以PAMAM/TMC为单体的复合纳滤膜制备及其在油田采出水处理中的应用

以聚砜超滤膜为基膜,通过聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM,G0)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的界面聚合反应制备了复合纳滤膜.通过正交实验优化了纳滤膜的制备条件,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR-ATR)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)进行膜表面结构及形貌分析,测试了纳滤膜的盐截留能力.结果表明:纳滤膜制备条件确定为聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM,G0)浓度为0.25%,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)浓度为0.3%,界面聚合时间为90s,热处理温度为80℃,热处理时间15min.界面聚合后在超滤膜表面形成了一层致密的聚酰胺(PA)活性皮层,所制得的复合纳滤膜盐截留顺序为Na_2SO_4MgSO_4MgCl_2NaCl,表明纳滤膜表面带有负电荷.纳滤膜处理采油废水时,存在过滤初期的通量快速下降、随后的缓慢下降以及最后的通量稳定3个阶段,且压力为0.7 MPa,0.9 MPa和1.1 MPa时所对应的通量由10L/(m~2·h)逐渐升高到22L/(m~2·h),其对采油废水的盐截留率处在12.6%~14%之间.     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯/聚砜中空纤维纳滤复合膜的研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)为表层材料,以对二氯苄为交联剂,聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,通过界面聚合反应(季铵化反应)制备了荷正电中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了基膜、PDMAEMA、交联剂、溶剂、催化剂等和制膜工艺对复合纳滤膜截留性能的影响,从中总结出以聚电解质为交联预聚体制备复合纳滤膜的基本规律.首先用本体聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA,采用中空纤维超滤技术精制PDMAEMA水溶液.PDMAEMA水溶液具有浓度、外加盐和pH的响应性.其凝胶层也表现出相同的特点.研究了以聚砜(PSF)平板膜为基膜时,PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的制备条件.研究结果如下:此界面聚合反应在有机相中进行;较优的制备条件为:PDMAEMA浓度为2wt%,对二氯苄浓度为1%～1.5%(wt),应加入少量的NaHCO3来维持溶液的微碱性,室温下反应即可进行,反应时间为5h.另外,用辐照交联的方法制备了PDMAEMA平板型复合纳滤膜,所制备的纳滤膜对2g/LMgSO4的截留率为50%左右.中空纤维外压复合纳滤膜的制备实验包括以下内容:进行了中空纤维外压纳滤膜的基膜选择,研究了基膜对聚合物溶液的吸附行为;确定PDMAEMA涂层液的最佳浓度为0.75wt%;在PDMAEMA水溶液中加入0.148mol/L NaHCO3能提高纳滤膜对二价盐的截留率,但对通量的提高不大;往PDMAEMA水溶液中加入5%(v/v)乙醇能得到高通量、高脱盐率的中空纤维纳滤膜,对MgSO4的截留率≥98%,水通量可达19.5L/(m2·h)(内压膜),水通量≥20L/(m2·h)(外压膜);加入催化剂碘化钾(KI)使反应时间缩短为3.5h.荷正电的PDMAEMA中空纤维纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率顺序为:MgSO4＞MgCl2＞NaCl＞KCl＞KI,对阳离子的截留顺序为:Mg2 ＞Na ＞K ,对阴离子的截留顺序为:Cl-＞Br-＞I-.对蔗糖的截留率＞60%,对D-甘露糖的截留率为37.4%(外压膜)和32.2%(内压膜),并能有效软化自来水.对分子量大于300的小分子荷正电染料的截留率＞50%.纳滤操作条件影响纳滤膜对无机盐的截留性能.无机盐的浓度上升,纳滤膜的截留率和通量都略有下降;纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和水通量随着操作压力的增大而增加.PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜表现出温度敏感性和pH敏感性.制备了PDMAEMA中空纤维内压纳滤膜,确定PDMAEMA溶液的浓度为0.75wt%,内压纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和通量的变化与压力的关系符合高斯曲线.实验测试了PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的耐溶剂性,所用溶剂为纯水,0.5mol/L HCl,0.5mol/L NaOH和30%H2O2(wt%).实验表明:PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的杀菌性、耐碱性和耐氧化性较好,但不适于在酸性介质中保存和使用.     

改性水滑石复合纳滤膜的制备及染料/盐分离性能研究

通过低饱和共沉淀法制备水滑石(LDH),采用反向原子转移自由基聚合(RATRP)法在水滑石片层表面接枝聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS),制备改性水滑石LDH-PSS,最后采用层层自组装法制备LDH/LDH-PSS复合纳滤膜,并研究复合纳滤膜对染料与二价盐的分离效果以及不同添加量和LDH/LDH-PSS层数对其性能的影响.分析复合纳滤膜对一价盐、二价盐以及活性黑的截留性能和膜的纯水通量,研究复合纳滤膜的分离性能.结果表明,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着水滑石和改性水滑石层数的增加而降低,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量最高达到145 L/(m~2·h·MPa).复合纳滤膜对活性黑5的截留率可达96.7%,且对二价无机盐MgSO_4的截留率低至20%以下.     

耐氯聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备与性能

采用哌嗪(PIP)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为单体以界面聚合制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜,用戊二醛(GA)对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行交联处理,再浸入间氨基乙酰苯胺中进行接枝反应得到具有耐氯性的改性复合纳滤膜.通过红外光谱和固体表面电位Zeta电位分析仪表征,证明间氨基乙酰苯胺接枝到活性层表面,降低了复合膜的荷负电性,扫描电子显微镜显示改性膜呈现无孔和更加粗糙的状态,接触角测量表明改性提高了复合膜表面的亲水性.耐氯测试表明,室温下,在pH=4,浓度1 g/L的NaClO溶液中浸泡10 h后,改性膜的截留率由94.04％下降至91.81％,PIP-TMC复合纳滤膜的截留率由94.60％下降至78.85％.     

基于BTP/PIP-TMC界面聚合体系制备高通量复合纳滤膜

选择具有良好亲水性和线性结构特征的1,3-二[三(羟甲基)甲氨基]丙烷(BTP)与哌嗪(PIP)共同组成水相单体,与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)通过界面聚合合成复合纳滤膜.利用ATR/FTIR、SEM和接触角测定仪等手段对合成的复合纳滤膜进行表征,并考察水相单体中BTP含量对纳滤膜渗透分离性能和亲水性的影响.结果表明,BTP被成功引入到聚酰胺分离层中,随着水相单体中BTP含量的提高,聚酰胺分离层厚度和水通量都有所增加,但对无机盐的截留性能下降.最佳的水相组成为：PIP质量分数为0.4%,BTP质量分数为0.6%,此时复合纳滤膜的纯水渗透系数为105 L/(m²·h·MPa),达到原膜的1.54倍,对Na₂SO₄、MgSO₄、MgCl₂和NaCl的截留率分别为97.3%、91.4%、40.7%和31.7%.     

PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)为膜材料，LiCl和水为添加剂，N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂，通过相转化法制备PMIA超滤基膜.以哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体，均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相单体，通过界面聚合法制备PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜.考察了单体浓度对复合纳滤膜渗透分离性能的影响，结果表明，当单体浓度增加时，复合纳滤膜的水通量下降，Na₂SO₄的截留率增大；水相单体PIP质量分数为0.5%,油相单体TMC质量分数为0.07%,反应时间为30 s,后处理温度为70℃,后处理时间为3 min时，所制备的PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜的水通量为508.9 L/(m²·h·MPa),Na₂SO₄截留率为98.24%,酰胺(PA)层厚度为40 nm,接触角为44°;PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜在有机溶剂和酸碱中浸泡30 d后，仍保持稳定的Na₂SO₄截留率.     

基于丹宁酸的低压复合纳滤膜的制备及其染料分离性能

以丹宁酸、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯为反应物,以聚丙烯腈超滤膜为底膜,采用界面聚合法制备低压复合纳滤膜.ATR-FTIR与扫描电镜(SEM)测试结果表明,PAN表面形成无缺陷丹宁酸(TA)分离层;由于单宁酸(TA)多酚基团的空间位阻作用减慢了界面聚合反应速率,所得纳滤膜表层呈现疏松结构,在0.2MPa低操作压力下,丹宁酸复合纳滤膜的水通量可达15.81L/(m~2 h),甲基蓝截留率为94.5%;随着水相单宁酸浓度的增加,复合纳滤膜的甲基蓝截留率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,水通量的变化规律正好相反;抗污染性能测试表明,以丹宁酸制备的复合纳滤膜具有良好的抗污染性能.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备与表征

以聚砜超滤膜为基膜,通过间苯二胺(PDA)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)界面聚合制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜.系统地考察了界面聚合条件对所得复合膜性能的影响及膜对不同类型的无机盐的分离性能.详细表征了基膜与复合膜的表面形貌和接触角.结果表明:最佳聚合条件为:PDA质量分数1.5%,TMC质量分数0.1%,水相浸泡时间3min,反应时间20s,热处理温度80℃,热处理时间3min.在0.6MPa下,对2 000mg/L的MgSO4的截留率和通量分别为95.6%和7L/(m2·h).复合膜对四种不同类型无机盐的截留率的次序依次为Na2SO4MgSO4NaClMgCl2.此外,表面形貌和接触角研究表明通过界面聚合在基膜表面形成了一层聚酰胺功能层.     

PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟染料废水处理中的应用

以氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)超滤膜为基膜,将多巴胺(DA)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)共沉积后,与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)进行界面聚合制备了聚酰胺/聚多巴胺/氯化聚氯乙烯(PA/PDA/CPVC)复合纳滤膜。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、接触角仪对PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜选择层的化学结构、微观结构、表面粗糙度及亲水性进行了表征,探讨了PEI质量浓度对复合纳滤膜结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明：随着PEI质量浓度的增大,复合纳滤膜表面变得光滑、亲水性增强,通量先增大后减小;PEI质量浓度为5g/L时,复合纳滤膜的通量达到最大。PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜对染料活性黑5(RB5)的截留率皆高于94%,而对NaCl的截留率低于5.6%,说明该复合纳滤膜能够对染料和盐进行较好的分离,复合纳滤膜在模拟RB5染料废水处理中稳定性良好。     

Ti3C2Tx(MXene)掺杂薄层复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能研究

通过氟化锂/稀盐酸刻蚀钛碳化铝合成单层二碳化三钛(Ti_3C_2T_x)纳米片,进而采用界面聚合方法制备一种MXene (Ti_3C_2T_x)掺杂的聚酰胺(PA)薄层复合纳滤膜,并对其渗透分离性能进行研究.以哌嗪(PIP)、Ti_3C_2T_x混合分散液作为水相、均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的正己烷溶液作为有机相,在聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜支撑层上进行界面聚合,获得Ti_3C_2T_x掺杂的薄层复合纳滤膜.对Ti_3C_2T_x掺杂的薄层复合纳滤膜的微观结构、化学成分、表面润湿性、表面电荷特征进行详细的测试与表征,并考察了Ti_3C_2T_x掺杂量对复合纳滤膜表面微观结构和分离性能的影响.结果表明,聚酰胺皮层中Ti_3C_2T_x的掺杂增加了膜表面的粗糙度,降低了聚酰胺皮层的厚度,提高了膜表面的亲水性及负电性,并在硫酸钠盐截留率保持98%的同时提高了纳滤膜的纯水通量.     

An examination of the effect of composite constituent properties on the notched-strength performance of composite materials

The effect of matrix and fiber properties on the strengths and failure processes of notched, continuous-fiber composite specimens has been investigated. Bearing, open and filled hole tension and compression tests were conducted on AS-4/3501-6, IM-8/3501-6, AS-4/APC-2 and IM-8/APC-2 specimens. Failure characteristics of tested specimens were studied by fractographic techniques. Failure progression was tracked by means of incremental loading, radiography and fractographic inspection.     

Characterization of composite materials made from discontinuous carbon fibres within the framework of composite recycling

Recycling carbon fibres from waste composite materials would only be efficient if it were possible to separate the fibres and the matrix and to re-use the recycled fibres as new reinforcements. The challenge is to use non-continuous fibres to produce high-strength materials. The formation of defects in “semi-long” fibre composites has not yet been taken into account. In this paper the influence of fibre length and fibre alignment on the strength and the modulus of composite materials is illustrated. It is shown that the presence of defects may be modelled in order to understand what the quality of a second generation composite material would be.     

The microstructure of a Nicalon/SiC composite and fibre deformation in the composite

The microstructure of a Nicalon/SiC composite has been examined in detail using electron microscopy. The microstructure of the fibres does not change significantly during fabrication of the composite. It was found that there were two kinds of SiC grains in the matrix, polyhedral-shaped ones near to the fibres with a size ranging from 10–100 nm and columnar grains, further away from the fibres and up to 500 nm in length. It was also found that there is an interfacial layer of thickness about 100 nm between the fibres and the matrix. Fibre deformation was followed using Raman spectroscopy. Well-defined Raman spectra could be obtained from free-standing fibres and the fibres and the matrix in the composite. It was found that for free-standing fibres, the 1350 cm^–1 Raman band shifts to lower frequency during tensile deformation. In the composite, the same band shifts to lower frequency during axial compressive deformation indicating that the fibres are in tension while the composite is subjected to overall compression. It is suggested that this behaviour is consistent with the woven arrangement of Nicalon fibres in the composite.     

Synthesis of polyaniline-gold/graphene oxide composite and microwave absorption characteristics of the composite films

This paper describes the synthesis of polyaniline-gold nanocomposite by an in situ polymerization of aniline hydrochloride with graphene oxide using hydrogen tetrachloroaurate as an oxidant. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR and UV–vis spectroscopy, and their surface morphology was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Microwave absorption property of the composite films was studied at 2–12 GHz, and the effects of sample thickness on the microwave absorption were investigated. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of PANI-GNP has been enhanced due to the inclusion of GO.     

A composite computational model of liver glucose homeostasis. I. Building the composite model

A computational model of the glucagon/insulin-driven liver glucohomeostasis function, focusing on the buffering of glucose into glycogen, has been developed. The model exemplifies an ‘engineering’ approach to modelling in systems biology, and was produced by linking together seven component models of separate aspects of the physiology. The component models use a variety of modelling paradigms and degrees of simplification. Model parameters were determined by an iterative hybrid of fitting to high-scale physiological data, and determination from small-scale in vitro experiments or molecular biological techniques. The component models were not originally designed for inclusion within such a composite model, but were integrated, with modification, using our published modelling software and computational frameworks. This approach facilitates the development of large and complex composite models, although, inevitably, some compromises must be made when composing the individual models. Composite models of this form have not previously been demonstrated.     

复合材料调制热像检测的数值模拟

为了给复合材料结构的调制热波成像检测提供基础理论依据和操作参数窗口,用基于有限单元法的计算机数值模拟研究了复合材料层压板分层、脱粘的调制热像检测规律。分析了相位差与调制频率及缺陷深度的关系,提出了最佳检测频率、半高频带和盲频的预测方法,验证了利用盲频来估计缺陷深度的方法,提出利用最佳检测频率来估计缺陷深度的新方法。研究结果表明：最佳调制频率和盲频近似与缺陷深度的平方成反比;最大相位差及半高频带宽随缺陷深度的增大而减小;利用盲频和最佳调制频率都可以对缺陷深度进行定量估计,在缺陷深度为1~4 mm的范围内,两种方法的估计误差分别在约9%和11%以内。     

Resistance welding of thermosetting composite/thermoplastic composite joints

An investigation of the resistance welding between carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) and CF-reinforced epoxy laminates is presented. A three-dimensional transient finite element model (FEM) featuring heat transfer, consolidation and thermal degradation was used for simulating the process. A hybrid interlayer made of a glass fibre (GF) fabric essentially impregnated with PEI on one side and with epoxy resin on the other side was produced to provide mechanical interlocking between the thermoplastic (TP) and the thermosetting (TS) systems. The ‘optimal’ resistance welding time based on the maximum lap shear strength (LSS) was determined for three power levels and correlated to the time required to achieve bonding predicted by the FEM. Consolidation quality and failure mechanisms were discussed in relation with processing parameters. Experimental and simulated processing windows were constructed and correlated to each other. However, thermal degradation as predicted by the model did not correlate to a reduction in performance of the joint.     

An extension of the composite nomenclature scheme

An expanded version of composite nomenclature is presented. This nomenclature is based on the principles of connectivity, property type, tensor rank, size scale, and orientation. Families of connectivity patterns for diphasic and triphasic composites are listed. These families adequately reflect the possibilities of composite connectivities. The concept of quasi-composites is introduced in order to clarify the relations among constituent phases in a composite. An extension of the nomenclature to encompass dependence of the connectivity on external variables is also included. The nomenclature scheme conforms to intuitive ideas of importance; however, it is based on rigorous application of rules of precedence.     

Mechanical behaviour of the Cd-Zn eutectic composite

The structure and the resultant mechanical properties of the unidirectionally solidified Cd-Zn eutectic have been examined over a wide range of growth rates. The yield and ultimate strengths when tested in tension and compression were found to increase monotonically with the growth rate. The deformation of the matrix in tension occurred mostly by twinning whereas slip-controlled deformation was observed in compression. Hypereutectic alloys, directionally solidified at extremely fast growth rates to produce a coupled-eutectic microstructure, did not exhibit superior mechanical properties due to considerable misalignment of the reinforcing Zn phase.