旋滚条件下弹流油膜的试验研究

应用光干涉方法,对旋滚条件下钢球-玻璃盘接触副形成的弹流油膜进行了试验研究.在试验中,通过调节接触副与玻璃盘旋转中心的距离即偏心距来获得不同程度的自旋分量.试验结果表明,纯滚条件下两侧缘处相等的最小油膜厚度由于自旋分量的引入不再相等,较小的最小膜厚具有较大的速度指数.侧缘处最小膜厚的速度指数大于中心膜厚的速度指数.随自旋的增加,油膜形状的非对称性增加,最小油膜厚度减小.随载荷和滚动速度的增加,自旋引起的油膜形状的非对称性增强.     

椭圆接触自旋弹流油膜实验研究

设计一种简单的实验方法,通过调节弹流接触中心和旋转中心之间的距离,可获得不同程度的自旋,即得到不同的旋滑比。采用玻璃块-椭圆滚子接触的方式,应用光干涉自旋弹流薄膜测量系统研究界面滑移条件下自旋对弹流油膜的影响。结果表明,随旋滑比的增大,油膜形状失去了经典弹流油膜的对称性;一定偏心距下,随速度和载荷的增加,油膜形状的非对称性都增强,入口凹陷逐渐都变得明显,但油膜厚度变化趋势不同,其中随速度的增加,油膜厚度而增加,且接触区两侧最小膜厚的差值也增加,而随载荷的增加,接触区左侧最小膜厚逐渐减小,右侧最小膜厚先增加后减小。     

零卷吸预跑合对一类反常弹流油膜的影响

在极低速纯滑动的光弹流实验中,采用高粘度聚丁烯润滑剂形成的弹流油膜会在入口区出现凹陷,该反常的入口凹陷与极限剪切应力/界面滑移有关。针对盘纯滑和球纯滑2种不同的运动条件进行了油膜形状的测量,分析了零卷吸预跑合对油膜形状的影响。结果表明,一般地,纯玻璃盘滑动和纯钢球滑动产生的此类反常的油膜形状并不相同;当对弹流接触副采用零卷吸预跑合处理(即钢球和玻璃盘在接触区以大小相同方向相反的速度运动)之后,纯玻璃盘滑动形成的油膜形状有较大变化,油膜厚度增加,入口的楔形斜度下降,此时纯玻璃盘滑动和纯钢球滑动产生的油膜形状差别减小,甚至相同。     

旋滑条件下弹流润滑数值分析

建立旋滑条件下椭圆接触弹流润滑的数学模型,用多重网格法求得该条件下的完全数值解,研究速度、载荷、偏心距和椭圆比对油膜厚度、形状和压力的影响。结果表明,偏心距较小时,油膜厚度和形状都与普通弹流有明显的不同;速度、载荷和椭圆比增加及偏心距减小,均会导致接触区两侧最小膜厚的差值增大,油膜形状的非对称性增强;速度、椭圆比增加,油膜厚度增加,接触区压力减小,载荷增加或偏心距减小,油膜厚度减小,接触区压力增加。     

自旋对角接触球轴承弹流润滑与油膜刚度的影响

根据角接触球轴承自旋运动特征,同时考虑弹流润滑效应,建立角接触球轴承考虑自旋运动的弹流润滑模型;采用多重网格法求解弹性变形,利用有限差分法迭代求解雷诺方程,得到较为精确的数值解;分析不同赫兹接触压力、滚道表面粗糙度下自旋对角接触球轴承弹流润滑和油膜刚度的影响。结果表明：考虑自旋时随着Hertz接触压力、自旋角速度增大,油膜厚度减小,油膜压力增大,油膜承压区域呈细长状,并向接触中心靠近;随着滚道表面粗糙度幅值增大,油膜压力和膜厚均出现了波动,且考虑自旋运动时,轴承油膜厚度明显减小,油膜局部压力峰值更大;随着卷吸速度、润滑油黏度增大,油膜刚度减小,而考虑自旋运动时油膜刚度值更大;随着自旋角速度增大,油膜刚度逐渐增大。     

零卷吸条件下滚子摩擦副弹流特性的实验研究

采用线接触光弹流实验装置,在摆动工况下研究滚子在零卷吸速度条件下的弹流特性,探讨不同周期同一载荷下滚子摩擦副在零卷吸速度时油膜厚度的变化情况,以及载荷对零卷吸速度下滚子弹流特性的影响。结果表明:在滚子转速近零卷吸速度时,挤压效应起主导作用,油膜被封在接触区内,形成凹陷,并且该处油膜较为稀薄;在往复运动工况下,滚子周期性运动的次数影响零卷吸速度时滚子的油膜厚度,在起动瞬间滚子中部的油膜厚度最小,随着摆动次数的增加,滚子中部的油膜厚度逐渐增加,多次摆动后,油膜将达到相对稳定的厚度;载荷对滚子零卷吸速度下的弹流特性影响较大,随载荷的增大接触区增大,滚子端部最小油膜厚度变小,滚子端部边缘效应增大。     

滚子副润滑状态转变的光干涉试验研究

利用光干涉测量技术,测量了滚子-盘有限长线接触副的润滑油膜形状和厚度,研究了滚子副的润滑状态随载荷、速度转变的规律。结果表明,接触区卷吸速度增加或载荷减小,使得滚子-盘接触副润滑状态逐渐由弹流润滑转变为流体动力润滑,且在两种润滑状态转变过程中存在过渡状态;由载荷变化引起流体动力润滑状态转变为弹流润滑状态过程中,接触区表面发生了弹性变形,使得接触区的油膜厚度增加。速度变化使滚子-盘接触处于流体动力润滑状态时,油膜出口颈缩消失,最小膜厚位置由出口颈缩处移至接触区中心,油膜光干涉图关于滚子轴线对称。     

变速点、线接触副弹流润滑油膜的观测

应用光干涉方法,在自制的光弹流试验机上分别对纯滚动条件下点接触和线接触形成的弹流油膜进行变卷吸速度实验,并进行油膜测量。结果表明,在卷吸速度为零时都有封油现象的出现。随着卷吸速度的增加,油膜厚度增加,点接触形成的弹流油膜具有典型的马蹄形特征,线接触形成的弹流油膜在接触区端部有类似点接触的马蹄形收缩。要达到同样的最大赫兹接触压力,施加在线接触实验上的载荷要比施加在点接触实验上的载荷大40倍左右。     

自旋条件下角接触球轴承的弹流润滑分析

为研究自旋状态下角接触球轴承参数对弹流润滑性能的影响,建立角接触球轴承中考虑自旋运动的弹流润滑模型,分析角接触球轴承的内沟槽曲率半径系数、内圈接触角、外圈接触角、滚动体数目及转速等参数对弹流润滑性能的影响,并分析固定参数下影响自旋速度和旋滚比的主要因素。研究结果表明:随着内沟槽曲率半径系数的增加,接触半径逐渐减小,油膜厚度略微减小,而油膜压力明显增加;随着内圈接触角的增加,油膜的不对称性明显增强,而随着外圈接触角的增加,自旋速度在0°~70°之间逐渐减小,在70°~90°之间逐渐增大;轴承滚动体的数目越多,单个滚动体所受的载荷越小,油膜厚度越大,中心油膜压力越小;角接触球轴承中,影响自旋速度的主要因素为轴承内圈速度及内、外圈接触角的大小,影响旋滚比的主要因素为内、外圈接触角的大小。     

滚滑比对滚动轴承摩擦性能的影响研究

采用多重网格法进行了非牛顿流体的等温线接触弹流润滑和线接触热弹流润滑的数值计算,分析了热效应和不同圆柱滚子转速下的滚滑比对滚动轴承的圆柱滚子-轴承内圈摩擦副的油膜厚度和压力分布的影响;基于滚滑摩擦基础性能试验台,进行了试验并研究了不同圆柱滚子转速下滚滑比对圆柱滚子-轴承内圈摩擦副摩擦性能的影响。结果表明:滚动轴承的圆柱滚子-轴承内圈摩擦副的油膜厚度随着滚滑比的增大不断减小,随着圆柱滚子转速的增大不断增大,且线接触热弹流润滑工况下的润滑油的油膜厚度明显小于等温线接触弹流润滑工况下的油膜厚度;随着圆柱滚子转速的增加,油膜压力不断降低,当圆柱滚子转速较大时,油膜压力受转速影响较小;在不同的圆柱滚子转速下,圆柱滚子-轴承内圈摩擦副的摩擦系数随着滚滑比的增大而增大。     

Simulating angular ball bearing lubricated elliptical contacts Film thickness and traction measurements

A high performance barrel and plate apparatus was built to study film formation and traction by simulating the real situation of a lubricated elliptical contact in an angular ball bearing under general kinematic conditions. Simultaneous measurements of load, speed of each surface, traction, and film thickness by optical interferometry can be performed. The sapphire disc plate and the steel barrel are driven independently at constant controlled speeds. Small relative sliding, lateral sliding and spinning near pure rolling conditions can be imposed by controlling barrel shaft angle contact location. Tests were performed at ambient temperature for a small barrel whose principal radii are 1.34 mm and 9.7 mm, for applied loads which generate Hertzian pressures up to 2 × 10⁹ N/m², and for a low viscosity mineral oil. Typical experimental results show that under elasto-hydrodynamic conditions, the centre film thickness is slightly below the values calculated from classical elastohydrodynamic theories and that oil starvation occurs at high speeds. Traction curves versus slide/roll ratio are presented for different loads and under spinning and lateral sliding conditions.     

椭圆接触纯自旋问题的弹流润滑数值分析

研究了椭圆接触纯自旋问题的等温弹流润滑,用多重网格法求得了完全数值解,研究了速度、载荷、椭圆比和计算区域对压力和膜厚的影响。结果表明,在轻载、高速、大椭圆比条件下,椭圆接触的纯自旋运动可产生润滑膜,油膜的形状和压力分布都和经典弹流润滑截然不同;椭球的自旋速度、载荷、椭圆比以及承载域的大小都对压力和膜厚有很大的影响。     

Experimental Study on Lubrication Film Thickness Under Different Interface Wettabilities

This paper describes some experimental studies about the effect of interface wettability on hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness by a custom-made slider bearing tester. The lubricated contact pair consists of a fixed-incline slider and a transparent disc, and a thin lubrication film can be generated when the disc rotates. The film thickness was measured by interferometry. The wettability of different slider surfaces was evaluated by the contact angle of the lubricant on them. The relationship of film thickness versus disc speed was measured under different liquid–solid interfaces, and the results showed that slider surfaces with strong wettability to the lubricant could generate higher film thickness. Furthermore, case experiments were carried out to validate the hydrodynamic effect by tailored-slippage. By numerical simulations, the experimental findings were tentatively explained with the phenomenon of wall slippage.     

Laser-induced fluorescence for film thickness mapping in pure sliding lubricated, compliant, contacts

A laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique has been used to measure fluid film thickness in a compliant, sliding contact under low-load/low-pressure conditions. The soft contact between an elastomer hemisphere and a glass disc is lubricated by a liquid containing fluorescent dye. The contact is then illuminated with 532 nm laser light through the glass disc, and viewed with a fluorescence microscope. From the intensity of emitted radiation, film thickness maps of the contact are determined. Previous calibration procedures have used a separate calibration piece and test specimen with possible errors due to differences in reflectivity between the calibration and test specimens. In the work reported in this paper a new calibration process is employed using the actual test sample, thereby avoiding such errors.Results are reported for a sliding contact between PDMS and glass, lubricated with glycerol and water solutions under fully flooded and starved conditions. It was found that, for glycerol, the measured film thickness is somewhat lower than numerical predictions for both lubrication conditions. It is suggested that a combination of thermal effects and the hygroscopic nature of glycerol may cause the lubricant viscosity to drop resulting in thinner films than those predicted for fully flooded contacts. Starvation occurs above a critical entrainment speed and results in considerably thinner films than predicted by fully flooded I-EHL theory. A numerical study has been carried out to determine the effect of the observed starvation on film thickness. Predicted, starved film thickness values agree well with those obtained experimentally.     

自旋润滑油膜测量系统

设计制造了一种纯自旋弹流润滑油膜测量系统,介绍了其油膜厚度多光束干涉测量原理和主要的机械结构组成。初步测量结果表明接触区在纯自旋条件下可形成弹流润滑油膜,出现扇形的对称气穴区。     

面接触油膜润滑测量系统

介绍了一种能够实现面接触油膜润滑测量的试验系统,该系统以静止的刚性滑块和旋转的透明玻璃盘组成润滑副。滑块的定位采用柔性并联机构,可进行面接触倾角的微小调节。油膜厚度测量采用多光束干涉技术。照明采用激光外部同轴照明,可有效扩大图像视场和膜厚的测量范围。利用该系统测量了恒倾角面接触薄膜润滑的膜厚特性和摩擦力特性,结果与已有理论有较好的一致性。     

Interferometry Measurement of Lubricating Films in Slider-On-Disc Contacts

Interferometry proves to be an efficient way to measure thin lubricant film thickness. However, there are very few reports on the film thickness measurement of conformal lubricated contacts using optical interferometry due to experimental difficulties. In this article, a custom-built test apparatus is introduced, in which a lubricated conformal contact is made between a stationary fixed-incline slider and a moving transparent disc. With a flexible holder, the slider can be positioned in such a way that a specified inclination with respect to the flat disc plane can be obtained. When the disc rotates and the slider is loaded against it, lubricating films are generated. The minimum film thickness h _m at the exit can be determined by interference intensity changes. Measurement error correction in the film thickness was discussed. Case experiments were carried out using the new test apparatus. The credibility of the measurement system is validated by good correlation between the experiments and the theoretical results. The applicability is demonstrated by the film thickness measurement under different inclinations, loads, velocities, lubricants and slider materials. Amongst those case experiments, it is highlighted that the influences of solid/liquid interface properties on the lubrication behaviours can be clearly identified in terms of film thickness.     

Influence of spinning on the rolling EHL films

Spinning cannot be ignored in some elastohydrodynamically lubricated contacts. In this paper, spinning is incorporated into an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contact of pure rolling and its influences on EHL films are studied. Results show that with increase in spinning, the symmetry of the film shape gets lost, and the minimum film thicknesses, located respectively at the two side-lobes, decrease and show more dependence on loads. The speed indices of the film thickness at the side lobes are higher than those of the classical EHL theory predicted. Numerical work has also been carried out to clarify the experiment measurements.     

Experimental study of starved EHL contacts based on thickness of oil layer in the contact inlet

Starved lubrication conditions bring the risk of the damage of machine components. The experimental simulation of starved conditions is connected with the need to define the input conditions to joint the amount of the oil entering the contact with the resulting film thickness. This paper describes the experimental approach based on the thickness of the oil layer entering the starved contact. The use of multiple contacts optical test rig based on thin film colorimetric interferometry for film thickness measurement has enabled to simulate starved conditions and to compare the obtained results with theoretical prediction. The first elliptical contact between spherical roller and the glass disc is used to supply the defined oil layer to the second contact formed between the steel ball and the glass disc. Through the comparison with the theoretical prediction it was found that acceptable input conditions for the study of starved contacts can be achieved with such test rig configuration.     

零卷吸往复运动下的弹流润滑实验研究

使用常规球-盘光干涉试验机,研究零卷吸往复运动中油膜的变化情况。实验采用伺服电机驱动钢球与蓝宝石盘,以三角波的形式进行往复运动,两者速度相同但是方向相反。实验过程中采用光干涉技术测量球-盘之间的膜厚,实验后使用双光干涉法测量接触区中截面油膜厚度。实验发现,往复条件下的油膜凹陷小于对应的稳态油膜凹陷,而且接触区发生了速度滑移,导致所产生的油膜凹陷形状和位置区别于零卷吸凹陷;乏油的发生导致接触区中出现大面积的干接触和混合润滑接触。