我国灌区建设及管理技术发展成就与展望

新中国成立70年来,我国灌区建设与管理取得了举世瞩目的成就,农田灌溉面积由1949年的1593万hm2发展到2016年的6714万hm2,位列世界第一,保障了我国粮食安全供给和社会经济发展。我国灌区建设与管理已经历了三个大的发展阶段,依靠科技进步解决了发展过程中出现的各种问题,使我国灌区建设与管理水平逐步得以提升。今后的30年将是我国实现灌区现代化的时期。本文较系统介绍了我国灌区发展概况、灌区建设与管理技术进展和成就、灌区面临的主要问题和挑战、以及灌区现代化发展展望。     

井灌区灌溉管理无线遥控遥测系统的研制与应用

以数学模型为基础，采用计算机技术、微控制器技术、遥控遥测技术和通讯技术，构建的井灌区水资源管理遥控遥测系统具有功能强、成本低、操作简单的特点，系统地提高了灌区管理水平和水资源的利用率，同时有效控制地下水的开采，为井灌区水资源管理的信息化奠定了基础．该系统已在多个灌区得到应用，促进了灌区节水工作的开展。     

小型农田水利工程运行管护中的主要问题和建议

近年,国家对小型农田水利工程建设的投入逐年增多,如何保证工程建后的正常运行与管护并持续发挥工程效益,已经成为当前亟待研究解决的问题。在分析当前小型农田水利工程管护中存在问题的基础上,提出了相应的建议。     

Use of factor-K water allocation system in irrigation management: Theory and application in Indonesia

In order to maintain rice self-sufficiency, the Government of Indonesia is seeking strategies to more efficiently manage existing irrigation systems. As part of this effort, International Irrigation Management Institute, (IIMI) is helping the government reexamine the Factor-K method for water allocation, which is used by provincial irrigation authorities in most provinces. Data collected from public irrigation systems in West Java indicate that management practices in the field often deviate significantly from the theoretical operating procedures. Inefficiencies in water allocation resulting from over-estimated water requirements and inaccurate predictions of expected water availability are related to field management practices as well as problems associated with the Factor-K method itself. Inequitable allocation, as measured by an actual water delivery/expected water delivery ratio, was observed for end-users in the system during periods of water deficits. In order to ensure equity and efficiency using the factor-K system, modifications are needed in the method of calculating water demand and supply. Yet, more importantly, improved monitoring and supervision in the field must be given higher priority if the irrigation systems are to perform up to expectations.     

综合运动场节水型喷灌系统的研究与应用

结合多年综合运动场喷灌系统的设计和施工经验,设计出采用18只埋藏式喷头、25m~3容积水池、1台18.5 kW的水泵、用PE管道或PVC管道、总造价4万～5万元人民币的喷灌系统,既能满足足球场草坪生长的需要,又能对跑道进行防尘和养护,达到经济、节水、节能效果.     

灌区水管理信息化集成技术的设计与应用

本着先进、可靠、准确、耐用、操作简便的原则,采用以计算机网络为核心的集控系统,实现了信息采集、传输、存储、处理、决策支持及控制。文中不仅提出了灌区水管理信息化集成技术设计的基本思路,还对典型系统的应用进行了分析。     

Livelihood assets and institutions for smallholder irrigation farmer market access in Limpopo,South Africa

Despite having access to irrigation water, many smallholder irrigation farmers in rural South Africa remain subsistence-oriented, with little market participation. Their tangible and intangible assets influence production and market access. Largely qualitative data collected in rural Limpopo Province show that the farmers’ tangible assets supported production but in some instances restricted them from producing efficiently. Likewise, their intangible assets mostly limited their capacity to produce efficiently, to find markets or to organize themselves. These farmers’ tangible assets need to be upgraded and their intangible assets need strengthening to increase production capacity and marketing efficiency.     

陕西省关中灌区末级渠系管理体制改革创新模式探究

农民用水协会是近些年来在农村兴起的一种非营利性群众用水合作组织,其产生使得广大用水户能切身参与到灌溉管理事业中来,并带来了不可忽视的效益。但是当下的农民用水协会在实际运行及管理中仍存在许多问题。本文在对陕西关中五大灌区的七个农民用水协会开展实地社会调查的基础上,分析研究了灌区末级渠系管理体制改革的成效及存在的问题,并对农民用水协会今后可持续发展的问题提出了相关的建议。     

Trends and perceptions of rural household groundwater use and the implications for smallholder agriculture in rain-fed Southern Laos

In Laos, the extent of rural groundwater use is largely unknown. This paper presents results of a study conducted in Champasak province, Southern Laos, to examine rural household attitudes to groundwater use and management; and to gauge farmer perceptions of the opportunities/constraints of increased groundwater use for smallholder agriculture. Significant differences in groundwater use, total cash income and perceived groundwater quality were found. Further agricultural expansion was constrained by insufficient labour and the limited area of individual landholdings, not by the limited groundwater supply, which was the preferred source to fulfil increased demands for domestic/agricultural use. There were no groundwater regulations.     

地下滴灌条件下水热运移数学模型与验证

基于土壤水、热运动基本方程,结合地下滴灌水分运动特点,建立了地下滴灌水热运移数学模型。利用HYDRUS-2D软件对模型进行了求解,并用田间实测数据进行验证。模拟和验证结果表明,模型对地下滴灌条件下的土壤水分和土壤温度运移变化动态的模拟效果较好,该水热运移数学模型可以用来监测和调控作物生长所需的土壤水、热环境条件。模拟值和实测值的结果对比表明,上层土壤的水分和温度的模拟值较下层土壤值差异较明显,且数值波动大,主要原因是上层土壤易受到土壤蒸发和大气温度剧烈波动的影响。     

华北轮作农田灌溉制度多目标优化模型及应用

针对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植模式,构建了轮作农田灌溉制度多目标模拟-优化模型,该模型利用水量平衡模型模拟不同灌溉制度下的农田耗水过程,利用水分生产函数估算不同耗水条件下的作物产量,以2种作物每次灌溉的灌水时间及灌水定额为决策变量,以两种作物产量最大为目标函数。引入动态罚函数对灌溉定额进行约束,采用改进非支配排序遗传算法进行求解,最终用理想点法对所得Pareto非劣解进行决策。不同灌溉定额下北京地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田灌溉制度多目标优化结果表明:轮作模式下冬小麦的灌水关键时期为抽穗与灌浆期,与水分敏感期基本一致;夏玉米的灌水关键时期为拔节与抽穗期,受前期墒情及降水影响比水分敏感期有所提前。在最优灌溉制度下,随着灌水量的增加,两种作物产量均增加;产值呈抛物线增加,但边际产值递减;单位灌水量产值呈幂函数减小;同时作物耗水量呈对数增加,而土壤水利用量呈抛物线减少。