热容腔结构参数对近膜面流动的影响

应用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对膜蒸馏系统热容腔结构参数影响近膜面处的流动情况进行正交试验,考察喷管前端距膜面的距离δ和喷管中心线与热容腔径向夹角β对流场的影响.试验结果表明,合理布置热容腔的结构参数组合可以使膜面冲刷速度增大,对膜面的有效冲刷面积也增大,更好的破坏温度极化和浓度极化,使系统的膜通量增加.对于试验中采用的膜蒸馏系统,最优的结构参数组合是第32组试验,δ1、δ2、δ3,β1、β2、β3的取值分别为4 mm、3mm、4 mm,50°、35°、25°.流量也是试验中一个重要的影响因素,随着流量的增加,膜面处切向速度增大,对膜面的作用力增大,但是在增大系统流量提高切向冲刷速度的同时,应该考虑膜的机械强度.试验为膜蒸馏系统内部流动的深入研究提供了试验数据和测试经验,可为膜蒸馏系统结构设计的改进和膜蒸馏系统效率的提高提供了参考.     

空气隙膜蒸馏系统热容腔膜面处流场的数值模拟

空气隙式膜蒸馏旋转切向入流利用出水口流体的切向流动对膜面进行冲刷,且不同的结构参数δ、β可加大靠近膜面流体的湍流强度,从而降低靠近膜面的边界层厚度即降低靠近膜面的浓度极化和温度极化现象,进而增大膜通量.利用Fluent软件可以模拟靠近膜面流体的流场、温度场、压力场等流体的流动情况.通过对比几组结构中靠近膜面流场的情况,可以推断出不同的β,δ以改变靠近膜面的浓度极化和温差极化现象.从而得到热容腔的最优结构.     

空气隙膜蒸馏热腔温度边界层研究

通过圆柱形喷嘴膜组件和鸭嘴形喷嘴膜组件热腔实验,发现旋转切向入流膜组件的膜通量是单一进口管膜组件2～3倍,而后用数值模拟的方法研究了旋转切向入流膜组件强化传质的原因,数值模拟结果表明,膜组件结构参数改变后,近膜面处的温度边界层以及膜面上的温度分布会发生变化鸭嘴形喷嘴膜组件热腔内的温度边界层厚度为1mm,圆柱形喷嘴膜组件的温度边界层厚度为2.8 mm,并且对于鸭嘴形喷嘴膜组件在小流量下也可获得较高的膜面温度.     

旋转切向入流膜蒸馏装置热容腔CFD的数值模拟

采用旋转切向入流增加膜面附近的湍流强度和旋转流速,使膜面附近温度和浓度的边界层厚度降低,是一种新的提高膜蒸馏通量的方法.在此原理基础上运用CFD软件,采用水作为工质,对旋转切向入流空气隙膜蒸馏热容腔内的流场和温度场进行了模拟计算,验证了采用旋转切向入流将大大降低膜面附近的温度梯度,且切向入流管直管段与喷管段角度α和喷管形状(渐缩和无渐缩)的改变也将对边界层的厚度有很大的影响.     

真空膜蒸馏过程的流体力学模拟

利用计算流体力学(CFD)技术成功建立了真空膜蒸馏(VMD)过程中空纤维膜的三维传热和传质模型,并通过实验数据进行了验证.评估了操作条件对VMD性能的影响,讨论了温度、传热系数、热通量、膜通量、温度极化系数和总热效率沿着纤维长度的变化规律.研究发现,VMD中传质主要受料液热边界层内的传热控制,传热阻力主要存在于进料侧.较高的料液进口温度可以增大平均膜通量和总热效率,但温度极化现象更显著.提高料液流速有助于获得更高的跨膜通量,但会使总热效率减小.当料液流速低于0.7 m/s时,温度极化系数先减小随后增大,但若料液流速高于0.7 m/s,则呈现持续减小的趋势.透过侧绝对压力减小会提高传质推动力,进而提高膜通量和热效率,但真空泵的能耗会升高.     

温度极化对膜蒸馏过程的影响研究

采用直接接触式膜蒸馏，以纯水为料液，考察了材料及结构不同的5种微孔疏水膜的渗透性能．分析结果认为，膜的渗透系数和温度极化系数共同影响着膜通量的大小．实验还考察了料液温度和流率对膜通量及热效率的影响，利用膜及膜两侧边界层内传热传质理论对此进行了分析讨论．因温度极化系数随操作温度变化，可通过控制适宜操作温度获得大膜通量和高热效率．增大料液流率可强化传热，使温度极化减弱，膜通量增加．     

热电制冷在空气隙膜蒸馏系统中的应用研究

设计了一种采用热电制冷的并接式空气隙膜蒸馏系统,以热电制冷替代机械式制冷为膜蒸馏过程提供冷量。通过对膜蒸馏过程与热电制冷的匹配研究,给出了最佳匹配工况的基本要求。制作了具有水冷散热热电制冷的膜蒸馏冷腔,对单片热电制冷器采用风冷散冷的制冷性能进行研究,结果表明：一定热端散热强度下,热电制冷膜蒸馏冷腔的冷面温度可满足膜蒸馏运行;当热端循环水进口温度为20℃、流量为100L/h、风机风量为660m3/h、热电制冷器工作电流为5.5A时,热电制冷量为87.1W,制冷效率为1.3,二者均为最大值,且预测相应理论蒸馏通量为40kg/（m2?h）。研究结果为小型太阳能热电制冷空气隙膜蒸馏系统的理论研究和实际应用奠定了基础。     

具有旋向入流膜组件理论传质通量计算

影响膜蒸馏广泛应用的主要原因是传质通量较小,阻碍传质的主要因素是温度和浓度极化现象及膜污染的存在.基于Knudsen diffusion和Molecular diffusion扩散传质理论,以水为工质,计算了膜热侧溶液温度30～70℃膜蒸馏理论膜通量.实验采用三向旋转切向入流膜组件,通过喷管不同结构参数下测得实验膜通量,并与理论膜通量进行了比较,拟合出具有三向旋转入流膜组件膜通量的修正系数,为工程实际应用提供理论依据.     

空气隙膜组件与半导体制冷的耦合设计与研究

以新型气隙式膜蒸馏冷腔为研究对象,拟寻求合适的制冷源来代替大型、高耗能的制冷机.对新型空气隙膜组件与半导体制冷片的匹配理论进行了研究,并且做了耦合设计.实验采用空气强制对流散冷和循环水浴散热的方式,测试分析在特定条件下半导体冷端温度的变化规律,探求适合于空气隙膜蒸馏冷腔的片数及运行工况.研究结果表明,半导体制冷片不但响应时间迅速,而且长时间运行稳定性好.散热循环水浴流量对半导体冷端的温度影响很大.在风机风量600m3/h,室温22℃,散热循环水浴流量700L/h,水温20℃的条件下,输入电流I=20A时,半导体冷端温度是8.86℃,制冷量是112.83 W,在膜面积为0.010 4m2时,可以达到膜蒸馏冷腔所需的温度条件.可以作为优化新型气隙式膜组件冷腔的首选方案.     

膜生物反应器近膜面流场特性实验研究

利用PIV技术测试了膜面附近的气液两相流动力学特性,在2.5m~3/h曝气强度下,对1、2、3 mm三种曝气孔径条件下的气泡动力学特性进行了研究,同时分析了不同孔径下对应的液相速度场、涡量场和雷诺应力分布规律.结果表明,在曝气强度较低的情况下,孔径大小是影响气泡大小的重要几何因素,3mm孔径所形成的气液两相流中液相速度、涡量值和雷诺应力均是最大的,表现在膜过滤过程中,能更好地促进膜表面浓差极化层的物料混合.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from