基于领域本体网络模型的知识获取技术

知识获取一直是人工智能的瓶颈,如何有效地从文本中提取知识是知识工程所关注的问题。该文提出并构建了领域本体网络模型,将其用于中医领域文本的知识获取,分析了领域本体的数据结构、本体概念的实例化以及语义场的结构与组织方法。基于中文信息处理技术,提出了获取文本知识的框架,实现了原型系统,并用于中医医案知识的获取,取得了较好的效果。     

Knowledge map: An approach to knowledge acquisition in developing engineering expert systems

This paper addresses the critical issues of knowledge acquisition in developing knowledge-based expert systems for engineering tasks. First, it reviews the role of knowledge acquisition and its current practice in expert system development. Then, a new approach based on three stages of knowledge refinement is suggested to improve the process of knowledge acquisition. This approach, calledrule verification without rule construction, is proposed to allow knowledge engineers and domain experts to experience a more intimate and balanced role in developing intelligent systems. The communication tool developed for this concept is calledknowledge map, which provides a systematic way of indexing and quantifying a piece of knowledge in the problem space by defining important attributes as the axes of the map. This approach is demonstrated by constructing a twodimensional map for a knowledge-based engineering design system, IDRILL, which we are currently developing. Future expansions of this knowledge acquisition technique are summarized as the conclusions of this paper.This paper was presented in part at the 1986 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference in Chicago, IL, and appeared in the proceedings of that conference.     

基于粗概念格模型的电子商务领域本体的构建研究

以构建电子商务系统中的本体为出发点,分析现有的本体构建技术中存在的缺陷。针对这些不足,综合考虑变精度粗糙集模型和形式概念分析的相关理论,提出基于粗概念格模型来构建本体。将变精度粗糙集的β选取算法和可辨识矩阵属性约简算法进行了改进,使β 上、下分布的约简方法适用于形式背景的约简,从而提出基于变精度粗糙集的概念格约减算法;然后计算语义概念相似度,并以联合国标准产品与服务分类代码的本体元模型为核心本体,结合领域专家知识,建立电子商务领域本体模型。实验表明了粗概念格构建本体的高效性。     

藏文语义本体中的上下位关系模式匹配算法

语义本体是共享概念模型显示的形式化规范说明,其目标是将杂乱无章的信息源转变为有序易用的知识源。目前语义本体还主要依赖于手工创建模式。上下位关系是一种基本的语义关系,常用于语义本体中概念的自动获取和验证。该文首先描述了藏文语义本体的创建方法,进而给出了藏文中的上下位关系模式以及模式匹配算法。上下位关系的模式可以辅助进行概念扩充,也可以作为建立和维护本体的辅助工具,这在一定程度上降低了创建和维护本体的成本。     

Conceptual modeling of causal map: Object oriented causal map

This study has been started from question “Is there a methodology that can make causal map comprised of causality as a database by using conceptual modeling method?” In this research, causal map is proposed to represent causal relation by using conceptual modeling method. Therefore, we formalize causality as a cognitive rule to allow us to control changes in the decision making environment. Such causality is embedded in the real world (application domain). And, user (decision maker) use to represent set of causality which decision-makers have retrieved from the set of knowledge or experiences in application domain. Such set of causality that decision-makers possess in their know–how and short (long) term memory are usually formalized by causal map. It is verified for users whether this causal map is helpful in solving their problems. By extending the basis of conceptual modeling theory (ontology theory, classification theory, decomposition theory, and semantic network theory), we introduce a concept of causal entity diagram and address why causal map is needed to analyze a specific domain knowledge for given decision problem solving. Finally, object oriented causal map (O2CM) were employed to verify usefulness of causal map for user (decision maker) in this study.     

专家视图与本体视图的语义映射方法

由于本体具有强大的知识表示和推理能力,本体已经在很多领域得到了广泛应用.然而,本体的深入应用还面临着很多深层次的共性语义映问题,已有的本体建模方法仅仅提出了一些简单的指导原则和基本步骤,使得知识工程师仍然无从下手.在基于领域专家知识构建领域语义知识库时,针对领域专家知识中的一词多义、多元关系和安全需求等3类共性语义映射问题,从5个方面展开了深入研究,提出了相应的语义映射方法,总结了10条本体建模约定.最后构建了一个完整的应用案例,并对所提出的5类语义映射方法进行了评价.     

Addressing the Ontology Acquisition Bottleneck Through Reverse Ontological Engineering

The use of ontologies in knowledge engineering arose as a solution to the difficulties associated with acquiring knowledge, commonly referred to as the knowledge acquisition bottleneck. The knowledge-level model represented in an ontology provides a much more structured and principled approach compared with earlier transfer-of-symbolic-knowledge approaches but brings with it a new problem, which can be termed the ontology-acquisition (and maintenance) bottleneck. Each ontological approach offers a different structure, different terms and different meanings for those terms. The unifying theme across approaches is the considerable effort associated with developing, validating and connecting ontologies. We propose an approach to engineering ontologies by retrospectively and automatically discovering them from existing data and knowledge sources in the organization. The method offered assists in the identification of similar and different terms and includes strategies for developing a shared ontology. The approach uses a human-centered, concept-based knowledge processing technique, known as formal concept analysis, to generate an ontology from examples. To assist classification of examples and to identify the salient features of the example, we use a rapid and incremental knowledge acquisition and representation technique, known as ripple-down rules. The method can be used as an alternative or complement to other approaches.     

Useful approach for evaluating expert systems

Abstract: Evaluation of expert systems is an important step in the knowledge engineering process. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, and inferencing mechanisms. However, evaluation, and to a lesser extent, validation, have been slightly overlooked. This paper addresses some of the evaluation techniques that have been used for measuring information systems effectiveness and expert systems effectiveness. Specific attention is focused on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Choice. The evaluation results of an expert system prototype, called 'Read', are discussed via the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Choice.     

Computerized conferencing for knowledge acquisition from multiple experts

The increasing complecity of many expert system application areas calls for the integration of the knowledge of multiple experts. The use of multiple experts introduces some interesting new problems during the process of knowledge acquisition. The problems are further complicated when the experts are geographically dispersed or unavailable for face-to-face interactions.

This article discusses the motivations for acquiring the knowledge of multiple experts, the problems related to knowledge acquisition, new issues that arise whens multiple experts interact, solutions that can be brought to bear in building multiple expert systems (particularly when experts are geographically dispersed), and new tools for knowledge engineers to use when dealing with multiple experts.     

基于多特征表示的本体概念挂载

该文研究了一种基于多特征表示的本体概念挂载方法。以中国大百科知识体系作为本体体系结构,抽取网络知识库条目作为本体概念,通过分析条目中文本内容、语义标签和半结构化信息获得本体概念间层级关系。该文将中国大百科知识体系扩展为百万级概念的多领域中文本体,为进一步抽取本体概念的属性、概念之间的非层级关系以及支持问答服务等应用建立了良好的基础。实验证明该方法相对于单一特征方法能够提高11.8%的挂载精度。     

基于本体的知识库模型研究

本体作为一种能在语义和知识层次上描述信息系统的概念模型建模工具,近年来在计算机的许多领域得到了广泛的应用。其中,基于本体的知识构建是一个复杂的系统工程。就目前的研究状况来说,主要是解决如何构建知识模型的问题。本文运用本体知识模型相关的理论,在分析了本体论、知识库和知识库系统概念的基础上探讨了本体论在知识库系统中的应用和方法,提出了一种基于本体的知识模型,并阐述了基于本体的知识库构建方法。     

基于知识工程的船体焊接工艺研究

船舶制造过程中船体焊接领域工艺知识缺乏有效的归纳与整理,导致其重用性和 共享性差。针对上述问题,基于知识工程技术,研究了船体焊接工艺领域知识的获取、分类、 表示及推理应用的方法,并开发了工艺知识库系统,有效实现了知识的共享与重用。首先提出 了船体焊接工艺知识获取途径及分类模式;其次以此为基础,将基于本体的知识表示方法的研 究成果应用于船体焊接工艺,建立领域本体;然后提出焊接工艺推理模式,以国家标准、行业 标准等规范性文件和专业书籍、专家意见等指导性文件为基础构建工艺规则库,设计模糊规则 推理系统;最终设计开发面向船体焊接工艺的知识库系统,规范化实现知识获取、知识表示、 知识推理及知识管理功能,为船体焊接领域相关工作人员提供知识共享及重用的支撑平台,为 船舶制造其他领域中知识工程技术的利用提供参考。     

Evaluating the Generation of Domain Ontologies in the Knowledge Puzzle Project

One of the goals of the knowledge puzzle project is to automatically generate a domain ontology from plain text documents and use this ontology as the domain model in computer-based education. This paper describes the generation procedure followed by TEXCOMON, the knowledge puzzle ontology learning tool, to extract concept maps from texts. It also explains how these concept maps are exported into a domain ontology. Data sources and techniques deployed by TEXCOMON for ontology learning from texts are briefly described herein. Then, the paper focuses on evaluating the generated domain ontology and advocates the use of a three-dimensional evaluation: structural, semantic, and comparative. Based on a set of metrics, structural evaluations consider ontologies as graphs. Semantic evaluations rely on human expert judgment, and finally, comparative evaluations are based on comparisons between the outputs of state-of-the-art tools and those of new tools such as TEXCOMON, using the very same set of documents in order to highlight the improvements of new techniques. Comparative evaluations performed in this study use the same corpus to contrast results from TEXCOMON with those of one of the most advanced tools for ontology generation from text. Results generated by such experiments show that TEXCOMON yields superior performance, especially regarding conceptual relation learning.     

面向工艺设计过程的知识管理的研究

工艺知识有很多种类和表达方法,而本体可以为知识共享和重用提供手段。提出了工艺知识本体的三个层次,明确了与工艺知识有关的概念和术语的层次关系,从而形成工艺知识的整体视野。举例说明了工艺知识中领域概念的提取及其在知识库中的使用,论述了工艺知识查询时本体发挥的作用,从本体建模元语的角度分析,利用知识本体的概念相似度进行语义检索,并结合机床的例子说明其在工艺知识管理中的应用。为了提高知识利用效率,明确了面向工艺设计过程的各种工艺知识需求。最后介绍了基于本体的工艺知识管理系统的框架以及原型系统的开发方法,并进行了初步应用验证。     

Knowledge acquisition and ontology modelling for construction of a control and monitoring expert system

This paper presents the processes of knowledge acquisition and ontology development for structuring the knowledge base of an expert system. Ontological engineering is a process that facilitates construction of the knowledge base of an intelligent system. Ontology is the study of the organization and classification of knowledge. Ontological engineering in artificial intelligence has the practical goal of constructing frameworks for knowledge that allow computational systems to tackle knowledgeintensive problems and it supports knowledge sharing and reuse. To illustrate the process of conceptual modelling using the Inferential Modelling Technique as a basis for ontology construction, the tool and processes are applied to build an expert system in the domain of monitoring of a petroleum-production facility.     

基于知识图的领域本体构建方法

提出了一种基于知识图的领域本体半自动构建方法。以《知网》为语义知识资源,知识图为语义表示方法,采用成熟的软件工程流程,最终构建出的领域本体具有结构明确、语义清晰的特点。对于在其上的语义网、信息抽取等应用提供了有效支持。介绍了本体的概念、设计的准则、建模的流程,并对未来的本体的移植性进行展望。实验结果表明该方法在不确定性知识处理上优于传统本体构建方法。     

Towards improving usage and management of supplies in healthcare: An ontology-based solution for sharing knowledge

The goal of this work is to contribute to an improvement in the management and usage of medical items in hospitals by developing an ontology-driven solution that organizes and describes clearly related knowledge. Experts in the purchasing and management of hospital supplies (administrative and clinical) were invited to participate at different stages of the ontology-based system development. As a result of the first stage, the HealthCatalog ontology was developed. This ontology models generic items included in a health catalog and their management. Secondly, a further refinement of the ontology was conducted by specifically studying the case of gloves. Twenty-seven references of different glove types were modeled and included in the ontology during the stage two. A prototype was then developed as a proof of concept and for the evaluation of the ontology. Finally, a usability evaluation was planned to improve the ontology and obtain feedback from experts after testing the system. Experts involved in the evaluation stressed its potential use in a real clinical environment and the benefits it would bring in terms of cost and sharing knowledge among clinical personnel. Our proposed ontology-based system provides an understandable and organized solution to capture knowledge regarding item management and usage. It addresses the integration challenge of health catalogs while providing a framework for collaborative sharing and knowledge acquisition among clinicians.     

中医专家系统技术综述及新系统实现研究

对中医专家系统二十多年来的发展进行了简单的概括,总结了专家系统应用在中医领域的技术特点。基于中医诊断专家系统的发展现状,分别从系统建模、知识获取和知识库构建等方面提出了新的思路和实现技术,例如认知模型的建立、领域本体的应用、自然语言理解、数据挖掘、知识网络、多智体agent技术等,并设计了一种新型中医专家系统,为中医专家系统的发展提供了有价值的参考方向。