平抑光伏出力波动的混合储能系统控制策略

针对由电池和超级电容器构成的混合储能系统,设计了一种平抑光伏出力波动的储能控制策略。基于含阀值判断的低通滤波算法制定储能系统总充放电功率,在平抑光伏出力波动的同时避免对储能系统的过渡调控。综合考虑储能介质充放电状态,基于滑动平均原理制定储能介质的功率分配策略,以充分发挥不同储能介质的优势,优化储能系统的整体运行性能。仿真分析验证了所设计控制策略的有效性,储能系统可以较小的调控代价完成对光伏出力波动的平抑,且超级电容器平抑功率波动的快变分量,有效降低了储能电池的充放电次数。研究结果对混合储能系统在平抑光伏出力波动中的应用提供了理论参考。     

并网型分布式光伏发电辐照波动预警系统设计

针对传统系统太阳辐照波动预警准确率低、误差大和预测效率低的问题,提出并设计了新的并网型分布式光伏发电辐照波动预警系统,采用基于蚁群BP神经网络的辐照波动预测方法获取了预测结果的最优解。预警系统中包含太阳能电池组件、微型逆变器和单机辐照度预警子系统等,采用三端稳压模块LM7803电源模块,保障极端天气正常供电;选择单晶硅太阳电池片的光照传感器,将太阳辐射的光能变换成电能;采用指数平滑法结合趋势移动平均法对太阳辐照进行预测,得到预测时间段范围内的平滑指数,以此作为计算参数,根据蚁群BP神经网络算法,通过构建新传递函数,优化网络结构,改进BP神经网络训练,求出预测结果最优解。试验结果表明:所提系统能在不同天气条件下有效预测并网型分布式光伏发电的辐照波动,且预测误差较小;在不同天气类型下,系统预警的准确率始终高于98%,且预警时长平均用时24.08 s,相比于其他系统用时较短,实现预警系统稳定运行,保证输出电能质量,有力支撑系统优化。     

A Hydrogen‐Storage Distributed Generation System Using Unitized Reversible Cells and Its Operational Scheme

Environmental issues such as global warming and depletion of natural energy resources are posing problems. Photovoltaic systems have been attracting attention as a form of renewable energy. The output power of a photovoltaic system changes sharply because solar radiation intensity and temperature vary with the weather. In conventional photovoltaic systems, the surplus power, excluding the power consumed in the load, flows back to the grid. Therefore, fluctuations in the output power of a photovoltaic system may have an adverse effect on the grid. This paper proposes a novel hydrogen‐storage distributed generation system using a unitized reversible cell that integrates a fuel cell and water electrolyzer to smooth reverse power flow. The hydrogen‐storage distributed generation system was modeled and a computer simulation was performed. Using two evaluation methods, the proposed system is shown to be effective at leveling power flow back to the grid.     

Study on Power Fluctuation Dispatch and Capacity Design of Short Period Power Fluctuation Compensation System in Consideration of Power Loss

Since the output of photovoltaic (PV) generation includes power fluctuations caused by natural conditions, the installation of PV on a large scale is expected to affect load frequency control of the power grid. One method of compensating power fluctuations is the use of energy storage (ES), such as batteries and capacitors. A power fluctuation compensation system composed of an electrical double layer capacitor energy storage system (ESS) and a Li‐ion battery energy storage system is considered. The power loss characteristics of both ESSs during power fluctuation compensation are modeled by equivalent circuits based on ES impedance spectra. The models are validated by experiments simulating power fluctuation compensation. Using these ES models, simulations were carried out to determine the power fluctuation dispatch method between the two ESSs and the capacity of the ESSs in consideration of power loss minimization.     

Change rate control of photovoltaic generation output and calculation of necessary capacitance

The photovoltaic (PV) generator changes its power output with the weather. If the photovoltaic generator output changes fast, the power system may require more load‐following capability and spinning reserve. This paper proposes a method of controlling the change rate of the photovoltaic generator output. The photovoltaic generator is combined with an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). A moving average is used to eliminate short period fluctuations in the photovoltaic generator output. The output of the power conversion system (PCS) is determined by the moving average. The output changes within a limited rate. The capacitor voltage is maintained at a constant value to make the capacitor as small as possible. The necessary capacitance is theoretically derived. The effectiveness of this method is verified by experiments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(4): 10–18, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20946     

一种混合储能光伏发电系统的功率预测算法

对混合储能光伏发电系统进行了优化配置,加入完善的光伏功率预测算法,可以减少储能单元深度充放电的次数,延长储能单元的使用寿命,提高系统的能量利用率.提出了基于趋势移动平均法的超短期光伏功率预测数学模型,模型以部分历史数据为输入量,通过数据处理,得出预测量可提高和改进现有光伏功率预测算法的平滑效果.通过在多云天气环境下的实验,验证了该光伏功率预测算法可以达到及时跟踪并平滑光伏波动、减小储能单元容量的功能.     

A method for load frequency control using battery in power system with highly penetrated photovoltaic generation

It is generally believed that large battery systems will be needed to store surplus electric energy due to the high penetration of renewable energy (RE) such as photovoltaic generation (PV). Since the main objective of high penetration of RE is to reduce CO₂ emissions, reducing kWh output of thermal generation that emits large amounts of CO₂ in power systems should be sufficiently considered. However, thermal generation plays an important role in load frequency control (LFC) of power systems. Therefore, if LFC could be performed with batteries and hydropower generation, the kWh output of thermal generation could be reduced significantly. This paper presents a method of LFC using batteries in a power system with highly penetrated PVs. An assessment of the effect of the proposed method considering mutual smoothing effect of highly penetrated PVs is made. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(4): 22–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22425     

A study of series‐parallel changeover circuit of a capacitor bank for an energy storage system utilizing electric double‐layer capacitors

Electric double‐layer capacitors showing a remarkably high energy density (compared with conventional electrolytic capacitors) are now under development. Capacitors of this type have significant advantages, namely, high durability against repeated charge and discharge and no need for maintenance. Therefore, we have studied feasible basic circuit configurations and control methods required to apply electric double‐layer capacitors as an energy storage element in output‐power leveling systems for solar cells or windmill power generators, and in uninterruptible power supply systems. This paper discussed operating methods for a capacitor bank to improve the efficiency. High efficiency has been demonstrated by the simulations and the experiments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(3): 33–42, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10155     

含电转气和混合储能的微能网双层滚动优化控制方法

微能网是实现多能互补的有效技术手段之一.以包含电转气和电池-超级电容器混合储能系统的电-热-气联供型微能网为研究对象,针对风光出力和负荷不确定性导致系统优化控制结果可信度较低的问题,基于模型预测控制的滚动优化思想,提出包含长时间尺度滚动优化层和短时间尺度实时滚动调整层的多时间尺度双层滚动优化控制方法.其中,上层以系统运...     

一种平抑光伏系统输出波动的储能容量优化方法

为了平抑含光伏系统的输出功率波动,提出了一种基于离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)的储能容量优化方法。该方法针对光伏发电特性和储能充放电时间响应特性,利用DFT对光电输出功率偏差进行频谱分析,在不同的时间范围内,采取不同的控制机制,调用相应不同类型的控制容量以补偿功率偏差。基于频谱分析结果,结合储能系统的经济性,确定储能系统最优容量。计算结果表明,所提方法能够以较小的储能容量将光伏发电预测均方根误差RMSE由2.2994%~10.0832%降低至0,大幅减小了光伏系统对电网的冲击和系统备用容量需求,提高了电网对光伏发电的接纳能力。     

基于光伏波动性的储能出力特性分析

以研究储能系统出力为目标,从时间、频率角度研究光伏发电波动性,以EMD算法对光伏发电频率进行分解,通过分解得出的IMF残值得出:在多云天气下,光伏发电系统内储能出力频繁,平抑光伏波动强,晴朗天气下,储能系统的出力具有规律性且时间固定的结论。     

基于碳交易的含大规模光伏发电系统复合储能优化调度

为提高电力系统对光伏发电的接纳能力,提出一种基于碳交易的含大规模光伏发电的电池储能—抽水蓄能电力系统复合储能优化调度模型。基于低碳经济理念,将阶梯型碳交易机制引入电力系统经济调度中。采用基于最大最小距离准则的改进K均值聚类算法对光伏发电的出力场景进行有效聚类,在保证光伏发电出力分布特征的前提下削减场景数量;以系统综合运行成本最低为目标,兼顾系统的运行经济性和低碳性,利用电池储能作为功率型储能以平滑光伏电站出力波动,抽水蓄能作为能量型储能参与接入光伏发电后系统的调峰平衡。以改进的IEEE-RTS96系统对所提模型进行仿真分析,算例结果验证了模型的合理性和有效性。     

一种平滑光伏并网发电系统输出功率的方法研究

随着光伏并网发电占大电网比重的增加,光伏输出功率间歇性波动对大电网的影响越来越大。对平滑光伏发电系统输出功率的方法进行了研究,提出了一种减小光伏并网输出功率波动的方法,通过加入微型燃气轮机与光伏阵列组合形成可控微源来平滑光伏输出功率。进一步研究了微型燃气轮机的慢动态特性,采用改进加权移动平均模型对光伏输出功率进行预测,提高微型燃气轮机响应速度,减小光伏并网系统输出功率波动。通过在PSCAD/EMTDC平台中进行仿真分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于移动平均法和风电波动率约束的电池储能系统平滑风电出力控制策略

利用电池储能系统平滑风电功率波动可以提高风力发电功率输出的稳定性。针对风电出力的间歇性和波动性,基于移动平均算法,在同时考虑储能系统的荷电状态（state of charge,SOC）和风电功率波动率的情况下提出了一种平滑风电功率控制策略,并与传统一阶低通滤波平滑风电功率方法进行对比。通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该方法的有效性,在平滑风电并网功率的同时可以有效减少储能使用次数与储能能量。     

基于双层功率分解的混合储能系统容量配置

为风电场配置合适的储能系统可以平抑风电有功功率波动、提高系统电能质量。基于风电出力历史数据,提出了双层功率分解方法。第1层采用滑动平均法,在满足国家规定的风电并网要求下,分解出并网功率和混合储能系统的参考功率。第2层采用频谱分析方法,基于混合储能系统参考功率,利用傅里叶变换将其分解为低频分量和高频分量,分别分配给蓄电池和超级电容器吸收。考虑储能设备的荷电状态和蓄电池的循环使用寿命,建立混合储能系统容量配置模型,模型以其年综合成本最小为优化目标。仿真结果验证了双层功率分解方法的可行性,证明了混合储能系统较单类型储能系统在性能上和经济上的优越性。     

Usability of AMeDAS Sunshine Duration Data for Statistical Evaluation of Spatial Average Irradiance Fluctuation Characteristics

In order to mitigate the impacts of high‐penetration photovoltaic power generation systems (HP‐PVS) on the electric power system operation, the statistical evaluation of the aggregated power output fluctuation characteristics of HP‐PVS is important. By using the multipoint irradiance data observed for a year in the Chubu region of Japan, we have evaluated the fluctuation characteristics of spatial average irradiance. However, the study period is not enough for a statistical evaluation. Therefore, this study assessed the usability of the sunlight duration data of AMeDAS (Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System) for the statistical evaluation of fluctuation characteristics in terms of the daily maximum fluctuation width in 120 min. The method of irradiance estimation from the sunlight duration data at single point proposed in the preceding study was modified to be suitable for the spatial average irradiance estimation by taking into account the smoothing effect of irradiance fluctuation among several points. The results suggest that the AMeDAS sunlight duration data would be useful for statistical evaluation of the fluctuation characteristics of the spatial average irradiance of an electric power system service area.     

分布式电源接入的配电系统多类型无功源出力优化方法

同时考虑光伏发电系统、风电机组、静止无功发生器、并联电容器等多类型无功源的协同运行问题,建立多类型无功源协同运行的优化模型,增强了无功协调能力和优化效果。研究了光伏逆变器无功的调节原理和双馈电机风力发电系统无功调节能力。考虑光伏发电系统和风电机组的无功特性,构建向分布式电源和静止无功发生器的输出或吸收无功功率的约束条件函数。采用潮流雅可比矩阵直接变换求取灵敏度系数,构建基于线性规划的分布式电源、并联电容器和静止无功发生器输出无功功率的约束域及其罚函数。通过潮流雅可比矩阵进行矩阵变换,构建考虑有功网损最小化的目标函数灵敏度系数的线性化模型。采用两阶段单纯形法对优化问题进行求解,获得了好的效果。     

风电机组输出功率平滑技术综述

风能具有高度不可控性的特点,风能的随机变化会直接导致风力发电机组的输出功率波动,波动的功率并网会引起电网频率波动及电压闪烁,甚至危及电网安全。为了满足风电机组并网要求,提高并网电能质量,风电输出功率平滑技术便成为急需解决的问题。文中介绍了直接功率控制和间接功率控制这两类功率平滑控制策略,阐述了两类中包含具体方法的原理,介绍了各种方法的研究现状,继而总结、评价了各方法的优缺点、适用前景等,最后指出了当前各类功率平滑控制技术的优化方向。     

Smoothing of Wind Power Fluctuations for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion System and Fault Ride-through Consideration

Due to the increment of penetration level of wind power generation, output power fluctuation is one of the most important issue's that can destabilize the power system operation. This article mainly deals with the smoothing of the output power fluctuations of a wind energy conversion system based permanent magnet synchronous generator and fault ride-through enhancement during a grid fault. The concerned wind energy conversion system based permanent magnet synchronous generator adopts an AC-DC-AC converter system. The proposed control method limits the wind energy conversion system output power by adjusting the pitch angle of the wind turbine blades when wind speed is above the rated wind speed. In the grid-side converter, a fuzzy logic controller is used to determine the torque reference for which the kinetic energy stored by the inertia of wind turbine can smooth the output power fluctuations of the permanent magnet synchronous generator. Also, the DC-link voltage, controlled by the grid-side inverter, is adjusted in accordance with the output power fluctuations of the permanent magnet synchronous generator using a voltage smoothing index. Moreover, in this aticle, the proposed method ensures that the wind turbine stays operational during grid faults and provides fast restoration once the fault is cleared. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulations under different conditions have been performed by using MATLAB/Simulink® (The Math Works, Natick, MA, USA).     

基于几何加权移动平均滤波算法的改进储能平滑控制策略

针对目前光伏并网中采用储能电池对光伏出力进行平滑,以降低光伏出力波动性对电网的影响,提出一种几何加权移动平均滤波算法,得到光伏并网系统中储能电池出力的参考值。该算法对移动平均滤波算法进行改进,不仅改善了滤波器的延迟性,而且具有自适应平抑的能力。在储能电池出力参考值的基础上,提出了采用模糊控制对该参考值进行修正的方法,使得储能电池的荷电状态维持在合理范围,保证储能电池具有最佳运行状态以及最少容量配置。