新媒体与城市规划公众参与

随着新媒体技术的发展,社交网络、位置服务、移动终端等新媒体工具逐渐应用到城市规划实践。新媒体及其产生的“大数据”作为研究“人”的新工具,一方面形成了新的城市规划公众参与方式,另一方面为城市规划研究提供了新的分析工具。结合近年来的若干案例,初步分析了新媒体技术在城市规划公众参与,尤其是第三方参与中的应用,并提出了公众教育、舆论参与、信息分享、数据分析等应用模式。本文还以笔者参与的“钟鼓楼片儿区关注团队”、“梅州围龙屋关注团队”的实践为例,阐述了相关技术的实际应用方式。     

Catch Me if You Can: Workplace Mobility and Big Data

ABSTRACT

A growing number of workers, particularly in the knowledge and service sectors, can perform their work at multiple locations, and it is decreasingly realistic to assume, as researchers and planners have traditionally done, that employment in cities occurs in fixed locations. This suggests that census data or establishment registries do not fully capture where economic activity takes place. Given the role that ICTs play in enabling daytime workplace mobility, and given that they generate substantial amounts of real-time, geolocated data, we ask whether these Big Data can shed light upon the trajectories of mobile workers at the urban scale.     

测绘地理大数据在城乡规划中的应用研究

现代测绘地理科学技术的进步,使得测绘地理大数据逐步形成。如何深挖数据价值,适应大数据时代的需要,需要在测绘地理大数据获取、处理和应用阶段进一步突破和变革。本文通过测绘地理大数据服务城乡规划咨询、规划修编、规划审批、规划监察和规划评估阶段的典型应用实践,展现测绘地理大数据新思路、新方法给城乡规划工作带来的巨大变化。     

On big data,artificial intelligence and smart cities

Cities are increasingly turning towards specialized technologies to address issues related to society, ecology, morphology and many others. The emerging concept of Smart Cities highly encourages this prospect by promoting the incorporation of sensors and Big Data through the Internet of Things (IoT). This surge of data brings new possibilities in the design and management of cities just as much as economic prospects. While Big Data processing through Artificial Intelligence (AI) can greatly contribute to the urban fabric, sustainability and liveability dimensions however must not be overlooked in favour of technological ones. This paper reviews the urban potential of AI and proposes a new framework binding AI technology and cities while ensuring the integration of key dimensions of Culture, Metabolism and Governance; which are known to be primordial in the successful integration of Smart Cities for the compliance to the Sustainable Development Goal 11 and the New Urban Agenda. This paper is aimed towards Policy Makers, Data Scientists and Engineers who are looking at enhancing the integration of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Smart Cities with an aim to increase the liveability of the urban fabric while boosting economic growth and opportunities.     

大数据背景下城市治理范畴内的伦理冲突

随着通信技术、信息技术和大数据技术在各行业应用的日趋成熟,大数据技术被广泛地应用于城市治理的各个环节,为城市治理带来了更加精准、快捷、有效的方法,在城市现代化治理的过程中发挥着重要作用。城市治理为大数据的发展提供了广阔空间,但大数据的应用也引发了一系列的风险,尤其在公民隐私保护方面,造成了一系列的伦理冲突。在大数据城市治理的背景下,如何帮助城市主体充分适应大数据常态化生活,为其争取更多的空间权益,提升人们的满足感极其重要。文章从伦理和隐私的维度对大数据背景下城市治理面临的风险进行深入探析,分析大数据城市治理下隐私保护伦理问题,积极寻求破解之道,对大数据时代城市治理隐私保护伦理问题,提出构建大数据伦理准则等对策,以便在数据开放、利用、智慧城市建设等方面,使每个个体都能在整个数据生命周期中充分享有自己的权利和履行应尽的义务。     

大数据时代的上海城市总体规划编制技术与方法探索

当前,以“互联网+”和“大数据”为主导的信息化浪潮正席卷全球,同时,在转型发展的背景下,总体规划编制也面临变革和转型.信息化为实现总体规划转型提供了有力的技术支撑.通过建设战略数据平台并引入“大数据”的分析方法,有效支撑了《上海市城市总体规划(2016-2040)》的编制,对大数据时代总规编制技术与方法进行初步探索.     

云显示系统在应急指挥中心的应用探讨

随着社会管理中各类应急救援情况的出现,多信号、多会议室、多区域等应急指挥所涉及的多种高标清信号在大屏上实时显示和多路信号同步录制等问题,必须以网络化平台为基础具备人工智能的、大数据处理的云显示平台系统予以解决。Jupiter的Canvas系统即提供了这样一种跨地区、支持应急指挥各类信息实时高效显示处理的云显示系统,其为各类应急救援、数字城市管理中提供有效显示服务,从而实现科技与社会管理的和谐统一是值得期待的。     

Social media and urban mobility: Using twitter to calculate home-work travel matrices

The proliferation of Big Data is beneficial to the study of mobility patterns in cities. This work investigates the use of social media as an efficient tool for urban mobility studies. In this case, the social network Twitter has been used, due to its wealth of spatial and temporal data and the possibility of accessing data free of charge. Using a database of geotagged tweets in the Madrid Metropolitan Area over a two-year period, this article describes the steps followed in the preparation and cleansing of the initial data and the visualisation of the results in Geographic Information Systems in the form of home-work matrices. The Origin-Destination matrices obtained were then compared with the official data provided by the Madrid Transport Consortium from the 2014 Synthetic Mobility Survey. The results of this comparison demonstrate that the level of precision offered by Twitter as a source of geographic information is adequate and efficient, thereby permitting a more in-depth analysis of flows between different zones of interest in the study area.     

“Mapping” Smart Cities

ABSTRACT

Smart cities are designed to use data to optimize resources, maintain sustainability, and improve people’s quality of life. While many urban technologies are employed to make cities “smart,” one constellation of technologies has been less examined in the academic literature—digital maps and the spatial data infrastructure. This paper is an attempt to systematically review the functions and evolution of digital maps and the spatial data infrastructure, with examples from Asia and beyond, in supporting and making smart cities possible. Based on the conceptual framework and empirical case studies, four major research directions of smart mapping are identified to better support smart city initiatives.     

Physical Exams for the City — Applications for Big Data in Urban and Rural Planning

In this article, the interviewee, senior urban planner Peng Wang, suggests a broader definition for Big Data, considering which as a methodology. Combining introduction of case studies, he offers insights on the issues of how Big Data influences planners’ practice, the misunderstandings in planning industry about Big Data, the obstacles in the research and application of Big Data, as well as Big Data’s future development.     

Identifying opportunity places for urban regeneration through LBSNs

The use of location based social networks—LBSNs—for diagnosing phenomena in contemporary cities is evolving at a fast pace. However, methodological frameworks for informing urban regeneration at a fine-grain neighborhood scale through LBSNs is still by and large an unchartered territory, which this research seeks to address. This research bridges the knowledge gap by proposing a method to identify urban opportunity spaces for urban regeneration that involves pre-processing, analyzing and interpreting single and overlapped LBSN data. A two-fold perspective—people-based and place-based—is adopted. Data from four LBSNs—Foursquare, Twitter, Google Places and Airbnb—represent the people-based approach as it offers an insight into individual preferences, use and activities. The place-based approach is provided by an illustrative case study. Local unexpected nuances were gathered by the interlinking of data from different LBSNs, and opportunity places for urban regeneration have been recognized, as well as potential itineraries to boost urban liveliness and connectivity at both intra and inter- neighborhood scales. Findings show that overlapping data from various LBSNs enriches the analysis that would previously have relied on a single source.     

基于大数据技术的建筑节能方法研究与设计思考

传统的建筑节能方法经过长时间的发展,迎来了以大数据为技术手段的新时期。大数据技术在建筑节能领域逐渐得到认可,并逐渐被研究和应用。对基于大数据技术的建筑节能方法进行研究,探寻新兴技术如何与传统建筑领域相结合,从而提出新的设计思考。从大数据的架构和技术入手,协同分析应用于建筑节能领域的架构,用信息技术时代的大数据手段为传统建筑的发展提供参考。     

The use of game theory in regional economics: A quantitative retrospective

One of the most powerful tools within social science in general and economics in particular is game theory. This methodology allows for the formal analysis of the interactions among economic agents and, therefore, it is particularly useful for the study of economic decisions regarding spatial issues. For this reason, a quantitative systematization of the use of this tool on regional economics research is a relevant topic in the agenda concerned with progress in regional science. In this paper we study research in regional economics and provide a quantitative retrospective of the use of game theory in this field. Our main goal is twofold. First, we intend to categorize the contributions in the use of this analytical tool – by main research subjects, by authors' affiliations, by journal, etc. – using a bibliometric approach. Second, by analysing co‐authoring and using social network analysis, we want to test the existence of structures of knowledge upon which distinct co‐authorship emerges. The results of this research provide a framework for analysing the potential use of game theory in regional economics, suggesting new future research directions.     

Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal

Urban renewal policies in The Netherlands already have a long history, which is characterised by varying attention for either smaller-scale (neighbourhood) or larger-scale (city) issues, and for either physical, social or economic questions. These variations run parallel with more general discourses on urban dynamics and perceptions of processes in (urban) society at large. In this paper the recent history of urban renewal policies will be briefly sketched, including their main orientations. Recent Big Citie Policies, currently in the third generation, will receive special attention and the actual policy discourse will be critically evaluated and confronted with some essential empirical findings. In this process, the Dutch policy on integrated urban renewal shows clear parallels with the experience in other Western European countries, demonstrating that a Western European paradigm of urban policies is in the making: integrated, area-based, with involvement of both public and market partners and residents. Nevertheless, the Dutch case is more outspoken than the approaches in other Western European countries, by paying more attention to the issue of social cohesion or integration and to the promotion of social mix as a solution for a lack of social cohesion in neighbourhoods. At the same time it is clear that this new paradigm of urban policies shows the characteristics of a discourse that is not based on research and on empirical facts, but that develops its own momentum from shared beliefs regarding the nature of urban problems and the appropriate policy responses. This new paradigm needs reconsideration.     

Investigating the Social Dimensions of Transport Disadvantage—I. Towards New Concepts and Methods1

This article is the first of two papers that engage critically and productively with the relationship between the socio-economic transformations of cities, the differentiation of vulnerable groups within urban space and the distribution of transport services. This article undertakes a comprehensive review of the major conceptual and methodological approaches by which scholars and policy researchers have sought to address the connection between social disadvantage and access to transport. The article critically assesses the relative merits of various spatial analytical methodologies in illuminating social–transport links. The study finds that there is a need for greater sophistication in the use of analytical methods in transport research as well as an imperative for greater sensitivity to social differentiation within urban areas and relative to infrastructure and services. The article concludes by developing a method for combining spatial social and transport service data that is then deployed in the empirical case study reported in the second paper.     

FixMyStreet Brussels: Socio-Demographic Inequality in Crowdsourced Civic Participation

FixMyStreet (FMS) is a web-based civic participation platform that allows inhabitants to report environmental defects like potholes and damaged pavements to the government. In this paper, we examine the use of FMS in Brussels, the capital city of Belgium. Analyzing a total of 30,041 reports since its inception in 2013, we demonstrate how civic participation on FMS varies between the ethnically diverse districts in Brussels. We compare FMS use to a range of sociodemographic indicators derived from official city statistics as well as geotagged social media data from Twitter. Our statistical analysis revealed several significant differences between the districts that suggested that crowdsourced civic participation platforms tend to marginalize low-income and ethnically diverse communities. In this respect, our findings provide timely evidence to inform the design of more inclusive crowdsourced, civic participation platforms in the future.     

大数据背景下提升灭火救援效能的研究

随着科技的进步,大数据技术已成功应用于诸多行业,促进了相关行业的进步。在消防领域,大数据时代的来临给消防救援队伍的灭火救援工作带来了机遇和挑战,许多地区已经开始了将大数据应用于灭火救援的实践。文章首先介绍了大数据的相关概念及优势,就应用实践中面临的挑战进行分析,结合实际情况提出相应的对策,为在大数据背景下提升灭火救援效能提供参考。     

The Myth of the Classic Slum: Contradictory Perceptions of Boyle Heights Flats, 1900–1991

Boyle Heights Flats, an area just east of downtown Los Angeles, traditionally served as a port-of-entry for newly arrived, working-poor immigrants. The original settlement of The Flats was to all intents and purposes “removed” to make way for a large public housing complex during the 1940s and 1950s. The displacement of the people of Boyle Heights Flats represented the victory of a particular perception—The Flats as a hopeless and dangerous slum. However, during the same era, a contrasting view—The Flats as a poor yet functional community—was also put forward by a Chicago School sociologist who spent several years studying the area. While residents of The Flats surely recognized the many social problems from which their neighborhood suffered, I use both oral history and the written history of one group of Flats dwellers to suggest that the Chicago School study better represents the complex texture of the community in its first half century. “Documentary” photography helped make the case for slum clearance in The Flats through a highly discriminate editing of the area's social conditions.     

Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal

Urban renewal policies in The Netherlands already have a long history, which is characterised by varying attention for either smaller-scale (neighbourhood) or larger-scale (city) issues, and for either physical, social or economic questions. These variations run parallel with more general discourses on urban dynamics and perceptions of processes in (urban) society at large. In this paper the recent history of urban renewal policies will be briefly sketched, including their main orientations. Recent Big Citie Policies, currently in the third generation, will receive special attention and the actual policy discourse will be critically evaluated and confronted with some essential empirical findings. In this process, the Dutch policy on integrated urban renewal shows clear parallels with the experience in other Western European countries, demonstrating that a Western European paradigm of urban policies is in the making: integrated, area-based, with involvement of both public and market partners and residents. Nevertheless, the Dutch case is more outspoken than the approaches in other Western European countries, by paying more attention to the issue of social cohesion or integration and to the promotion of social mix as a solution for a lack of social cohesion in neighbourhoods. At the same time it is clear that this new paradigm of urban policies shows the characteristics of a discourse that is not based on research and on empirical facts, but that develops its own momentum from shared beliefs regarding the nature of urban problems and the appropriate policy responses. This new paradigm needs reconsideration.     

Digital neighborhoods

With the advent of ‘big data’ there is an increased interest in using social media to describe city dynamics. This paper employs geo-located social media data to identify ‘digital neighborhoods’ – those areas in the city where social media is used more often. Starting with geo-located Twitter and Foursquare data for the New York City region in 2014, we applied spatial clustering techniques to detect significant groupings or ‘neighborhoods’ where social media use is high or low. The results show that beyond the business districts, digital neighborhoods occur in communities undergoing shifting socio-demographics. Neighborhoods that are not digitally oriented tend to have higher proportion of minorities and lower incomes, highlighting a social–economic divide in how social media is used in the city. Understanding the differences in these neighborhoods can help city planners interested in generating economic development proposals, civic engagement strategies, and urban design ideas that target these areas.