UUV耐压结构多目标优化设计

UUV(unmanned underwater vehicle,无人水下航行器)在海洋民用与军事领域具有广阔的应用前景。UUV耐压结构作为影响UUV负载能力及保障UUV航行任务安全高效执行的重要部件,其优化设计有重要意义。为了最大程度地实现减重目标,有效平衡耐压结构质量、结构强度和稳定性之间的矛盾,进而提升UUV综合性能,提出一种基于组合加权响应面法的多目标优化方法。通过试验设计得到初始采样点,利用有限元工具计算响应值并构建代理模型;然后,以折衷规划法对子目标进行归一化处理,采用组合加权法设定子目标权重系数,以进行耐压结构的多目标优化设计。以某型UUV为例,利用所提方法对其梯形肋骨耐压结构进行多目标优化设计,优化后耐压结构质量减轻了6.6%,肋骨应力下降了6.7%,同时满足稳定性要求。在此基础上,分别以质量为优化目标和以质量、结构强度和稳定性为综合优化目标,对不同肋骨形式耐压结构进行优化设计。结果表明:梯形肋骨耐压结构的综合优化效果最佳。该研究方法适用于UUV耐压结构的多目标优化,研究结果可为UUV耐压结构优化设计提供理论指导,具有实际工程意义。     

Response surface approach to aerodynamic optimization design of helicopter rotor blade

This paper describes a hovering rotor blade design through the suitable combination of flow analysis and optimization technique. It includes a parametric study concerned with the influence of design variables and different design conditions such as objective functions and constraints on the rotor performance. Navier–Stokes analysis is employed to compute the hovering rotor performance in subsonic and transonic operating conditions. Response surface method based on D‐optimal 3‐level factorial design and genetic algorithm are applied to obtain the optimum solution of a defined objective function including the penalty terms of constraints. The designs of the rotor airfoil geometry and the rotor tip shape are performed in subsonic and transonic conditions, and it is observed that the new rotor blades optimized by various objective functions and constraints have better aerodynamic characteristics than the baseline rotor blade. The influence of design variables and their mutual interactions on the rotor performance is also examined through the optimization process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel surrogate-based approach for optimal design of electromagnetic-based circuits

A new geometric design centring approach for optimal design of central processing unit-intensive electromagnetic (EM)-based circuits is introduced. The approach uses norms related to the probability distribution of the circuit parameters to find distances from a point to the feasible region boundaries by solving nonlinear optimization problems. Based on these normed distances, the design centring problem is formulated as a max–min optimization problem. A convergent iterative boundary search technique is exploited to find the normed distances. To alleviate the computation cost associated with the EM-based circuits design cycle, space-mapping (SM) surrogates are used to create a sequence of iteratively updated feasible region approximations. In each SM feasible region approximation, the centring process using normed distances is implemented, leading to a better centre point. The process is repeated until a final design centre is attained. Practical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the new design centring method for EM-based circuits.     

Mixture design approach for early stage formulation development of a transdermal delivery system

Transdermal delivery systems (TDS) consisting of mixtures of adhesives also named multiple polymer adhesive systems are rarely found in the market and research has only been performed on a few of them. Following the principles of ICH Q8, a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach was selected for the formulation development. For evaluation of the statistical method of “mixture design”, blends of silicon adhesive, acrylic adhesive, oleyl alcohol as a surfactant and ibuprofen as a model drug were considered to be combined at different concentrations. A randomized design of 16 runs with five replicates and five runs to estimate the lack of fit (LOF) was generated. Samples were tested for adhesion properties, stability of the wet mixes, solubility of the API in the matrix and appearance of the matrix. After performing an ANOVA with the results, response surfaces of tack, shear adhesion, extent of creaming, crystallization behavior, droplet size and droplet size range were derived as contour plots. It could be shown that crystal growth of ibuprofen correlates well with droplet size and droplet size range, where lowest values for crystallization were found with mixtures containing small droplets. However, it was observed that oleyl alcohol showed no positive effect on the miscibility of the polymers and no improvement of the solubility of ibuprofen in the mixtures. With a reasonable number of experiments, the development of a design space for a TDS via mixture design gave valuable information on the product as well as on the interactions of the components.     

A step forward towards the development of stable freeze-dried liposomes: a quality by design approach (QbD)

This study highlights the advantages of using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the freeze-drying process of pravastatin-loaded long-circulating liposomes (LCL-PRAV). Within the QbD paradigm, the present study aimed to establish the design space for the optimization of freeze-dried LCL-PRAV by means of Design of Experiment (DOE). The encapsulated solute retention (ESR), the average particle size, and zeta potential after freeze-drying, the residual moisture content, the macroscopic cake appearance, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the freeze-dried cake, and the primary drying time were defined as critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the freeze-dried final product. Further on, the influence of lyoprotectant type, freezing rate, shelf temperature during primary drying, and the presence of an annealing step on the CQAs was investigated through a 21-run D-optimal experimental design. Three-dimensional response surfaces were generated to complete the statistical analysis and for a better understanding of the influence of variables and their interactions on the responses. The developed model was then used to build the design space for the freeze-dried liposomes, within which the product quality was assured and the process variability was minimized.     

Application of rotatable central composite design in the preparation and optimization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for controlled delivery of paclitaxel

Context: Polymeric carrier systems of paclitaxel (PCT) offer advantages over only available formulation Taxol® in terms of enhancing therapeutic efficacy and eliminating adverse effects. Objective: The objective of the present study was to prepare poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing PCT using emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Methods: Critical factors involved in the processing method were identified and optimized by scientific, efficient rotatable central composite design aiming at low mean particle size and high entrapment efficiency. Twenty different experiments were designed and each formulation was evaluated for mean particle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulation was evaluated for in vitro drug release, and absorption characteristics were studied using in situ rat intestinal permeability study. Results: Amount of polymer and duration of ultrasonication were found to have significant effect on mean particle size and entrapment efficiency. First-order interactions of amount of miglyol with amount of polymer were significant in case of mean particle size, whereas second-order interactions of polymer were significant in mean particle size and entrapment efficiency. The developed quadratic model showed high correlation (R² > 0.85) between predicted response and studied factors. The optimized formulation had low mean particle size (231.68 nm) and high entrapment efficiency (95.18%) with 4.88% drug content. The optimized formulation showed controlled release of PCT for more than 72 hours. In situ absorption study showed faster and enhanced extent of absorption of PCT from nanoparticles compared to pure drug. Conclusion: The poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing PCT may be of clinical importance in enhancing its oral bioavailability.     

Generalized Timoshenko modelling of composite beam structures: sensitivity analysis and optimal design

This article describes a new approach to design the cross-section layer orientations of composite laminated beam structures. The beams are modelled with realistic cross-sectional geometry and material properties instead of a simplified model. The VABS (the variational asymptotic beam section analysis) methodology is used to compute the cross-sectional model for a generalized Timoshenko model, which was embedded in the finite element solver FEAP. Optimal design is performed with respect to the layers’ orientation. The design sensitivity analysis is analytically formulated and implemented. The direct differentiation method is used to evaluate the response sensitivities with respect to the design variables. Thus, the design sensitivities of the Timoshenko stiffness computed by VABS methodology are imbedded into the modified VABS program and linked to the beam finite element solver. The modified method of feasible directions and sequential quadratic programming algorithms are used to seek the optimal continuous solution of a set of numerical examples. The buckling load associated with the twist–bend instability of cantilever composite beams, which may have several cross-section geometries, is improved in the optimization procedure.     

Game-theory approach for multi-objective optimal design of stationary flat-plate solar collectors

A game-theory approach has been used for the multi-objective optimum design of stationary flat-plate solar collectors. The clear-day solar-beam radiation and diffuse radiation at the location of the solar collector (Miami) are estimated. Three objectives are considered in the optimization-problem formulation: maximization of the annual average incident solar energy; maximization of the lowest month incident solar energy; and minimization of costs. The game-theory methodology is used for the solution of the three objective-constrained optimization problems to find a balanced solution. This solution represents the best compromise in terms of the super-criterion selected. Two types of sensitivity analyses are conducted on the optimum solution in this work. The sensitivity analysis with respect to the design variables indicates which design valuables are more important to different objective functions. The sensitivity analysis with respect to the solar constant shows that small fluctuations of solar constant experienced in practice affect the various objectives very little, thereby indicating that the mathematical model is robust. This work represents the first work aimed at the application of multi-objective optimization strategy, particularly the game theory approach, for the solution of the solar collector design problem.     

Nanoethosomes for transdermal delivery of tropisetron HCl: multi-factorial predictive modeling,characterization, and ex vivo skin permeation

Objective: The aim of the present work is to exclusively optimize and model the effect of phospholipid type either egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) or soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), together with other formulation variables, on the development of nano-ethosomal systems for transdermal delivery of a water-soluble antiemetic drug. Tropisetron HCl (TRO) is available as hard gelatin capsules and IV injections. The transdermal delivery of TRO is considered as a novel alternative route supposing to improve BAV as well as patient convenience.

Methods: TRO-loaded ethanolic vesicular systems were prepared by hot technique. The effect of formulation variables were optimized through a response surface methodology using 3?×?2²-level full factorial design. The concentrations of both PC (A) and ethanol (B) and PC type (C) were the factors, while entrapment efficiency (Y₁), vesicle size (Y₂), polydispersity index (Y₃), and zeta potential (Y₄) were the responses. The drug permeation across rat skin from selected formulae was studied. Particle morphology, drug–excipient interactions, and vesicle stability were also investigated.

Results: The results proved the critical role of all formulation variables on ethosomal characteristics. The suggested models for all responses showed good predictability. Only the concentration of phospholipid, irrespective to PC type, had a significant effect on the transdermal flux (p?Conclusion: The study suggests the applicability of statistical modeling as a promising tool for prediction of ethosomal characteristics. The ethanolic vesicles were considered as novel potential nanocarriers for accentuated transdermal TRO delivery.     

基于试验设计与有限元仿真的辐射井水平钻机承载部件优化设计

为了提升辐射井水平钻机承载部件的安全性与稳定性,运用试验设计（design of experiment,DOE）与有限元仿真技术对承载部件进行优化设计。通过正交试验法结合ANSYS Workbench有限元静力学仿真对由回转平台、立支架及横支架组成的承载系统的加强筋板布置形式进行优化设计,获得承载系统加强筋板的最优布局类型。在此基础上,运用基于试验设计的响应面优化法对回转平台的台面厚度、筋板高度及筋板厚度进行优化设计,进一步减小回转平台的最大等效应力、最大变形及质量,提升承载系统的安全性与稳定性。结果表明承载系统加强筋板的最优布局类型为：回转平台采用纵横筋板,立支架采用X形筋板,横支架采用V形筋板;回转平台的最优参数组合为：台面厚度为11.2 mm,筋板高度为31.9 mm,筋板厚度为12.3 mm。集成运用试验设计与有限元仿真技术对水平钻机承载部件进行优化设计的方法可为水平钻机实体样机设计提供一定的参考。     

结构动力鲁棒优化设计方法综述

如何提高结构动力学性能的鲁棒性,以减小各种不确定性因素对设计结果的影响是当前学术界和工程界研究和关注的热点问题之一。该文阐述了结构动力鲁棒优化设计的基本概念,从基于Taguchi的方法、基于多目标优化的方法和基于响应面建模的方法三个方面对结构动力鲁棒优化设计的研究进行了综述。以双转子为例,从结构的动力响应要求出发,采用响应面建模、多目标优化的方法进行了设计并与采用Taguchi方法得到的结果进行比较。结果表明,基于响应面建模、多目标优化的方法能够获得多个具有鲁棒性的设计方案,在处理具有不确定性的结构动力学问题时有着很大的应用潜力。最后,对当前方法和后续研究内容作了简要总结和展望。     

Conceptual design of industrial systems: an approach to support collaboration

The design of any industrial system is a complex problem where many domains are involved. Each domain developed its own way of modeling based on a mono disciplinary perception. This leads to a communication problem and consequently to expectations on the formulated solution that do not correspond with the real solution. To enable the communication between domains and to preserve the match between intentions, expectations and reality of the system to be designed, a combination of a soft and hard systems approach is used to define a Conceptual model for Industrial Systems (CIS). The use of the model during design is illustrated for the technical domain, but has proven to be applicable for the organization and information domain as well.     

Performance assessment of the anticipatory approach to optimal experimental design for model discrimination

The problem of model discrimination arises when several models are proposed to describe one and the same process, a situation encountered in many research fields. To identify the best model from the set of rival models, it may be necessary to collect new information about the process, and thus additional experiments have to be performed. Several approaches have been described in literature to design optimal discriminatory experiments. The anticipatory approach is one of them and is very appealing from a conceptual point of view because the expected information content of the newly designed experiment is considered, even before the experiment is performed (anticipatory design). In this paper, the performance of this approach is evaluated by comparing it with the performance of other, established approaches to optimal experimental design for model discrimination. To conduct this comparison four performance measures were defined: (1) whether the most appropriate model could be identified, (2) the number of additional experiments that have to be designed and performed to achieve model discrimination, (3) the quality of the parameter estimates of the model that is eventually identified as the most appropriate one, and (4) the rate at which the inadequate models are identified. The results clearly indicate that the anticipatory approach has its benefits and may be the preferred approach in many applications in (bio)chemical engineering and in-silico biology.     

The constraints satisfaction problem approach in the design of an architectural functional layout

A design support system with a new strategy for finding the optimal functional configurations of rooms for architectural layouts is presented. A set of configurations satisfying given constraints is generated and ranked according to multiple objectives. The method can be applied to problems in architectural practice, urban or graphic design—wherever allocation of related geometrical elements of known shape is optimized. Although the methodology is shown using simplified examples—a single story residential building with two apartments each having two rooms—the results resemble realistic functional layouts. One example of a practical size problem of a layout of three apartments with a total of 20 rooms is demonstrated, where the generated solution can be used as a base for a realistic architectural blueprint. The discretization of design space is discussed, followed by application of a backtrack search algorithm used for generating a set of potentially ‘good’ room configurations. Next the solutions are classified by a machine learning method (FFN) as ‘proper’ or ‘improper’ according to the internal communication criteria. Examples of interactive ranking of the ‘proper’ configurations according to multiple criteria and choosing ‘the best’ ones are presented. The proposed framework is general and universal—the criteria, parameters and weights can be individually defined by a user and the search algorithm can be adjusted to a specific problem.     

A solution selection approach to multiresponse surface optimization based on a clustering method

In Multi-Response Surface Optimization (MRSO), responses are often in conflict. To obtain a satisfactory compromise, the preference information of a Decision Maker (DM) on the tradeoffs among the responses should be considered. One of the promising alternatives is a posterior preference articulation approach. It first generates nondominated solutions and then makes the DM select the best one from the nondominated solutions. In this article, a solution selection approach is presented. It takes the posterior approach and employs a clustering method to aid the selection process of the DM. The DM can obtain the satisfactory compromise solution easily by the proposed method.     

A modern approach for controlled transdermal delivery of diflunisal: optimization and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of the present work was to elaborate an optimized transdermal therapeutic system for diflunisal. Selection of suitable ingredients was done via solubility and phase behavior studies. Composition of microemulsion (ME) systems consisting of butyl lactate, Brij^® 97, Transcutol^® and water was optimized using augmented simplex lattice mixture design. The independent variables selected were the percentages of butyl lactate, surfactant mixture and water. The dependent variables were refractive index, pH, conductivity, viscosity, drug solubility in the ME formulation and the ex vivo skin permeation flux. Mathematical equations and response surface plots were used to relate the dependent and independent variables. The statistical validity of the polynomials was established. Optimized formulation factors were selected by desirability approach. The optimized ME formulation was converted into gel using Carbomer^® 934. The microemulsion based gel (MBG) showed better spreadability and 5.07-fold increase in the transdermal flux than Carbomer^® 934 gel. The in vivo antihyperalgesia assay performed on mice showed significant reduction of the licking time in the treated group compared to the control group. This demonstrated the reliability of the simplex lattice statistical design for predicting optimum ME formulation. The developed MBG proved its in vivo efficiency for transdermal delivery of diflunisal.