Multinational Enterprises and the Geographical Clustering of Innovation

Research on the geographic clustering of economic activity dates back to the early twentieth century. It is recognized that in spite of advances in transportation and communications, clustering remains most critical, and is consequently prevalent, in knowledge-intensive fields. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) that increasingly base their value creation and competitive advantage on knowledge-intensive activities are key participants in clusters, affecting both the nature and intertemporal evolution of local innovative activities. However, the role of MNEs in clusters remains under-researched. This paper traces the origins of research on geographic clusters, identifies the seminal contributions focusing on the role of MNEs, discusses potential problems inherent to this area of inquiry and develops an organizing framework for new research.     

国家重点实验室技术标准创新有利于参与国际标准化活动

本文介绍了在研制ISO/IEC 19763《互操作性元模型柜架》国际标准过程中的经验和体会,提出了知识创新带动技术标准创新是参与国际标准化活动的关键,并对如何参与国际标准化活动、推广应用研制的标准,以及培养高素质国际标准化人才提出了建议。     

A knowledge accumulation approach based on bilayer social wiki network for computer-aided process innovation

Under the fierce competition, manufacturing companies pay more attention to innovation and the knowledge that enables innovation. Manufacturing process innovation is a knowledge-intensive activity, and efficient knowledge accumulation is the prerequisite and basis for computer-aided process innovation (CAPI). Hence, this research aims to build an open knowledge accumulation approach to obtain organised and refined process innovation knowledge (PIK). By considering the similarity of PIK network with biological neural network and combining the technical characteristics of social network with wiki, a novel PIK accumulation schema based on bilayer social wiki network is proposed. In social wiki network environment, PIK is accumulated in public knowledge space through participants’ social interactions and knowledge activities. The process of knowledge fusion is investigated to form the preliminary knowledge containing collective intelligence, and the mechanisms of collaborative editing and collaborative evolution are studied to refine the knowledge. The outcomes of this study lay the foundation for knowledge application of CAPI. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.     

External Knowledge and Innovation Performance in Clusters: Empirical Evidence from the Uruguay Software Cluster

The importance of geographic proximity for innovation has been widely stressed in the cluster literature. Yet, new insights from the inter-organisational network and cluster literatures underline the role of non-local linkages in enabling firms in networks to enhance learning and to innovate. This paper contributes to this literature by examining the importance of local and non-local knowledge networks for the innovation performance of firms in clusters. Our analysis is based on primary data from a survey of 95 software firms clustered in Montevideo, Uruguay. The results highlight that the most innovative firms in clusters heavily rely on non-local knowledge networks. Moreover, the number of indirect local ties to other firms is a better predictor of innovative performance than the number of direct local ties. Finally, our findings confirm the presence of knowledge gatekeepers in clusters and emphasise their role in enhancing innovation in clusters by absorbing knowledge from extra-cluster sources and diffusing it to other local firms.     

Industrial Knowledge Bases as Drivers of Open Innovation?

The article presents an analysis of a large-scale survey with the aim of understanding differences in the open, interactive and distributed nature of external innovation relations amongst firms belonging to different industrial knowledge bases. The thesis is that the source of critical innovation relevant knowledge differs between industrial knowledge bases, making the character and the need of openness contingent on these specificities. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will observe systematic variations in how industries access and combine innovation-related external knowledge. In our analyses we attempt to address a gap in the literature by examining how industrial knowledge bases affect the recombination of knowledge by analysing the different extents, forms (formal and informal) and geography of inbound open innovation. The article illustrates that features and structures of inbound open innovation align, to a large extent, with the industries' knowledge bases and that there is a interplay between an industry's knowledge base, the internal organisation of innovation processes and the channels and geography of inbound open innovation.     

Innovation Performance and International Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from the Renewable Energy Sector in OECD Countries

This paper aims at evaluating the sources of differences among countries' innovative performances in the renewable energy (RE) sector. Namely, we focus on the national innovative capacity, the knowledge developed abroad and the related knowledge spillovers. We claim that a country is more likely to develop RE innovation: (i) the larger the knowledge stocks of other countries in the same sector; (ii) especially when those other countries share established linkages with the focal country. Relying on a knowledge production function, we model country-level innovative performances in the RE sector for 18 OECD countries in the period 1990–2006. Our findings confirm that, once controlling for climate-energy policies, international knowledge spillovers contribute significantly to RE innovation, and their effect is comparable with domestic R&D and human capital. In addition, international spillovers are more likely if countries share stronger linkages.     

初创型团队异质性与团队创新的关系:基于团队外部知识网络的视角

目的探索基于团队外部知识网络视角来考察年龄异质性和专业异质性对初创型异质性团队创新的作用。方法采用问卷调查的方法。对102个初创型团队进行调查。结果在初创型团队中,年龄异质性和专业异质性均能提升团队创新,外部知识网络利用强度和广度在年龄异质性促进团队创新的过程中承担中介作用,外部知识网络利用强度在专业异质性促进团队创新的过程中承担中介作用。结论在初创型团队中,年龄异质性通过提升外部知识网络利用促进团队创新,专业异质性通过提升外部知识网络利用强度促进团队创新。     

面向产品的高技术企业集群协同创新系统集成

为了提高集群创新能力和提升集群在全球产业链中的竞争力,运用系统协同思想来分析集群创新实现问题。构建了基于集群产品创新有序集成的集群知识互动价值创造网络系统,及系统创新集成实现的模块化运作模式。实现了企业集群发展所需创新要素的统一,提高了要素间互动的效率,加快创新的进程与步伐,有效解决了集群创新面临的困境。     

知识论框架通向信息-知识-智能统一的理论

知识是人类所创造的宝贵财富,但至今没有形成系统的知识理论。章旨在提出和建立知识论的框架体系,包括它的基础和主体两部分。基础部分主要给出知识的概念、定义、表示、度量、推理和决策规则;主体部分的核心是阐明由信息提炼知识(知识生成)以及由知识形成智能(知识激活)的机理。知识论的建立将为信息论-知识论-智能论的统一理论奠定坚实的基础,促进人们在更高的水平上利用信息和知识,研究、设计和应用各种智能机器,推动经济和社会的发展。     

Modelling Multiple Interactions in Science and Technology Networks

Empirical studies have shown that the extent of innovation diffusion is greatly affected by the structure of the network in which innovation processes take place. This contribution aims to identify the complex structure of relationships at the basis of knowledge and innovation diffusion among actors from various organizations (?rms, academic and research institutions) in a given territory. A multiplex approach is proposed to explain co-authorship and co-invention interaction among Author–Inventors community in a specific geographic area. To this end, we carry out a case study of the Trieste area (North-East Italy), characterized by a very high concentration of research organizations and by the emergence of a lively sector of small R&D firms.     

信息时代背景下视觉传达设计的新语境

分析和探讨了在信息时代背景下,视觉传达设计受社会意识形态影响而发生的种种演变,结合新媒体艺术发展,从文化创意的角度,论证了视觉传达设计在形式和内涵上的新变革,并由此产生的视觉传达价值。     

基于知识链接的标准信息服务方式分析

本文基于对我国企业标准使用需求的调研情况,阐述了知识链接在标准信息服务的作用,分析了基于知识链接的标准信息服务方式。     

Foreign Subsidiaries and Technology Sourcing in Spain

Firms acquire external technological knowledge via different channels. In this paper, we compare the technology sourcing of foreign subsidiaries and domestic firms looking at domestic R&D outsourcing, international R&D outsourcing, domestic cooperation for innovation and international cooperation for innovation. We use data from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel for the years 2005–2009 for 10,206 innovative firms operating in Spain. We apply a multivariate probit specification which allows for systematic correlations among the different choices. The results show that the different technology sourcing choices are interdependent and that foreign subsidiaries show a different pattern of external technology sourcing. Compared to affiliated domestic companies, foreign subsidiaries show a smaller propensity for external technology sourcing via R&D outsourcing from independent firms in the host country, for international R&D outsourcing and for international cooperation for innovation. In contrast, foreign subsidiaries show a greater propensity for domestic cooperation for innovation. However, foreign subsidiaries are not a homogenous group in this respect.     

北京市属高校专利发展现状分析

本文以北京市属高校的科研专利发展为研究对象,选取北京工业大学、北京工商大学等5所具有代表性的高校,通过实地调研和查阅相关数据文献,对5髓售在;003至2011年间的专利申请及专利持有的数据进行年度统计,并分析数据变化趋势,从而探讨市属高校专利发展现状和趋势。     

The idiosyncrasy and dynamism of technological innovation across industries: patent citation analysis

In general, the structural and behavioral patterns of technological innovation are idiosyncratic across industrial sectors and dynamic over time. Yet, despite voluminous amounts of previous research, patterns of innovation are hard to standardize or theorize. The objectives of this article are two-fold. One is to investigate distinctive and changing patterns of technological innovation across industries and observe dynamic trends over time. The other is to identify patterns of relationships among industries and examine the roles of respective industries. To this end, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patent database was used and patent citation analysis applied. The idiosyncratic differences among industrial sectors are highlighted, especially between conventional manufacturing sectors and science-based sectors. We also found changing trends in technological knowledge flows across industries.     

粗糙集理论中知识粗糙性与属性重要性的信息度量(英文)

粗糙集理论是一种处理模糊和不确定性问题的新的数学方法。本文通过引入知识的信息量概念 ,给出了知识粗糙性和属性重要性的信息度量