高温气冷堆甲烷蒸汽重整制氢蒸汽重整器的初步研究

基于一维拟均相模型，针对高温气冷堆具有单根转化管的甲烷蒸汽重整器建立了动态数学模型，开发了相应的计算程序，并对日本原子能研究所设计的甲烷重整器进行了稳态计算与分析。研究结果表明：重整器氦气入口的散热损失对重整器性能有明显影响，而化学反应速度则不是影响其性能的主要因素。稳态计算结果与实验结果较好吻合。      

应用于等离子体排灰气处理的甲烷水汽重整反应的热力学分析

Tokamak装置中的等离子体反应一段时间后,需对产生的排灰气进行净化处理,以回收其中的氘氚。目前拟采用甲烷水汽重整反应将化合态的氘氚转化为单质并回收。本文运用Gibbs自由能最小化方法,对应用于等离子体排灰气处理的水汽重整反应进行热力学分析,考查反应温度、原料比例、反应压力、O₂、CO₂、H₂、CO等因素对反应平衡的影响,确定了适宜的反应条件,即反应温度范围650～700 ℃,压力1×105 Pa,水碳比1.5～2.0。此外,原料气中O₂或CO₂的存在有利于减少积碳的生成量,并获得较高的氢同位素平衡转化率;H₂的存在对重整反应的热力学平衡无明显影响;CO的存在会使积碳量增加,对反应产生不利影响,在进入重整反应器前应将其去除。     

高温气冷堆甲烷蒸汽重整制氢系统中蒸汽重整器的数值分析

为了对高温气冷堆甲烷蒸汽重整制氢系统中氦气加热的蒸汽重整器的性能进行定量化的分析,基于一维拟均相模型建立了一个动态的数学模型,开发了相应的计算程序.利用日本原子能研究院的实验结果进行了稳态下的模型验证与计算分析.研究表明:稳态的计算与实验结果吻合较好;化学反应速度不是影响性能的主要因素;相对光滑管,中心管采用肋片管使蒸汽重整器性能有明显的提高.     

耦合高温堆的氦加热无机膜重整器的数值研究

基于拟均相一维模型,对耦合高温堆的氦加热无机膜重整器建立了一个稳态的数学模型,开发了相应的计算程序.结果表明:氦加热无机膜重整器的平均热流密度比常规的氦加热重整器高约25%,这样可实现紧凑的重整器结构,对于整个系统的安全性和经济性具有很重要的意义.利用氦加热无机膜重整器能获得高达95%的甲烷转化率,而压力损失只是略有增加. 当膜厚度比较小和吹扫比比较大时,甲烷转化率随着重整压力的增加而增大,这样高温堆甲烷蒸汽重整制氢系统的高压将由不利条件变为有利条件.     

高温堆甲烷蒸汽重整制氢系统性能热力学分析

从热力学的角度分析高温堆甲烷蒸汽重整制氢系统的性能，为进一步研究实际的制氢系统提供框架。建立了完全反应模型和平衡反应模型，研究系统效率，产氢量随过程参数的变化关系，得到各性能指标的极限值以及过程参数的最优值。通过与实验数据的比较，采用平衡反应模型对系统进行初步分析是合适的。     

负载型Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷与氘化氢之间的氢氘交换性能

实验研究了以浸渍法制备的负载型Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂体系上甲烷与氘化氢之间的氢氘交换性能,考察了各反应工艺条件包括反应温度、反应原料气流量、反应原料气中HD/CH4的比等因素对Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷与氘化氢之间的氢氘交换性能的影响,采用程序升温还原（H2-TPR）和X射线粉末衍射（XRD）手段对催化剂进行了检测。实验结果表明,Ru和载体γ-Al2O3发生了强相互作用;在对甲烷与氘化氢间的氢氘交换反应中,Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂显示出较好的催化活性和稳定性。     

Rh/γ-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷-氘化氢间的氢氘交换性能

采用Rh/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,在固定床微型反应器上实验考察进料组成、反应温度和反应物总流量对甲烷氢氘交换的催化性能的影响。结果表明：在进料组成不变的条件下,当温度低于642K时,甲烷的转化率随温度的升高而快速增加,当温度高于642K时,甲烷的转化率不随温度的升高而变化;在反应温度为524～792K、进料组成不变的条件下,当温度低于642K时,甲烷的转化率随反应物流量的增加而明显减小,当温度高于642K时,甲烷的转化率基本不随温度的升高而变化;在反应温度为524～792K、反应物总流量不变的条件下,当HD/CH₄流量比在1.1～2.5间变化时,甲烷的转化率随HD/CH₄流量比的增加而减小。     

氢同位素D、T从气相到液相的氢-水交换实验研究

采用Pt-SDB疏水催化剂和亲水填料混装进行含氘、氚氢气与水的液相催化交换实验，研究反应温度、气体流量和液体流量对D、T转化率以及H-D、H-T的总传质系数Kya的影响。研究结果表明：在相同操作条件下，T的转化率η(H-T)比D的转化率η(H-T)高，H-T的总传质系数比H-D的高；从D、T转化率随气体流量和液体流量的变化趋势可知，气体流量对D、T转化率的影响较大；选择合适的反应温度即可获得较佳的转化率和总传质系数。在实际工艺中，反应温度选为45℃较适宜。     

无限大芯部热容板翅式回热器动态性能研究

针对高温气冷堆直接氦气透平循环中的板翅式回热器，研究提出一仅考虑回热器芯部热容的集总参数模型，即无限大芯部热容的集总参数模型，并利用四阶龙格 库塔方法求解该模型，求解过程中考虑温度对气体物性的影响。利用该模型，分析了在入口温度、流量阶跃和斜坡扰动下回热器出口温度的响应过程。在此基础上，分析了高温气冷堆直接氦气透平循环中的功率调节过程及透平甩负荷过程时回热器出口温度和芯部温度的响应过程。     

催化加成氚代苯乙烯制备研究

以林德拉催化剂替代普通钯碳催化剂,利用氘气替代氚气模拟研究搅拌程度、温度、投料比对氚代苯乙烯加成反应转化率和选择性的影响。结果表明,较高的搅拌速度和温度可以提高催化加成反应的转化率,但对选择性影响较小;氘气加入量对转化率和选择性影响较大,不足或过量都会影响氘代苯乙烯的纯度;林德拉催化剂对苯乙烯的选择性高于钯碳催化剂。     

Modeling of the Helium-Heated Steam Reformer for HTR-10

In this study, based on the pseudo-homogeneous one-dimensional model, a steady-state model of the helium-heated steam reformer planned to be connected with the 10 MW high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTR-10) has been developed. Good agreement is shown between the simulating results and experimental data. The influence of main process parameters on the performance with respect to the methane conversion and the hydrogen yield is investigated and discussed. The performance increases remarkably with the increase in the inlet helium temperature when it is lower than 1,000°C. Whereas, the effect becomes weak when the temperature is higher than 1,000°C. The influence of the inlet helium flow rate is not as evident as that of the temperature. The inlet helium pressure and inlet process gas temperature have almost no influence on the performance. The performance increases with the decrease in the inlet process gas pressure. The influence of the inlet process gas flow rate and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) is complicated. Optimal values should be chosen for them to obtain a high performance.     

Steam reformers heated by helium from high temperature reactors

The manifold possibilities of the application of helium-heated steam reformers combined with high temperature nuclear reactors are elucidated in this article. It is shown that the thermodynamic interpretation of the processes does not cause difficulties because of the good heat transfer in helium at high pressure and that helium peak temperatures of 950°C are sufficient for carrying out the process. The mechanical design of the reformer tube does not lead to problems because the helium and process pressures are so chosen as to be approximately equal. The problems of hydrogen and tritium permeation as well as the contamination of the reformer tube with solid fission products seem to be solvable using the knowledge available at present. Furthermore, the various possibilities for the design arrangements of helium-heated reformer tube furnaces are shown. The status of development attained to date is outlined and in conclusion there is a survey regarding the next steps to be taken in steam reformer technology.     

Effect of noncondensable gas in a vertical tube condenser

An experimental study is performed to investigate the effects of noncondensable (NC) gas in the steam condensing system. A vertical condenser tube is submerged in a water pool where the heat from the condenser tube is removed by boiling heat transfer. The design of the test section is based on the passive condenser system in an advanced boiling water nuclear power reactor. Data are obtained for various process parameters, such as inlet steam flow rate, noncondensable gas concentration, and system pressure. Degradation of the condensing performance with increasing noncondensable gas is investigated. The condensation heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate decrease with noncondensable gas. The condensation heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing the inlet steam flow rate and the pressure. The condensation heat transfer coefficient increases with the inlet steam flow rate, however, decreases with the system pressure. For the condenser submerged in a water pool with saturated condition, the strong primary pressure dependency is observed.     

Study on control characteristics for HTTR hydrogen production system with mock-up test facility: System controllability test for fluctuation of chemical reaction

The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has a demonstration test plan of a hydrogen production system by steam reforming of methane coupling with the High-Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR). Prior to the coupling of a hydrogen production plant with the HTTR, simulation tests with a mock-up test facility of the HTTR hydrogen production system (HTTR-H2) is underway. The test facility is a 1/30-scale of the HTTR-H2 and simulates key components downstream from an intermediate heat exchanger of the HTTR. The main objective of the simulation tests is the establishment and demonstration of control technology, focusing on the mitigation of a thermal disturbance to the reactor by a steam generator (SG) and on the controllability of the pressure difference between the helium and process gases at the reaction tube in a steam reformer (SR). It was confirmed that the fluctuation of the outlet helium gas temperature at the SG and the pressure difference in the SR can be controlled within the allowable range for the HTTR-H2 in the case of the system controllability test for the fluctuation of chemical reaction. In addition, a dynamic simulation code for the HTTR-H2 was verified with the obtained test data.     

Synergistic hydrogen production by nuclear-heated steam reforming of fossil fuels

Processes and technologies to produce hydrogen synergistically by the nuclear-heated steam reforming reaction of fossil fuels are reviewed. Formulas of chemical reactions, required heats for reactions, saving of fuel consumption, reduction of carbon dioxide emission, and possible processes are investigated for such fossil fuels as natural gas, petroleum and coal.

In this investigation, examined are the steam reforming processes using the “membrane reformer” and adopting the recirculation of reaction products in a closed loop configuration. The recirculation-type membrane reformer process is considered to be the most advantageous among various synergistic hydrogen production processes. Typical merits of this process are; nuclear heat supply at medium temperature around 550°C, compact plant size and membrane area for hydrogen production, efficient conversion of a feed fossil fuel, appreciable reduction of carbon dioxide emission, high purity hydrogen without any additional process, and ease of separating carbon dioxide for future sequestration requirements.

The synergistic hydrogen production using fossil fuels and nuclear energy can be an effective solution in this century for the world which has to use fossil fuels to some extent, according to various estimates of global energy supply, while reducing carbon dioxide emission.     

Thermal mixing characteristics of helium gas in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, (I) thermal mixing behavior of helium gas in HTTR

The future high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is now designed in Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The reactor has many merging points of helium gas with different temperatures. It is needed to clear the thermal mixing characteristics of helium gas at the pipe in the HTGR from the viewpoint of structure integrity and temperature control. Previously, the reactor inlet coolant temperature was controlled lower than specific one in the high-temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) due to lack of mixing of helium gas in the primary cooling system. Now, the control system is improved to use the calculated bulk temperature of reactor inlet helium gas. In this paper, thermal–hydraulic analysis on the primary cooling system of the HTTR was conducted to clarify the thermal mixing behavior of helium gas. As a result, it was confirmed that the thermal mixing behavior is mainly affected by the aspect ratio of annular flow path, and it is needed to consider the mixing characteristics of helium gas at the piping design of the HTGR.     

吸附法净化高温气冷堆He载气中Kr、Xe的研究

用椰子壳活性炭吸附剂固定床吸附法去除高温气冷堆He载气中Kr、Xe杂质。获得了Kr、Xe在椰子壳活性炭上的动吸附规律。考察了吸附温度、浓度、流速及床高等因素对保护作用时间、完全饱和时间、吸容量的影响,获得最佳运行参数。结果表明：采用椰子壳活性炭可以除去高温气冷堆He载气中Kr、Xe等有害杂质,满足净化系统的要求。