The hydrostatic pressure‐induced stresses in double‐coated optical fibers

Abstract

Hydrostatic pressure‐induced stresses in double‐coated optical fibers are analyzed. The lateral pressure, radial stress, tangential stress and axial stress in the optic fiber are found. The normal stresses in the optical fiber are proportional to the hydrostatic pressure, and are determined by the material properties of the primary and secondary coating, and their thicknesses. Additionally, microbending losses induced by hydrostatic pressure in double‐coated optical fibers are discussed.     

Thermoelastic properties of fiber composites with imperfect interface

Imperfect interface conditions are defined in terms of linear relations between interface tractions and displacement jumps. All of the thermoelastic properties of unidirectional fiber composites with such interface conditions are evaluated on the basis of the generalized self consistent scheme (GSCS) model. Results for elastic interphase are obtained as a special case by evaluation of interface parameters in terms of interphase characteristics. Numerical evaluation has shown that imperfect interface may have a significant effect on transverse thermal expansion coefficient, transverse shear and Young's moduli and axial shear modulus, a moderate effect on axial Poisson's ratio, small effect on axial thermal expansion coefficient and an insignificant effect on axial Young's modulus.     

Elastic properties measurement of glass layers fabricated onsilicon wafers for microelectronics and micromachines

Elastic properties such as the Young's modulus, the Poisson's ratio and the density of Si-B-O glass layers fabricated on (100) silicon substrates by the flame hydrolysis deposition method were measured. Thicknesses of the layers were about 20 μm. It was found that the Young's modulus decreased with the boron dopant concentration. The Poisson's ratio was about 0.26 regardless of the boron dopant concentration. The measured elastic properties will be used in the design of micromachines fabricated with silicon substrates and glass layers     

The influence of hygrothermal conditions on the damage processes in quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminates

The effects of hygrothermal conditions on damage development in quasi-isotropic carbon-fiber/epoxy laminates are described. First, monotonic and loading/unloading tensile tests were conducted on dry and wet specimens at ambient and high temperatures to compare the stress/strain response and damage development. The changes in the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were obtained experimentally from the monotonic tensile tests. The critical stresses for transverse cracking and delamination for the above three conditions are compared. The delamination area is measured by using scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) at various loads to discuss the effects of delamination on the nonlinear stress/strain behavior. Next, the stress distributions under tensile load including hygrothermal residual stresses are computed by a finite-element code and their effects on damage initiation are discussed. Finally, a simple model for the prediction of the Young's modulus of a delaminated specimen is proposed. It is found that moisture increases the critical stresses for transverse cracking and delamination by reducing the residual stresses while high temperature decreases the critical stresses in spite of relaxation of the residual stresses. The results of the finite-element analysis provide some explanations for the onset of transverse cracking and delamination. The Young's modulus predicted by the present model agrees with experimental results better than that predicted by conventional models.     

Elastic properties of compacted metal powders

This paper describes a study of the unloading characteristics of compacts made from the uniaxial compression of metal powders in a cylindrical die. Spherical, irregular and dendritic copper powders and spherical stainless-steel powder were investigated to determine size, shape and material effects on the unloading response. This response was characterized in terms of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Measures of these quantities were made at different relative densities by unloading from different peak axial stresses. With both parameters, there was a strong dependence on particle shape. The load response of lightly compressed material was found to be dominated by its particulate nature and interparticle forces. Unloading material in this condition gave values of Young's modulus that increased slightly and Poisson's ratio that decreased with increasing values of relative density. In contrast, the load response of heavily compressed material was found to be similar to that of a porous solid. Unloading material in this condition gave values of Young's modulusthat increased more steeply and Poisson's ratio that increased with increasing values for the starting relative density. Transition between these two types of behaviour depended on the particle shape, and also, to a lesser extent, the particle material. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Tensile-force-induced delamination of polymeric coatings in tightly jacketed double-coated optical fibers

To maintain the mechanical strength, the glass fiber of optical fibers is coated by polymeric materials during the fabrication process. However, when the external tensile-force-induced shear stress at the interface of the glass fiber and primary coating is larger than its adhesive stress, the polymeric coatings will be delaminated from the glass fiber and optical fiber will lose its mechanical strength. In this article, the tensile-force-induced delamination of polymeric coatings in tightly jacketed double-coated optical fibers is investigated. To minimize the coating's delamination, the tensile-force-induced shear stress at the interface of the glass fiber and primary coating should be reduced. The method to minimize such a shear stress is to select suitable polymeric coatings as follows. The Poisson's ratio of the primary coating and the Young's moduli of the secondary coating and jacket should be increased, but the Young's modulus of the primary coating and thickness of the secondary coating should be decreased. On the other hand, the thickness of the primary coating has an optimal value. The selection of the adhesive shear stress between the glass fiber and primary coating in the minimization of the coating's delamination is also discussed.     

对弹体侵彻混凝土靶体阻力函数计算公式的探讨

基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论,探讨了混凝土材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、压力硬化系数对阻力函数的影响,并指出,混凝土靶体的弹性模量和单轴抗压强度对阻力函数影响较明显,而泊松比和压力硬化系数的影响可以忽略不计。在此基础上,该文忽略泊松比和压力硬化系数的影响,通过引入弹性模量与单轴抗压强度的关系式,分别建立了基于弹性-断裂-塑性和弹性-塑性两种靶体响应模型下,同时考虑单轴抗压强度和弹性模量影响的阻力函数理论公式,并建立了弹体侵彻靶体的加速度时程计算模型。通过与不同尺寸弹体侵彻实验数据对比,验证了该文提出阻力函数表达式的适用性及其在加速度时程以及较大尺寸弹体侵彻深度计算中的优 越性。     

Analysis of the single-fiber fragmentation test

An analysis of the single-fiber fragmentation test was investigated.An approximate solution for the stress fields of a fiber embedded in a polymer matrix of different elastic moduli was obtained by the Eshelby method. The fiber was modeled as a prolate spheroid. The axial stress of the fiber increases with increasing aspect ratio and fiber-matrix shear modulus ratio and decreases with increasing matrix and fiber Poisson's ratios. Using this analysis, the fracture stress of a single-fiber fragmentation specimen was derived. The applied stress at fiber fracture decreases monotonically with increasing aspect ratio of the fragmented fiber and increases with increasing fiber and matrix Poisson's ratios. This model is in qualitative agreement with published experimental data.     

Characterization of PVA cryogel for intravascular ultrasound elasticity imaging

The present study characterizes the mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogel in order to show its utility for intravascular elastography. PVA cryogel becomes harder with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, and Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are measured for seven samples. Mechanical tests were performed on cylindrical samples with a pressure column and on a hollow cylinder with the calculation of an intravascular elastogram. An image of the Young's modulus was obtained from the elastogram using cylinder geometry properties. Results show the mechanical similitude of PVA cryogel with the biological tissues present in arteries. A good agreement between Young's modulus obtained from pressure column and from elastogram was also observed.     

Effective creep Poisson's ratio for damaged concrete

First, creep data are presented for concrete under high sustained compressive stress which is, over the long-term strength of the concrete. Creep in both axial and lateral directions is reported. Creep Poisson's ratio has remarkable change before failure, and a sharp increase of creep Poisson's ratio can be observed in the region of failure.Secondly, a damage model is developed for the analysis of creep damage in both axial and lateral directions; effective Poisson's ratio of damaged material as a model parameter plays an important role for evaluating lateral damage, which is similar to the effective Young's modulus in evaluating axial damage.     

Relations between cold drawing behaviour and optomechanical properties of vestan (polyester) fibres

A modified stress-strain device is used to investigate the dynamical behaviour of optomechanical properties. The optical properties and strain produced in vestan fibres by different stresses have been measured at room temperature interferometrically. It has been found that the relation between strain and birefringence is linear up to strain of 12%. For greater strain the rate of change of birefringence with strain is cut off due to breaking. An empirical formula is suggested to represent the variation of the cross-sectional area of vestan fibres with draw ratio and the constants of this formula are determined. An expression has also been suggested for the birefringence related to the strain. The strain optical coefficient is determined. Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, elastic shear modulus and the compressibility are calculated over different strain values. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.     

Thermoelastic properties and conductivity of carbon/carbon fiber composites

Unidirectional carbon/carbon composites are modeled as fiber composites with cylindrically orthotropic fibers and matrix. All of the thermoelastic properties and the conductivities are evaluated on the basis of the composite cylinder assemblage (CCA) and the generalized self consistent scheme (GSCS) models. The former for axisymmetric elastic properties, axial shear modulus, thermal expansion coefficients and conductivities; the latter for transverse shear and Young's moduli and Poisson's ratio. Numerical results are given for onion skin, radial and transversely isotropic phase graphitic structures.     

Non-linear properties of metallic cellular materials with a negative Poisson's ratio

Negative Poisson's ratio copper foam was prepared and characterized experimentally. The transformation into re-entrant foam was accomplished by applying sequential permanent compressions above the yield point to achieve a triaxial compression. The Poisson's ratio of the re-entrant foam depended on strain and attained a relative minimum at strains near zero. Poisson's ratio as small as -0.8 was achieved. The strain dependence of properties occurred over a narrower range of strain than in the polymer foams studied earlier. Annealing of the foam resulted in a slightly greater magnitude of negative Poisson's ratio and greater toughness at the expense of a decrease in the Young's modulus.     

Determining elasticity characteristics for protective coatings

A method is proposed for determining the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio for a protective coating in static uniaxial tension. The difference in Poisson's ratio between the substrate and the coating results in additional stresses, and the coating is in a planar state of stress. Formulas are derived for the coating's elasticity characteristics in terms of a single test on a coated specimen. That method has given the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio for gas- plasma coatings.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 48–51, July, 1995.     

Nonlinear elastic equation of state of solids subjected to uniaxial homogeneous loading

Applying the finite deformation theory to a solid, which possesses either cubic or isotropic symmetry at stress-free natural state and is subsequently loaded homogeneously in uniaxial direction, one obtains a stress (or strain) dependence of the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and a volume (or density) change, together with a nonlinear elastic relation between stress and strain. These are all expressed in terms of the second and third order elastic constants of the solid material. These expressions are illustrated with examples of cubic silicon crystal, isotropic carbon steel, Pyrex glass, and polystyrene at the relaxed state.     

On the axial and interfacial shear stresses due to thermal mismatch in hybrid composite sheets

A simple analytical model has been developed which allows the determination of the axial and the interfacial shear stresses which can occur in hybrid fiber composites as a consequence of the mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion and Young's modulus. The configuration considered is a finite-width hybrid composite monolayer with alternating high- and low-modulus fibers. To account properly for the interfacial shear between fiber and matrix, a modified shear-lag model is used which permits extensional deformation due to thermal expansion of the matrix in the fiber direction. Typical stresses due solely to temperature changes are calculated, and these show steep boundary-layer edge stresses at free corners.     

Transverse elastic moduli of unidirectional fiber composites with fiber/matrix interfacial debonding

An elastic contact model is developed to predict the transverse Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and shear modulus of unidirectional fiber composites with interfacial debonding. The elastic deformation formulae of the fiber under contact pressure are derived by the use of elasticity theory. These results are then used in the formulation of an analytic boundaryelement method for solving the interfacial debonding problem. The two extreme cases of perfect bonding and the fiber-like void are also studied. On the basis of this theory, the upper and lower bounds of the transverse moduli for unidirectional fiber composites with imperfect fiber/matrix interfaces are provided. Numerical calculations of parametric studies are conducted for four composites, and some basic characteristics of the transverse elastic moduli of unidirectional fiber composites with interfacial debonding are presented.     

Mechanical characterization of Co/Cu multilayered nanowires

The mechanical deformation properties of (110) Co/Cu multilayered nanowires were studied by Molecular Dynamics under uniaxial tensile and compressive stresses. The potential of the immiscible CoCu system was modeled by a second-moment tight-binding approximation. Stress-strain curves at different conditions were obtained and the elastic modulus and yield stress were analyzed. Both magnitudes are approximately independent of the strain rate, except at high values. They decrease linearly with increasing temperature. Below a volume-to-surface-area ratio, their values drastically increase and diverge from the bulk values. If the thickness of the Cu sublayers increases, the Young's modulus and yield stress decrease, although in a different way. The elastic modulus decreases linearly and the yield stress falls steeply whenever Cu is present in the nanowire, since the lattice distortion takes place firstly and fundamentally in Cu sublayers. The change in the axial stress at the interface is little significant on average and rather localized. Unlike, the transverse stress has a non-uniform distribution along the Cu sublayer, especially at the yield point. The Young's modulus and yield stress are larger in tension than in compression. Under tensile stress, nanowires slip via partial dislocation nucleation and propagation. Unlike, compressive deformation of nanowires takes place via both partial and full dislocations.     

Constant strain-rate compression test of a fluid-saturated poroelastic sample with positive or negative Poisson's ratio

Summary Quasi-static behavior of a poroelastic circular cylinder subjected to constant strain-rate axial compression was analyzed within the framework of the continuum mechanics of fluid-saturated, linear, poroelastic materials. The solutions obtained in the Laplace space were numerically inversed into the time domain. The results were illustrated in the form of curves for a wide range of drained Poisson's ratio (from positive to negative). It was found that, although the axial strain increases linearly with respect to time, all other strains, pore fluid pressure and all stresses do not; especially, in the case of the negative Poisson's ratio, the tangential strain becomes tensile immediately after loading and reverses its sign after a while; thereafter the compressive strain grows up to infinity. The pore fluid pressure and the tangential stress approach a steady state (constant) value after experiencing their transient process. Apparent stress-strain curves are nonlinear due to the pore fluid diffusion, with the more nonlinear for the smaller Poisson's ratio, especially for the negative ratio.     

纸浆模塑材料在不同加载条件下的力学特性

实验测量了纸浆模塑材料在不同加载条件下拉伸时的强度极限、弹性模量和泊松比等力学性能,同时给出了纸浆模塑材料的应力-应变曲线,为纸浆模塑缓冲包装结构的有限元分析和设计提供了基础数据.实验结果表明:当加载速率提高时,试件强度极限和弹性模量随之增加;当温度升高时,纸浆模塑材料的强度极限和弹性模量随之逐渐升高;当湿度升高时,纸浆模塑的强度极限和弹性模量随之降低.纸浆模塑材料单向拉伸时横向变形很小,且对温、湿度等环境因素影响敏感,泊松比的测量比较困难.数字图像相关测量方法具有灵敏度高、非接触、直接测量物体表面全场变形的特点,采用该测量方法解决了材料泊松比的测量问题.实验测得纸浆模塑材料泊松比为0.097.