空基紫外成像仪关键器件ICCD非均匀性校正技术

从理论上分析了ICCD光电响应非均匀性的产生机理,并由此建立光电响应数学模型。基于两点多段非均匀性校正算法给出了ICCD非均匀性校正方程,并通过大量实验得到ICCD在特定条件下的校正系数。在实验过程中发现ICCD的雪花点(主要由探测器的随机噪声引起)和盲点是影响非均匀性改善的主要因素,采取相应照度的响应进行了补偿。结果表明:通过补偿和校正输出图像,可以有效地减小紫外成像仪由探测器的非均匀性所带来的测量误差,使非均匀性降低了37.1%,在一定程度上减少了由于ICCD的物理特性和制造缺陷所带来的固有图像噪声。     

Computer simulation of three-dimensional heavy ion beam trajectory imaging techniques used for magnetic field estimation

A magnetic field mapping technique via heavy ion beam trajectory imaging is being developed on the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch. This paper describes the computational tools created to model camera images of the light emitted from a simulated ion beam, reconstruct a three-dimensional trajectory, and estimate the accuracy of the reconstruction. First, a computer model is used to create images of the torus interior from any candidate camera location. It is used to explore the visual field of the camera and thus to guide camera parameters and placement. Second, it is shown that a three-dimensional ion beam trajectory can be recovered from a pair of perspectively projected trajectory images. The reconstruction considers effects due to finite beam size, nonuniform beam current density, and image background noise. Third, it is demonstrated that the trajectory reconstructed from camera images can help compute magnetic field profiles, and might be used as an additional constraint to an equilibrium reconstruction code, such as MSTFit.     

图象比色法温度场实时检测的研究

采用ICCD作为探测器,用比色法检测温度场,可以快速获取温度场全面信息,达到实时检测及控制的目的。然而由于ICCD响应动态范围有限,测温范围受到限制,同时双波长的选择是一个困难的问题。作者提出了采用不同的曝光时间分区测量温度场的方法,以扩大检测温度范围,同时在一定温度范围内,为了得到较高、较均匀的灵敏度,通过对系统模拟计算得出了系统工作双波长的理想选择,这些理论分析与试验结果基本一致。     

小波神经网络在CCD图像噪声处理中的应用

目的：CCD相机响应功能的非线性,导致了CCD噪声模型的复杂性,使得滤波效果不佳,本文提出一种针对于数字图像中CCD噪声的小波神经网络滤波器。方法：首先,分析CCD噪声模型,找出导致CCD噪声模型复杂的原因——CCD相机响应功能（camera response function简称CRF）的非线性;接着,在对ANS滤波器分析的基础上,针对影响滤波效果的两大问题：滤波窗口和图像强度,将小波神经网络非线性逼近CCD噪声曲线,按照噪声参数对图像进行区域划分并分配相应的权值,然后结合相应的非线性滤波器进行针对性滤波,最后综合输出。结果：实验结果表明：本文改进的滤波器滤波效果明显,信噪比得到进一步提高（24.65）。结论：利用神经网络良好的非线性函数逼近性,将其结合ANS滤波器构造出神经网络非线性ANS滤波器（NN-NANS filter）,试验结果表明,该滤波器在去除噪声的同时边缘细节也得到了很好的保留,同时提高了信噪比。     

大面阵彩色CCD航测相机的辐射定标

以大面阵彩色CCD航测相机为研究对象,分析其成像过程,提出了影响相机辐射响应特性的各个因素,并以此为基础,建立了辐射响应特性模型.分别在暗场和使用积分球的条件下进行了辐射响应标定实验,通过组合更改输入辐亮度、曝光时间和CCD增益等因素对相机的辐射响应特性进行测量和分析.结果表明,相机R、G、B颜色通道随输入辐亮度变化的辐射响应特性并不相同,但在工作谱段范围内均呈线性变化趋势.采用最小二乘法对辐射标定数据进行拟合,一次多项式拟合结果的决定系数R2值均可达到0.999以上.当输入辐亮度不变时,相机输出图像灰度值随曝光时间或CCD增益的变化星线性变化趋势,从而为其它工作条件下辐射响应特性曲线的推演奠定了理论基础.将相机辐射响应标定结果应用于相机调光功能,成像结果表明,获得的图像亮度适中,图像平均灰度值满足调光要求.     

Modulated CMOS camera for fluorescence lifetime microscopy

Widefield frequency‐domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD‐FLIM) is a fast and accurate method to measure the fluorescence lifetime of entire images. However, the complexity and high costs involved in construction of such a system limit the extensive use of this technique. PCO AG recently released the first luminescence lifetime imaging camera based on a high frequency modulated CMOS image sensor, QMFLIM2. Here we tested and provide operational procedures to calibrate the camera and to improve the accuracy using corrections necessary for image analysis. With its flexible input/output options, we are able to use a modulated laser diode or a 20 MHz pulsed white supercontinuum laser as the light source. The output of the camera consists of a stack of modulated images that can be analyzed by the SimFCS software using the phasor approach. The nonuniform system response across the image sensor must be calibrated at the pixel level. This pixel calibration is crucial and needed for every camera settings, e.g. modulation frequency and exposure time. A significant dependency of the modulation signal on the intensity was also observed and hence an additional calibration is needed for each pixel depending on the pixel intensity level. These corrections are important not only for the fundamental frequency, but also for the higher harmonics when using the pulsed supercontinuum laser. With these post data acquisition corrections, the PCO CMOS‐FLIM camera can be used for various biomedical applications requiring a large frame and high speed acquisition. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:1075–1081, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Image enhancement for increased dot-counting efficiency in FISH

Background: The most commonly used molecular cytogenetic technique is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It has been widely applied in many areas of diagnosis and research, including pre‐natal and post‐natal screening of chromosomal aberrations, pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis, cancer cytogenetics, gene mapping, molecular pathology and developmental molecular biology. The analysis of FISH images consists of detecting fluorescent dots, after which the number of dots per cell can be counted or their relative positions can be measured. A major impediment in the analysis of FISH specimens is signal (dot) quality, which is influenced by the hybridization efficiency and/or the sensitivity of the camera that records the images. Method: In this paper, we present an approach to improve the efficiency of detecting fluorescent signals in FISH images by recovering the radiance map of the camera. This allows us to generate a high‐dynamic‐range image wherein an extended range of the sample radiance captured by the camera can be visualized at distinct intensity values. The resulting higher‐order numeric complexity of the transformed image is adjusted (or simplified) by examining the intensity distribution in each of the three colour channels (red, green and blue), and remapping the intensity values to generate a high‐contrast image with a lower‐order (compressed) dynamic range. The remapping is based on a criterion that optimizes the detection of the hybridized signals, allowing attenuation of saturated intensity values while amplifying low‐intensity signals. Results: A simple dot‐counting algorithm is used to automatically process 2000 FISH images. The images are taken for lymphocytes from cultured blood specimens for cytogenetic testing. Images are manually analyzed by an expert to obtain ground truth for dot counts. A quantitative analysis is performed by comparing results of automated dot detection on images before and after enhancement with the developed algorithms. In addition, common errors in dot counting due to split dots, dust, poor segmentation and overlapping signals are analyzed and the robustness of the developed approach against these errors evaluated. It is observed that dot‐detection efficiency is increased by an average of 9% across all colour channels while reducing errors in missed and false dot counts. Conclusions: Our proposed method and results demonstrate that dot‐counting specificity and sensitivity can be improved by pre‐processing and enhancing the image using the radiance curve of the camera and generating a high‐contrast, remapped high‐dynamic‐range image prior to using any algorithm for dot counting.     

基于共线特征点的摄像机镜头畸变校正

提出一种基于未知世界坐标共线特征点的未标定摄像机畸变校正算法以及基于预计算模板的快速实现方法。利用直线的透视投影不变性来估计镜头的畸变参数,不需要知道摄像机的内外部参数,也不需要知道任何空间特征点的世界坐标,简化了镜头畸变校正的过程。该方法的特点是需要的已知条件少,算法简单,易于实施,算法的计算速度快。试验结果表明,该方法能准确快速校正由摄像机镜头畸变引起的图像几何畸变,对机器视觉系统是可行的,预计算模板实现方法大大地降低了计算量,为镜头畸变校正实时应用奠定了基础。     

推扫式遥感相机超满阱大动态范围成像

为了提高推扫式遥感相机的动态范围,对应用DTDI(Digital domain Time Delay Integration)技术并采用固定积分级数的成像方法以及高动态范围图像的显示方法等进行研究。首先介绍了DTDI技术基本原理,然后利用该技术突破传统模拟域TDI的满阱电荷限制,获得更高深度、更大动态范围的灰度图像数据,进而拓展了推扫式遥感相机的动态范围。最后结合图像熵和图像灰度分布方差构造评价函数,并将其作为判据选择被关注目标高动态范围图像的最优显示窗口,将信息量最大、层次最为丰富的区间自动显示出来。计算和实验结果表明,当固定积分级数为64的时候,推扫式遥感相机的动态范围可以有效地提高36.124dB;基于评价函数的显示窗口自动选取方法较人工选择能够更加快速、准确地显示最优结果。本文提出的方法能够基本满足推扫式遥感相机领域大动态范围成像及选择显示的需求。     

升余弦变增益微视觉图像自适应增强与应用

微视觉系统中同轴光源和光学衍射的存在,使CCD相机获取的图像具有灰度值偏低、光照不均匀、动态范围大、对比度差以及微细结构丢失或无法辨识的缺陷。为改善图像质量,本文提出一种升余弦变增益子带分解微视觉图像自适应增强方法。该算法首先基于图像特性利用自适应Log增益对原图像进行增强,提高微视觉图像中亮暗区细节特征与背景的对比度;接着使用自适应升余弦卷积进行快速照度估计;然后对各通道的输出图像采用自适应变增益子带分解算法获取独立光谱子带;最后进行亮度校正、图像融合与色彩恢复。将该算法用于微位移测量系统中可使测量结果的相对误差小于20%;用于处理光照不均的图像可有效降低同轴光源靠近中心区域的亮度;此外,扩展至普通图像的处理中可提高对比度,改善细节特征。3组实验结果的平均图像质量相对提高率为81.46%,71.18%和93.75%;平均耗时为3.86s,0.24s和1.27s。     

用于三维变形测量的数字图像相关系统

针对材料力学实验中的三维变形测量,提出并实现了一种基于双目立体视觉、摄影测量术和数字图像相关法的便携式三维变形测量系统。研究了该系统涉及的双目摄像机标定,图像相关算法,三维重建,以及三维位移、应变计算等关键技术。提出了一种基于摄影测量术的摄像机标定算法,该算法采用10参数镜头畸变模型,不需要高精度标定板即可实现摄像机的高精度标定。利用最小二乘非线性优化算法实现了数字图像的高精度匹配,针对非线性优化初值难求的问题,提出了一种基于种子点的初值计算方法,为非线性优化提供了可靠的初值。最后,介绍了三维重建以及计算三维位移、三维应变的方法。实验结果表明,标定结果的重投影误差为0.03 pixel,图像匹配的误差约为0.02 pixel,静态外形及位移的测量精度为0.05%,应变的测量精度优于0.5%。与传统的测量方法相比,本文提出的系统可以更准确、全面、直观地实现对位移场、应变场的测量。     

基于不同积分时间帧累加的红外图像超帧方法

针对大多数常规红外成像系统单帧成帧时间内探测器组件响应动态范围有限,以及超帧算法需要借助其他复杂装置或专用电路的不足,提出了一种基于不同积分时间帧累加的红外图像超帧处理方法,采用电子学处理方法对整个超帧处理过程进行了研究。分析了限制红外探测器响应动态范围的原因,简单介绍了帧积分方法的原理和利弊。然后对不同积分时间下获得的图像进行了非均匀性校正、帧信息融合和新帧映射。实验结果表明:本文方法提高了系统的噪声等效温差(NETD),捕获了更多的场景原始图像信息,丰富了图像的灰度层次,增加了图像的信息熵。该方法能够等效拓展探测器的响应动态范围,增加场景原始信息的捕获,提高成像系统的输出信号信噪比以及探测灵敏度。     

振动轮式微机械陀螺动态特性光学测试方法研究

振动轮式微机械陀螺尺寸小、振动频率高,为了精确评价其动态特性,建立了基于高速摄像技术、显微技术与数字图像相关技术的光学测试系统。配有光学显微镜的高速摄像设备(32000fps)记录并保存被测物瞬时序列图像,根据被测物的角振动特性设计相应的图像相关计算方法以获得振子各时刻的运动位移,并通过位移时间曲线分析振子的固有频率、阻尼系数及品质因子等动态特性参数。实验结果显示,图像相关精度达0.01像素,频率测量误差小于0.01%。高精度地测量了振动轮式微机械陀螺的动态特性,为微结构动态特性的研究提供了一个有效方法。     

改进的高光边缘颜色恒常性算法研究

图像的高光区域包含丰富的光源信息,对颜色恒常性研究具有重要价值。然而,由于自然场景的动态范围往往会超过常用数码相机中传感器所能捕获的范围,高光区域易产生过曝光。针对过曝光现象,提出了一种过曝光区域恢复的高光边缘颜色恒常算法。该算法对高光边缘权重进行了2次优化。第1次优化在过曝光区域校正部分,利用过曝光区域自动校正算法恢复出高光区域的边缘信息,得到高动态范围图像;然后通过迭代算法将图像梯度投影到估计出的光源方向上,得到高光边缘权重的第2次优化;最后将优化后的高光边缘方向作为光源方向的估计。实验表明,对于自然场景图像,特别是其中过曝光明显的图像,该算法有效地解决了权重灰边颜色恒常算法中高光边缘不准确的问题,大大提高了光源估计的准确性。     

风机转子动平衡一阶非线性识别与校正方法研究

在实际风机转子动平衡过程中,由于转子系统的不平衡量与振动之间存在一定的非线性,导致运用线性模型进行的动平衡测试结果存在非线性测量误差,往往需要多次启、停测量才能达到平衡精度要求。为此,考虑非线性因素的影响,阐明了不平衡量与振动响应呈非线性关系,提出了一种在单面刚性转子动平衡测试的基础上进行一阶非线性识别与校正的现场动平衡测试方法。通过实验研究,证明了利用该方法进行动平衡测试的有效性及优越性。     

数码单反相机焦平面光电转换函数的测量及分析

为了在光学实验中合理应用数字成像设备，需要获取并处理其物理输入量与数字输出量之间的关系。基于ISO 14524:2009标准，对数码单反相机Canon EOS 500D的焦平面光电转换函数进行了实验测量及数据分析。通过比较不同尺寸像素区域及不同图片格式对测量结果的影响，发现焦平面光电转换函数的测量偏差随像素区域尺寸的减小而增大，而RAW和JPEG两种文件格式的数字输出值与焦平面曝光量的关系分别为线性和非线性。当单反相机用作光分布记录测量的仪器时，采用直接反应传感器接收的辐照度信息的RAW格式作为输出数据，可以获得较大的动态范围，理论上可以避免相机非线性变换等后续处理带来的影响，经过必要的校正可以更精确地表示场景信息。     

用于强反射表面形貌测量的投影栅相位法

为了实现强反射表面三维形貌的光学非接触测量,提出一种改进的投影栅相位法。分析了强反射表面的反射光特点及其对相位解算的影响,指出了反射光亮度范围与相机动态范围的不一致是导致传统投影栅相位法测量失效的主要原因;提出了亮暗条纹投射、多曝光时间采集图像和图像合成等技术,使相机亮度测量范围与强反射表面的反射光亮度范围相一致,并分析了此方法的可行性和适应范围。最后,给出了改进投影栅相位法的条纹投射与图像采集步骤。实验结果表明,改进的投影栅相位法克服了强反射表面引起的条纹图像饱和或过暗问题,能够成功测量出99.6%以上的三维点云,有效解决了测量点云缺失问题,能够实现强反射表面三维形貌光学非接触测量。     

Development of a dynamic surface shape measurement for magnetic fluid

Traditional measurement techniques such as fringe and stereo projection can hardly measure the black surface shape of magnetic liquid in revolving container which has a cover to prevent the liquid spilling out. To solve this problem, a multi-step measurement method based on linear laser projection is proposed. Modulated laser by synchronous revolving chopper is introduced to obtain the steady projection light curve on the measured location of the magnetic fluid surface. In order to capture the instantaneous reflected light of the projection light curve, a camera used a long exposure time of shooting is used. Taking the advantages of multiple exposure luminance enhancement effect of long exposure time, pictures with high brightness and contrast projection light are obtained. The overall surface shape of the fluid can be reconstructed by many laser projection lines extracted from the pictures captured at different angles of revolving container. A high transparency acrylic cover is adopted to provide good sealing performance and light transmission quality in the experiment. On the base of correction of influence of refractive index of the acrylic cover, the height formula of magnetic fluid surface is derived. The camera installation angle and distance between the camera and the container are not required as the size of container are utilized to calibrate the camera. The relationship between image coordinates and world coordinates is also obtained. According to the height curves of the projection lines and their measuring angles on the container, 3-D surface shape of magnetic fluid is reconstructed. The surface shape is verified indirectly by using the imbalance of the container, and the relative unbalance errors between the measurement results and the results by Shenk dynamic balancing machine under different conditions are between 0.8% and 11%. Another performance experiment on measuring the surface shape of an rubber block indicates that the measurement range of the proposed method is that the slope of the measured surface must be less than 3.94, and the sensitivity is 0.18 mm. All performance of the proposed method is acceptable, so such a complex industrial problem is solved only by a daily digital camera.     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的传感器非线性动态补偿

提出了一种基于最小二乘支持向量机的非线性传感器动态测量误差的校正方法，使得通过该方法补偿的传感器具有理想的输入输出特性。先将传感器的非线性动态系统分解成线性动态子环节和非线性静态子环节串联；与之对应，非线性动态补偿过程也包含2个阶段：线性动态补偿和非线性静态校正。然后，通过函数展开将补偿器的非线性传递函数转换为等价的类线性形式一中间模型；再通过LS-SVM回归算法求取中间模型参数；最后，推导出中间模型参数与补偿器2个子模型参数之间的关系，并通过该关系实现非线性静态校正和线性动态补偿环节的同时辨识。与常规非线性动态补偿方法比较，该方法优点是明显的：（1）只需进行一次动态标定实验；（2）能给出非线性动态补偿器的数学解析表达式；（3）充分利用LS—SVM的优点，使辨识的补偿器具有更好的抗干扰能力。仿真与实际实验结果均表明该传感器非线性动态补偿方法有效。     

基于线结构光参考平面的多摄像机标定方法研究

多摄像机视觉测量系统中不同视觉传感器空间分布广,无公共视角,现场标定十分困难。针对多摄像机标定问题,研究了一种基于线结构光参考平面的灵活标定方法。标定过程中,以空间中同时覆盖相邻摄像机视角的结构光平面作为标定参考基准,在不同摄像机视角中,自由移动平面靶标多次,确保每次移动后靶标与结构光相交,并能在各自摄像机中清晰成像,摄像机拍摄靶标图像。提取靶标图像中角点坐标、激光光条特征点坐标。借助靶标平面与摄像机坐标系外部参数矩阵,求解激光光条特征点在对应摄像机坐标系中坐标。通过结构光基准平面内,不同摄像机坐标系中至少3组非共线特征点坐标信息,求解相邻摄像机外部参数。分别进行标定试验和精度验证试验,试验结果表明该方法切实可行。