根据负载和蓄电池的变化调节光伏发电系统的工作状态,优化控制充电过程.仿真研究表明该方法能够避免蓄电池发生过充电和最大限度地避免欠充电,从而延长其使用寿命,同时提高了光伏系统的工作效率,实现系统优化运行.     

光储充一体化快充站日前运行策略

针对电动汽车光储充一体化快充站的优化运行提出一种日前运行策略.考虑光伏出力与快充负荷的不确定性,应用基于场景的随机优化方法,以期望运行成本最低为目标,在满足储能系统循环寿命损耗限制的条件下,制定下一日的交换功率参考值.快充负荷场景利用序贯蒙特卡洛模拟方法基于非齐次泊松过程假设生成.利用分段线性化的储能循环寿命损耗计算模型,对与放电深度相关的储能寿命损耗进行精细化建模.通过算例验证了文中策略在应用储能系统响应电价信号进行削峰填谷方面的有效性.     

VRLA蓄电池在通信光伏电源系统中的应用

针对通信基站负载的特点,给出了太阳能光伏电源系统中蓄电池容量的设计方法,阐述了阀控密封铅酸蓄电池(VRLA)作为电源系统储能装置的充放电特性,分析了电源系统中VRLA蓄电池容量和寿命的影响因素,提出了VRLA蓄电池的维护途径.     

An operating method using prediction of photovoltaic power for a photovoltaic–diesel hybrid power generation system

This paper describes a novel operating method using prediction of photovoltaic (PV) power for a photovoltaic–diesel hybrid power generation system. The system is composed of a PV array, a storage battery, a bidirectional inverter, and a diesel engine generator (DG). The proposed method enables the system to save fuel consumption by using PV energy effectively, reducing charge and discharge energy of the storage battery, and avoiding low‐load operation of the DG. The PV power is simply predicted from a theoretical equation of solar radiation and the observed PV energy for a constant time before the prediction. The fuel consumption of the proposed method is compared with that of other methods by a simulation based on measurement data of the PV power at an actual PV generation system for 1 year. The simulation results indicate that the amount of fuel consumption of the proposed method is smaller than that of any other methods, and is close to that of the ideal operation of the DG. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(3): 8–18, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20116     

风光储气微电网暂态稳定性仿真

在DIgSILENT仿真软件上搭建了包含风力发电、光伏发电、燃气发电机等微电源以及蓄电池储能系统的微电网仿真模型。研究了该风光储气微电网在并网启动过程、并网转孤网过程、孤网运行时光伏出力变化及负荷变化等暂态过程中的稳定性问题。其中包括并网转孤网的过程中,储能的控制方式从PQ转换为VF,实现微电网运行模式的转换;孤网运行时,储能迅速响应微电网内功率的波动,实现放电与充电模式的切换,保持微电网的稳定运行。     

用于光伏微网储能系统削峰填谷的控制策略

首先介绍了光储微网系统结构和光伏阵列功率模型,提出了光伏系统可靠性指标。负荷缺电率(LOLP)技术指标衡量了削峰填谷的作用效果。针对储能系统(BESS)的削峰填谷的功能分析,建立了基于蓄电池储能系统的运行模型,优化了储能系统配置容量。最后提出了一种用于削峰填谷功能的实时、动态储能系统控制策略,以实际算例分析验证了策略的合理性。     

Smoothing of PV system output by tuning MPPT control

A PV system's power output is not stable and fluctuates depending on weather conditions. Using a battery is one feasible measure to stabilize a PV system's power output, but it requires additional costs and results in additional waste of used batteries. In this paper, we propose a new measure for smoothing the short‐term change in a PV system's power output, which is performed by tuning the characteristics of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control without additional equipment. In our proposed measure, when the insolation increases rapidly, the operation point of MPPT control changes to a new point where the maximum power is not generated with the current insolation, so that the rate of increase in the PV system's power output is limited to a certain value. In order to evaluate the effect of the proposed measure on the operation of electric power systems, we evaluated the required capacity of generators for load‐frequency control (LFC). It was revealed that the additional LFC capacity is not required even in the case where penetration of PV systems reaches 5% of the utility system's total capacity if the proposed measure is applied to all PV systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 10–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20106     

基于多元线性回归模型的并网光伏发电系统发电量预测研究

为了较为准确地对并网光伏发电系统的发电量做出预测,提高光伏并网后电网的安全性及稳定性。本文对硅太阳电池单一组件发电功率进行了理论计算,建立了一种以辐射量及组件温度为变量的多元线性回归光伏发电功率及发电量预测模型。设计了系统测试方案,采集了光伏系统在晴天I、多云II、阴转多云或晴转多云III 3类天气下的运行数据,依据预测模型求解出3种不同天气类型下的预测回归方程,并把预测模型用于2kW并网光伏系统。预测结果表明,该预测方法简单、预测精度高,能解决系统的随机性问题,提高系统的稳定运行能力。     

基于多链MCMC方法的光伏出力序列预测研究

现有电力系统规划和运行中主要考虑单一可再生能源出力的不确定性,考虑可再生能源出力间相关性的研究较少。文中提出一种多链马尔科夫-蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法对多个光伏电站出力序列进行组合预测,该方法建立了多条相互服从完全条件分布的马尔科夫链,以模拟光伏电站上空的随机变化的大气状态,充分保留了光伏电站之间的相关特性。对三组具有不同相关水平的光伏电站的出力序列进行了预测,证明了相较于传统MCMC方法,该方法能够更精确地继承历史序列的一般统计特性,能够更有效地体现多个光伏电站出力之间相互影响的特点,更加适用于未来电力系统规划与运行设计的要求。     

基于CEEMDAN-HT的平抑光伏出力混合储能 容量优化配置

光伏出力具有间歇性和波动性,利用储能装置可减小光伏并网对电网的影响。以平抑光伏功率波动效果为标准,提出了一种由超级电容和蓄电池组成的混合储能系统(hybrid energy storage system, HESS)的容量配置方法。采用由递推平均和中值平均加权滤波的算法平滑光伏出力,得到光伏并网功率和HESS参考功率。利用完全集合经验模态分解和希尔伯特变换提取HESS 参考功率的高频与低频分量,对HESS内部功率进行一次分配。之后为了避免HESS荷电状态频繁越限,同时保证HESS能持续工作,提出一种HESS功率的均衡管理方法,对一次分配功率的衰减进行修正,再对修正后的HESS参考功率进行容量配置。最后,基于全寿命周期成本建立经济评估模型,对比不同的储能容量配置策略,利用实际数据仿真验证了所提方法的有效性与经济性。     

考虑功率最大输出与储能协调的光储VSG控制策略

在传统虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator, VSG)控制的光储系统中,电池通过频繁充放电处理波动的光伏功率,易出现早衰问题。为优化电池运行,提出一种考虑功率最大输出与储能协调的光储VSG控制策略。首先,建立输出频率与直流侧电容电压偏差的比例关系,实现光伏功率的最大输出与VSG的惯性支撑。其次,利用下垂特性控制电池功率输出,在实现系统一次调频功能的基础上提升电池能量管理的灵活度。然后,设计一种稳定直流侧电压的分段控制方案,确保系统正常工作时直流侧电压在合理范围之内。最后,通过仿真实验验证所提方法不仅保留了VSG的惯性支撑和一次调频功能,还实现了光伏功率的最大输出,减少了对电池的依赖。     

A modified MPPT control loop for PV/battery‐charging system using PI controller optimally tuned with GA

In this study, a stand‐alone photovoltaic (PV)/battery‐charging system is proposed to efficiently charge a lead–acid battery with the available maximum power from the PV array. The relative sizing of the battery characteristics with respect to the PV array characteristics is indicated. The maximum‐power‐point (MPP)‐tracking operation is achieved through developing a new control loop, which is based on using the incremental conductance algorithm and the PI controller. The parameters of the PI controller are optimally tuned using the genetic algorithm (GA) by minimizing the integral of squared error and settling time. The proposed system was simulated twice by using MATLAB‐SIMULINK and by writing the appropriate MATLAB code in an M‐file. The SIMULINK model was designed to investigate the performance of the proposed system, whereas the M‐file model was designed to be used with the GA tool under MATLAB software, to optimally tune the PI controller. The simulation results indicated a rapid tracking capability for the PV array MPPs and a good matching between the PV array and the battery under various charging conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混合储能系统在独立光伏发电系统功率平衡中的应用

提出了将能量密度大、环境友好的磷酸铁锂电池和功率密度高、循环使用寿命长的超级电容组合,构成混合储能系统应用于独立光伏发电系统。以优化系统可靠性及运行状态为目标,设计了控制结构和控制方式。对系统进行仿真分析,结果表明,在光伏电池输出功率存在波动且负载发生脉动的情况下,储能系统能迅速平衡系统瞬时功率,维持系统可靠运行。