Video-based Vibration Analysis by Modulated Projected Gratings

Abstract

We describe a time-averaging method for vibration analysis using white-light moiré technique and video recording. Phase modulation is used to obtain information on both the vibration amplitude and the vibration phase. The vibration fringe function is discussed for projection gratings. A method which makes it possible to reveal the amplitude and phase distribution by use of a digital image-processing system and phase-stepping technique is described. The results of implementing the method are shown.     

Zeroth-order phase-contrast technique

What we believe to be a new phase-contrast technique is proposed to recover intensity distributions from phase distributions modulated by spatial light modulators (SLMs) and binary diffractive optical elements (DOEs). The phase distribution is directly transformed into intensity distributions using a 4f optical correlator and an iris centered in the frequency plane as a spatial filter. No phase-changing plates or phase dielectric dots are used as a filter. This method allows the use of twisted nematic liquid-crystal televisions (LCTVs) operating in the real-time phase-mostly regime mode between 0 and p to generate high-intensity multiple beams for optical trap applications. It is also possible to use these LCTVs as input SLMs for optical correlators to obtain high-intensity Fourier transform distributions of input amplitude objects.     

Frequency Dependence of Second-Harmonic Generation in Lamb Waves

The frequency dependence of the second-harmonic generation in Lamb waves is studied theoretically and numerically in order to examine the role of phase matching for sensitive evaluation of material nonlinearity. Nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in an isotropic plate is analyzed using the perturbation technique and the modal decomposition in the neighborhood of a typical frequency satisfying the phase matching. The results show that the ratio of the amplitude of second-harmonic Lamb mode to the squared amplitude of fundamental Lamb mode grows cumulatively in a certain range of fundamental frequency for a finite propagation distance. It is also shown that the frequency for which this ratio reaches maximum is close but not equal to the phase-matching frequency when the propagation distance is finite. This feature is confirmed numerically using the finite-difference time-domain method incorporating material and geometrical nonlinearities. The fact that the amplitude of second-harmonic mode becomes high in a finite range of fundamental frequency proves robustness of the material evaluation method using second harmonics in Lamb waves.     

Bit error ratio performance of a receiver diversity scheme with channel estimation

The performance of diversity combining techniques with channel estimation for the case of unequal power branches is discussed. The performance of binary phase shift keying (BPSK), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats is investigated and their performance with nonideal channel estimation is explored. The case of combining multiple branches with unequal power levels is considered and optimal weighting factors for a log likelihood ratio test (LLRT) detector for the BPSK case are presented. These weights are shown to operate in a similar manner to those obtained by the linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) criterion and are compared with the well known maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique. The probability of error of this receiver is derived and simplifications for high signal-to-noise ratios are presented. Finally, numerical results are presented to compare the performance of the LLRT, LMMSE and MRC based receivers     

Coaxial holographic encoding based on pure phase modulation

We describe a simple technique for coaxial holographic image recording and reconstruction, employing a spatial light modulator (SLM) modified in pure phase mode. In the image encoding system, both the reference beam in the outside part and the signal beam in the inside part are displayed by an SLM based on the twisted nematic LCD. For a binary image, the part with amplitude of "1" is modulated with random phase, while the part with amplitude of "0" is modulated with constant phase. After blocking the dc component of the spatial frequencies, a Fourier transform (FT) hologram is recorded with a uniform intensity distribution. The amplitude image is reconstructed by illuminating the reference beam onto the hologram, which is much simpler than existing phase modulated FT holography techniques. The technique of coaxial holographic image encoding and recovering with pure phase modulation is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally in this paper. As the holograms are recorded without the high-intensity dc component, the storage density with volume medium may be increased with the increase of dynamic range. Such a simple modulation method will have potential applications in areas such as holographic encryption and high-density disk storage systems.     

Random-dot pattern design of a light guide in an edge-lit backlight: integration of optical design and dot generation scheme by the molecular-dynamics method

We present the methodology of an integration of a dot generation scheme by a molecular-dynamics (MD) method and the subsequent software optical design phase by software. The MD dot generation scheme proposed has great advantages when integrated into the optical design phase. These advantages include the variable r-cut and reflective boundary condition techniques, both of which could achieve a high-density variation of dot distribution. In addition, we use a cell technique where the domain is divided into a number of smaller cells, allowing for flexibility in adjusting the dot density within each cell, as well as for using the add-on or remove-from technique of the dots in one cell to achieve an equal-luminance condition. In addition, a simple proportional rule of luminance to dot density is also proposed to perform dot optimization. Finally, an illustration is shown for the optimal dot distribution of a LED backlight. The result that a two-dimensional dot density distribution near the light source changes gradually to a one-dimensional dot density distribution with increasing distance from the light source shows the validity of the present integration of the MD dot generation scheme into the optical design phase.     

Effects of acoustic heterogeneity in breast thermoacoustic tomography

The effects of wavefront distortions induced by acoustic heterogeneities in breast thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) are studied. Amplitude distortions are shown to be insignificant for different scales of acoustic heterogeneities. For wavelength-scale, or smaller, heterogeneities, amplitude distortion of the wavefront is minor as a result of diffraction when the detectors are placed in the far field of the heterogeneities. For larger-scale heterogeneities at the parenchyma wall, by using a ray approach (geometric optics), we show that no refraction-induced multipath interference occurs and, consequently, that no severe amplitude distortion, such as is found in ultrasound tomography, exists. Next, we consider the effects of phase distortions (errors in time-of-flight) in our numerical studies. The numerical results on the spreads of point sources and boundaries caused by the phase distortions are in good agreement with the proposed formula. After that, we demonstrate that the blurring of images can be compensated for by using the distribution of acoustic velocity in the tissues in the reconstructions. The effects of the errors in the acoustical velocities on this compensation also are investigated. An approach to implement the compensation using only TAT data is proposed. Lastly, the differences in the effects of acoustic heterogeneity and the generation of speckles in breast TAT and breast ultrasound imaging are discussed.     

Comparison of the squared binary, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and optimal pulse width modulation methods for three-dimensional shape measurement with projector defocusing

This paper presents a comparative study on three sinusoidal fringe pattern generation techniques with projector defocusing: the squared binary defocusing method (SBM), the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique, and the optimal pulse width modulation (OPWM) technique. Because the phase error will directly affect the measurement accuracy, the comparisons are all performed in the phase domain. We found that the OPWM almost always performs the best, and SPWM outperforms SBM to a great extent, while these three methods generate similar results under certain conditions. We will briefly explain the principle of each technique, describe the optimization procedures for each technique, and finally compare their performances through simulations and experiments.     

Phase-only encryption and watermarking based on phase-shifting interferometry

Generally, the reconstruction of an object image from its diffraction field requires both the amplitude and the phase information of this field. We systematically investigated the effects of using only the real part, the imaginary part, or the phase information of the diffraction field to reconstruct the original image for both the binary and the gray-level images. We show that the phase information can yield a better result of image retrieval than the real or imaginary part and that the recovered image from the phase information is satisfactory especially for binary input. On the basis of this idea, a new technique of image encryption and watermarking by use of only one delivered image-the phase map of the diffraction field of the original image-through double random-phase encoding is proposed and verified by computer simulations with phase-shifting interferometry. This method can greatly cut down the communication load and is suitable for Internet transmission.     

Optical encryption system with a binary key code

A double-random-phase optical encryption system that uses a binary key code is proposed. The key code is generated as a binary computer-generated hologram. The binary key code can be displayed on a binary spatial light modulator (SLM) such as a ferroelectric liquid-crystal display. The use of a binary SLM enables us to renew the key at high speed. A joint transform correlator based on a photorefractive crystal in the Fourier domain is used to perform shift-invariant encryption and decryption. Computer simulations of the effects of using a binary encoded key code instead of a complex amplitude key code are shown. Preliminary optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.     

Broadband generation of ultrasonic guided waves using piezoceramics and sub-band decomposition

Classically, damage detection or dispersion curve determination using piezoceramic-generated guided waves has been based on analysis of propagation properties of multiple narrowband excitation signals. However, dispersion and multimodal propagation impair the determination of propagation properties. More recently, it has been proposed to consider broadband excitations for both damage imaging and group velocity estimation. Among existing transducer technologies, although laser excitation is prone to practical limitations in terms of dimensions and generated amplitudes, it allows generation of noncontact, point-like broadband displacement. Thus, broadband generation of guided waves using piezoceramics can be envisioned. However, direct impulse response measurements are limited by the generated amplitude, leading to low SNR measurements. For this purpose, chirp excitations have been proposed using variable-frequency bursts, leading to phase and amplitude variations with respect to the frequency, such that this approach is not suitable for precise estimation of time of flight (ToF) or modal amplitude. In this paper, a sub-band decomposition technique that allows high-SNR measurements of impulse response in a given frequency range is proposed. Broadband excitation is decomposed over a given number of frequency sub-bands, generated by a piezoceramic element and measurement is performed using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) or a piezoceramic sensor. Application to experimental estimation of group velocity and damage detection in pitchcatch configuration is proposed. It is shown that the proposed method allows damage estimation without a priori knowledge of the damage size, whereas narrowband techniques can fail at specific wavelengths.     

Analytic phase-factor equations for Talbot array illuminations

Under specific circumstances the fractional Talbot effect can be described by simplified equations. We have obtained simplified analytic phase-factor equations to describe the relation between the pure-phase factors and their fractional Talbot distances behind a binary amplitude grating with an opening ratio of (1/M). We explain how these simple equations are obtained from the regularly rearranged neighboring phase differences. We point out that any intensity distribution with an irreducible opening ratio (M(N)/M) (M(N) < M, where M(N) and M are positive integers) generated by such an amplitude grating can be described by similar phase-factor equations. It is interesting to note that an amplitude grating with additional arbitrary phase modulation can also generate pure-phase distributions at the fractional Talbot distance. We have applied these analytic phase-factor equations to neighboring (0, pi) phase-modulated amplitude gratings and have analytically derived a new set of simple phase-factor equations for Talbot array illumination in this case. Experimental verification of our theoretical results is given.     

Investigation of Micromechanical Structures by Photoacoustic Elastic Bending Method

Photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) science and technology extensively developed new methods for the investigation of micro (nano)-mechanical structures. PA and PT effects can be important also as driven mechanisms for optically excited micromechanical structures. The photoacoustic elastic bending method (PA-EBM) is based on the optical excitation of the micromechanical structure and detection of the acoustic response (PA signal) with a very sensitive PA detection system. The experimental PA elastic bending signals of the whole micromechanical structure were measured by using a special constructed PA cell (the gas-microphone detection technique with transmission configuration). The PA amplitude and phase spectra were measured, as a function of the modulation frequency in a frequency range from 20?Hz to 20?000?Hz, for different samples (Si chip with square membrane). The electronic and thermal elastic PA effects (electronic deformation and thermoelastic mechanisms of elastic wave generation) in a Si simply supported rectangular plate (3D geometry), photogenerated by a uniform and intensity-modulated optical beam, were studied. The theoretical model for the PA elastic bending frequency distribution by using the Green function method was given. The amplitude and phase PA signals were calculated and analyzed, including the thermalization and surface and volume recombination heat sources. The theoretical results were compared with experimental data.     

基于幅值和相位解调分析的齿轮箱起动过程故障诊断

针对齿轮箱升降速过程中振动信号非平稳的特点,将阶次跟踪、角域平均和幅值、相位解调分析技术相结合,提出了基于幅值和相位解调分析的齿轮箱故障诊断方法.首先对齿轮箱升降速瞬态信号进行时域同步采样,再对时域信号进行等角度重采样,转化为角域平稳信号,然后对角域信号进行角域平均,以消除干扰噪声的影响,最后对角域平均信号进行幅值和相位解调分析,根据幅值和相位解调函数图,就可提取齿轮的故障特征.通过对齿轮齿根裂纹故障实验信号的分析,表明该方法能有效地诊断齿轮的裂纹故障.     

RPC中空受压构件截面设计及受力性能研究

根据活性粉末混凝土(RPC)材料特性及构件受压稳定理论,以截面最薄处抗剪强度为控制指标设计了中空受压构件截面。据此制作了4个中空截面受压构件,对其轴压承载力进行了理论计算并进行了轴压破坏试验。采用数字影像相关技术(DIC)获得了构件全场应变云图进而得到构件荷载-变形关系曲线。基于Weibull构建了RPC的本构模型,并在ABAQUS中构建与之对应的混凝土损伤塑性本构模型。采用RPC损伤塑性本构模型对所设计中空截面构件进行了数值模拟,分析结果与理论计算及试验结果符合较好,构件破坏时RPC强度能够得到充分发挥,由此验证了构件截面设计的合理性。研究工作为RPC在框架结构中应用提供参考。     

Spatial amplitude and phase modulation using commercial twisted nematic LCDs

We present a method for full spatial phase and amplitude control of a laser beam using a twisted nematic LCD combined with a spatial filter. By spatial filtering we combine four neighboring pixels into one superpixel. At each superpixel we are able to independently modulate the phase and the amplitude of light. We experimentally demonstrate the independent phase and amplitude modulation using this novel technique. Our technique does not impose special requirements on the spatial light modulator and allows precise control of fields even with imperfect modulators.     

基于生成式对抗网络的风场生成研究

生成式对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network,GAN)是人工智能领域较为重要的思想与方法。该文提出基于GAN生成风场,其中,由于GAN需要训练数据,考虑到实测风场数据的困难与匮乏,该文通过改进循环预前模拟法生成训练数据,并利用GAN_θ与GAN_Δθ生成风场,前者用于生成单点相位谱,后者用于生成单位距离相位谱差值,以克服传统模拟方法湍流度略低、频谱特性失真等不足;进而基于中心递进法利用GAN_θ、GAN_Δθ的结果生成相位谱;利用相位谱、幅值谱生成风场。从数据分布角度定性评估了GAN结果质量;利用1-NN算法定量评估了GAN结果质量;从风场特性角度将GAN生成的风场与目标风场进行了对比验证。通过定性、定量及对比验证可得:基于GAN生成的数据分布与目标分布相接近,生成的风场特性与目标风场相接近,说明基于GAN生成风场方法通过学习数据分布特性生成数据,具有良好的适应能力与生成数据能力。     

使用双电极Mach-Zehnder调制器产生毫米波的新型mm-ROF系统

针对光学倍乘法生成的毫米波幅度难以调整到最佳的问题,提出使用双电极Mach-Zehnder调制器生成毫米波的方案.光波进入双电极调制器分为两路分虽由两反相的微波信号调相,叠加后产生FM-IM转换效应,经光电转换后产生的高次谐波含有毫米波成分,只需调整调相指数就可使所需的毫米波幅度最大.另外还提出用子载波调制并充分利用MZ强度调制器的非线性特性实现为上行链路提供远程本振的方法.仿真系统实现了数据在上下行链路的传输,证明基于该毫米波生成技术和远程本振产生方法的毫米波ROF系统的可行性.     

Simultaneous three-dimensional step-height measurement and high-resolution tomographic imaging with a spectral interferometric microscope

A noncontact, nonmechanical scanning, wide-field spectral interference microscope is developed for simultaneous measurement of three-dimensional step-height of discontinuous objects and tomographic imaging. A superluminescent diode (SLD) is used as a broadband light source and a liquid-crystal Fabry-Perot interferometer (LC-FPI) as a frequency-scanning device. By means of changing the injection current to the SLD, the spectral profile of the SLD is equalized, and a constant light input to the interferometer is achieved over the entire frequency-scan range. The Fourier-transform technique is used to determine both the amplitude and the phase of spectral fringe signals. Three-dimensional height distribution of a discontinuous object is obtained from the phase information, whereas optically sectioned images of the object are obtained either from the amplitude information alone or from the combination of both the amplitude and phase information. Experimental results with submicrometer resolution are presented for both step-height measurement and tomographic sectioning.