Anti-reflection Coating for Cryogenic Silicon and Alumina Lenses in Millimeter-Wave Bands

A dielectric lens with high refractive index is suitable for focusing cryogenic devices in millimeter-wave bands when an appropriate anti-reflection (AR) coating is applied. Two types of AR coatings for silicon and alumina were studied at the millimeter-wave (220 GHz) band: one is by direct machining of mixed epoxy for a silicon lens array, while the other is by laser machining of an antireflective subwavelength structure for a large alumina lens used in a re-imaging optics system. The millimeter-wave optical properties of silicon, alumina, aluminum nitride, and Stycast epoxies were measured with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) at cryogenic temperatures. The measured refractive index of the AR coating with a mixture of Stycast 1266 (n = 1.68) and Stycast 2850FTJ (n = 2.2) for silicon at 30 K was 1.84. The thickness of the epoxy AR coating was precisely controlled with direct machining. Transmittance of the AR-coated silicon substrate, measured with FTS, was approximately 95 % at the center frequency of the 220 GHz band with a bandwidth of 25 % at 27 K. An antireflective subwavelength structure was designed for an alumina sample with periodic cylindrical holes. The measured 220-GHz-band transmittance was above 90 % with a bandwidth of 25 % at 25 K.     

Millimeter-wave dielectric properties of single-crystal ferroelectric and dielectric materials

Transmittance measurements on various single crystal ferroelectric and dielectric materials, BaTiO(3), SrTiO(3), LiNbO(3), LiTaO(3), (PbMg(1/3)Nb(2/3)O(3))0.73-(PbTiO(3))0.27, LaAlO(3), and Bi(4)Ge(3)O(12), over a broad millimeter-wave (MMW) frequency range have been performed. Frequency dependence of the complex dielectric permittivity has been measured in the MMW region using high-power sources for the first time, using a free-space, quasi-optical MMW spectrometer equipped with high-power backward wave oscillators (BWOs) as sources of coherent radiation, tunable in the range from 30 to 120 and 180 to 260 GHz. These results are compared with MMW permittivity of these materials obtained by other methods as well as to RF, microwave, and optical frequency permittivities for all the materials tested. The effects of both crystallographic orientation and quality of the surface polishing of the crystals have been examined. Uncertainties and possible sources of instrumentation and measurement errors related to the freespace MMW technique are discussed. This work demonstrates that precise MMW permittivity data can be obtained even on relatively small and thin crystals of different surface conditions and orientations using the high-power BWO-based quasioptical approach.     

基于Laplacian特征映射的被动毫米波目标识别

针对传统被动毫米波金属目标识别方法中特征提取、选择的缺点,采用Laplacian特征映射流形学习算法发现了金属目标回波信号短时傅立叶谱中低维流形的存在,并研究了其特性。通过比较测试样本与正类样本低流形的匹配程度进行分类识别,与其他性降维及基于核的非线性降维算法相比,识别率更高,且对数据混叠分布鲁棒性好。     

Making fast cylindrical gradient-index lenses diffraction limited by using a wave-front-correction element

A wave-front-correction element (WFCE) is produced to make a cylindrical Ag-ion-exchanged gradient-index (GRIN) lens with a high numerical aperture (0.53) diffraction limited (wave-front error, 0.02lambda rms). The wave-front aberrations of the cylindrical GRIN lens are measured by a phase-shifting shearing interferometer, with a conventional microscope objective used as a compensation lens. The continuous surface relief of the WFCE is produced by a lithographic process. The wave-front-corrected GRIN lens is applied to collimate the strongly divergent light (57 degrees full diverging angle measured at 1/e(2) of maximum intensity) emitted by a high-power diode laser. The power irradiated into a full angle of 2 mrad can be enhanced by a factor of 1.8 with the WFCE.     

透镜阵列光刻法消差原理分析

透镜阵列光刻法用一个柱面阵列透镜代替常规光刻法中的柱面透镜形成光程差,将由衍射所引起的瞬变图形错开,消除由于光刻模板与被刻光栅之间因间隙引起的衍射误差。用光学传递函数方法说明了透镜阵列消除光刻中衍射误差的原理。实验表明透镜阵列光刻法,可以较好的消除衍射误差,研制出高质量的光栅。     

Close-Packed Silicon Lens Antennas for Millimeter-Wave MKID Camera

We have been developing a large-format millimeter-wave camera based on lens-antenna-coupled microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for a planned telescope at Dome Fuji (3810 m a.s.l.), Antarctica. Optical coupling to the MKID incorporates double-slot antennas and a silicon lens array. To realize a large-format camera ( \(>\) 10,000 pixels), a highly integrated small-diameter lens array and fast optics are required. Lens diameters of 1.2, 2, and 3 times the target wavelength are investigated for the main beam symmetry, side-lobe level, cross-polarization level, and bandwidth, considering the effects of the surrounding lenses. In this study, we present the simulated beam pattern profiles of close-packed lens antenna and the effect of misalignment between the silicon lens and double-slot antenna. We also show the evaluations of the developed 721-pixel close-packed silicon lens array.     

Panoramic lens

An infrared panoramic lens system that utilizes two lens groups to project a full 3600 cylindrical field of view onto a two-dimensional annular format is described. Each lens group has its well-defined role. The first group is a lens block that converts a cylindrical field of view into a two-dimensional annular format located within the lens itself, and the second group relays this image to some accessible location downstream from the optical system.     

线聚焦光学相干层析术的研究

提出了一种高速光学相干层析(OCT)成像技术方案。利用柱面镜的成像特性将传统OCT的点聚焦成像模式改变为线聚焦成像模式,从而降低二维OCT图像的扫描维数,达到提高成像速度的目的。利用ZEMAX光学软件对系统进行光线追迹获得光束经过柱面镜后的聚焦情况。随后采用635nm的激光光源和柱面镜构建了实验系统,实验结果很好地验证了光线追迹仿真结果。     

Radon-Wigner display: a compact optical implementation with a single varifocal lens

A new optical implementation of the Radon-Wigner display for one-dimensional objects is presented, making use of the fractional Fourier transform approach. The proposed setup makes use of only two conventional refractive elements: a cylindrical lens and a varifocal lens. Although the exact magnifications cannot be achieved simultaneously for all the fractional transforms, an optimum design can be obtained through balancing the conflicting magnification requirements. Experimental results are obtained with a commercially available progressive addition lens. For comparison, computer simulations are also provided.     

Correction of chromatic aberrations in GRIN endoscopes

A gradient-index (GRIN) endoscope can be constructed by substituting for the usual objective and relay sections suitable cylindrical index-distribution rod lenses. Currently available GRIN lenses exhibit large amounts of chromatic aberration. Axial color arises mostly from the relay lens, while lateral color is due to the objective lens. A negative lens cemented to a shortened GRIN relay lens can simultaneously correct axial and lateral chromatic aberrations with commercially available components. This correction system reduces the requirements for mechanical centration better than do color correctors that are incorporated into the ocular design. Monochromatic aberrations are also considered.     

柱面型声透镜设计及验证

介绍了声透镜波束形成的基本原理和分析方法,分析了柱面型声透镜的设计方法。用ZEMAX光学软件设计并用ABS塑料制作了一个组合声透镜,在水池中完成其多个参数的测量。在频率500kHz和20°的视场范围内该声透镜的角度分辨率为l°。实验结果表明,该声透镜系统的波束宽度、旁瓣高度和视场范围均达到了设计要求．并很好的验证了柱面型声透镜的聚焦性能。     

Complete spatial characterization of a pulsed doughnut-type beam by use of spherical optics and a cylindrical lens.

A complete spatial characterization (in second-order moments) of a doughnut-type beam from a pulsed transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser is described. It includes the measurement of the orbital angular momentum carried by the beam. The key element in the characterization is the use of a cylindrical lens in addition to the usual spherical optics. Internal features of the beam that would have remained hidden if only spherical optics were employed were revealed by use of the cylindrical lens. The experimental results are compared and agree with a theoretical Laguerre-Gauss mode beam.     

A combined electrostatic lens

With a view to increasing the intensity of charged particle beams, a combined electrostatic lens consisting of three coaxial cylinders has been theoretically studied. The proposed lens is capable of focusing both paraxial beams (by an axisymmetric lens) and nonparaxial beams (by a coaxial cylindrical lens). The parameters of this combined lens have been evaluated by numerical methods. The gain in the beam intensity provided by the proposed lens in comparison to the widely used single axisymmetric lens is determined.     

High-aspect-ratio line focus for an x-ray laser by a deformable mirror

A high-aspect-ratio line focus is required on a plane target in x-ray laser experiments for obtaining a high gain-length product. Inherent wave-front aberrations in line-focusing optics, which consist of a cylindrical lens and a spherical lens, are discussed with respect to beam diameter. The nonuniformity of the linewidth that is due to the aberrations is also calculated by the ABCD matrix method. A deformable mirror of a continuous plate type with a diameter of 185 mm provides an adequate wave-front distribution for compensating for the wave-front aberration. The wave-front control by the deformable mirror realizes a fine linewidth of 25 mum and 18.2 mm long, corresponding to the aspect ratio of 728. The linewidth is three times the diffraction limit. The intensity distribution along the line focus is also improved.     

Anamorphic white light Fourier processor with holographic lenses

Two anamorphic and achromatic Fourier processors were designed and constructed using diffractive and refractive cylindrical lenses. The diffractive lenses are holographic lenses recorded on silver halide material. In both processors the achromatic one-dimensional Fourier transform plane was obtained with two holographic lenses and one refractive cylindrical lens. The image with the same magnification in both directions at the output plane was formed with two different combinations of lenses. The differences between the two processors are analyzed, and in both cases the chromatic aberration in the Fourier plane and in the output plane is evaluated. Even though single cylindrical refractive lenses were used to image in one direction, good results were obtained.     

Fast response varifocal lenses using KTa(1-x)Nb(x)O3 crystals and a simulation method with electrostrictive calculations

We fabricated cylindrical varifocal lenses with fast responses by using the strong Kerr effect of KTa(1-x)Nb(x)O(3) (KTN) single crystals. We observed focus shifts of up to 87 mm with the assistance of a 250 mm focal length lens, which corresponds to a focus shift from infinity to 720 mm by the KTN lens itself. The response time was as fast as 1 μs. We also present a simulation method for calculating refractive index distributions in KTN single crystals, which is essential when designing the lens. The method is characterized by the strain contribution, which has not conventionally been typical of electro-optic simulations. We used this method to explain the refractive index modulations that are characteristic of the varifocal lenses.     

Propagation of cylindrically symmetric fields in uniaxial crystals

We investigate the paraxial propagation along the optical axis of a uniaxially anisotropic crystal of a general paraxial beam whose boundary Cartesian components possess cylindrical symmetry. This property allows us to obtain expressions whose dependence on the azimuth angle phi (in cylindrical coordinates) is fully described and very simple. We also find that the beam loses its boundary cylindrical symmetry during propagation, as a consequence of medium anisotropy. Further, these expressions elucidate the way in which the anisotropy changes the state of polarization. As an example, we discuss the case of a Gaussian beam focused into the crystal by a thin spherical lens.     

Effective Fresnel number and the focal shifts of focused partially coherent beams

We define the effective Fresnel number of the cylindrical lens illuminated by a plane wave or Schell-model beams. On the basis of the concept of the effective Fresnel number, the focusing properties of the cylindrical lens illuminated by the Schell-model beam are investigated in a simple way. It is shown that the relative focal shift can be evaluated by an analytical formulation, which is expressed as a function of the effective Fresnel number. To evaluate our approach, we make the comparison between the results obtained by our method and the numerical calculation based on the diffraction integral. The results indicate that we can simply and exactly evaluate the focal shifts with our method.     

光点位置测量系统摄像镜头设计

针对使用线阵列电荷耦合器件(CCD)的二维位置定位系统中的光学系统的特殊要求,本文提出一种以球面镜作为前组柱面镜作为后组,前组像面作为后组物面的二级成像结构作为线阵CCD的摄像镜头.该镜头使具有相同一维坐标值的点成像为同一条直线,并且具有广角视场,畸变小,成像质量优良等性能特点.对其设计思想、像差特点进行了分析,并给出了f'=.20 mm,2ω=74,畸变小于1.6%的柱面镜摄像镜头实例及其像差和传递函数计算曲线.     

Modal power decomposition of beam intensity profiles into linearly polarized modes of multimode optical fibers

We calculate the modal power distribution of a randomly and linearly polarized (LP) multimode beam inside a cylindrical fiber core from knowledge of spatial-intensity profiles of a beam emitted from the fiber. We provide an exact analysis with rigorous proofs that forms the basis for our calculations. The beam from the fiber end is collimated by a spherical lens with a specific focal length. The original LP-mode basis is transformed by the spherical lens and forms another orthogonal basis that describes the free-space beam. By using this basis, we calculate the modal power distribution from the mutual-intensity profile. This is acquired by adopting a well-known mutual-intensity-profile-retrieving technique based on measurements of the intensity patterns several times after two orthogonal cylindrical lenses with varying separation. The feasibility of our decomposition algorithm is demonstrated with simulations.