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1.
The UK is predicted to experience warmer summers in the future, but the domestic building stock in England was not designed to cope with this change. The Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) 2009 is used to assess the current state of the English building stock in terms of its vulnerability to overheating. The English Housing Survey 2009 provided data for 16 150 dwellings which are weighted to represent the housing stock. SAP predicts 82% of dwellings are currently at ‘slight’ risk of overheating and 41% at medium to high risk. If summer temperatures become 1.4°C warmer, then 99% of properties are predicted to have a medium to high risk of overheating. Several potential adaptations to the housing stock were considered to reduce overheating. Although ventilation strategies had the largest positive effect, the use of solar shading and shutters which allow secure ventilation could reduce vulnerability to overheating in the current climate. In a warmer climate, although some dwellings would still be at slight risk, the results suggest that solar shading strategies could reduce the percentage of those at medium to high risk to 6%. Future energy efficiency programmes will need to include adaptation measures to prevent overheating. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACTThere is growing awareness of the overheating risks in new-build properties in the UK. However, this tends to be considered a problem principally for the southern regions in the UK, only becoming a serious issue in the north of England in the medium-term and in the long-term for Scotland. This notion tends to be largely predicated upon climate change predictions, differences in latitude and summer air temperatures. This paper describes the results from Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) studies over a two-year period from 26 occupied new-build homes across Scotland which demonstrated incidences of overheating. Results suggest that low-energy buildings are susceptible to overheating despite northerly latitudes, with 54% of houses studied overheating for more than six months annually, and 27% of homes overheating for less than 10% of the year. Evidence indicated that commonly used prediction tools do not appear to anticipate overheating adequately. This paper maps common overheating causes due to design and the role of occupants, identifying the risks due to the regulatory system, prediction and procurement processes, and design and construction. A common finding was that design and occupancy factors appear to have a greater impact on overheating more than location and climatic factors. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACTA new indicator of overheating risk is introduced that more comprehensively represents heat stress and the way thermal environment is experienced. This indicator is compared with the industry standard overheating assessment approach (CIBSE TM52). This is demonstrated using an energy retrofit simulation case study of a typical London, UK terraced dwelling under different climate scenarios. Overheating was evaluated first according to TM52, then via an assessment of continuously overheated intervals (COIs) that account for the duration where adaptive limits are continuously exceeded. Results for the case study show that, first, extent of overheating can vary greatly based on climate uncertainties. Second, insulation retrofit only contributes to substantial overheating when the space lacks proper ventilation or protection from solar radiation. Nevertheless, overheating cannot be avoided completely under future climate scenarios even with appropriate passive cooling. More importantly, the results show that overheated hours tend to occur consecutively. This implies that violations of TM52 criterion 1 (which currently applies only at the seasonal scale) can occur at the monthly/weekly resolutions. This ‘buried’ information can be revealed via the COI approach to more comprehensively capture how an overheating situation unfolds in a manner more relevant to heat stress and occupants’ thermal experience. 相似文献
4.
The resilience of the current Spanish residential building stock to increased temperatures is modelled. Homogenized daily temperature data recorded at 50 Spanish meteorological stations for the periods 1950–1979 and 1981–2010 were used to investigate anticipated climate warming on the Spanish residential building stock by means of the degree-day method. Impacts on residential buildings were investigated for three different future time periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100) for three representative Spanish provincial capitals. Future climate change scenarios comprising two statistical downscaling methods, three general circulation models and two carbon emission scenarios were used to project local climate. Results show that 72% of current residential building stock in Spain is thermally unprotected. In addition, the energy demand for heating the building sector in Spain is expected to decrease by between 30% (Barcelona, B2 scenario) and 36% (Valencia, A2 scenario) by 2100, while the respective energy demand for cooling could increase by between 107% (Valencia, B2 scenario) and 296% (Madrid, A2 scenario) by 2100. To increase resilience to higher winter and summer temperatures, strategies for modifying the built environment are needed, particularly for the role of building codes and standards. La résilience du parc bâti résidentiel espagnol actuel face à l'augmentation des températures est modélisée. Les données homogénéisées des température journalières enregistrées dans 50 stations météorologiques espagnoles pour les périodes 1950–1979 et 1981–2010 ont été utilisées pour étudier le réchauffement climatique prévu sur le parc bâti résidentiel espagnol en utilisant la méthode des degrés-jours. Les répercussions sur les immeubles résidentiels ont été étudiées pour trois périodes futures différentes (2011–2040, 2041–2070 et 2071–2100) et pour trois capitales provinciales espagnoles représentatives. Il a été utilisé des scénarios de changement climatique futur comprenant deux méthodes de réduction d'échelle statistique, trois modèles de circulation générale et deux scénarios d'émission de carbone pour prévoir le climat local. Les résultats montrent que 72 % du parc bâti résidentiel actuel de l'Espagne est dépourvu de protection thermique. Il est en outre prévu que la demande énergétique liée au chauffage dans le secteur du logement en Espagne diminue de 30 % (Barcelone, scénario B2) à 36 % (Valence, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100, tandis que la demande énergétique respective liée à la climatisation pourrait augmenter de 107 % (Valence, scénario B2) à 296 % (Madrid, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100. Afin d'augmenter la résilience face à des températures hivernales et estivales plus élevées, il est nécessaire de disposer de stratégies de modification du cadre bâti, concernant en particulier le rôle des codes et des normes du bâtiment. Mots clés: stratégies d'adaptation, performances des bâtiments, réglementation du bâtiment, parc bâti, changement climatique, degrés-jours, surchauffe, confort thermique, vulnérabilité, Espagne 相似文献
5.
总结归纳了德国低能耗建筑的分类标准,分析了三种不同标准低能耗建筑相应的设计方法与技术系统;介绍了低能耗建筑技术的发展新动向和德国低能耗建筑推广策略与既有建筑节能改造的案例。 相似文献
6.
Trivess Moore Ian Ridley Yolande Strengers Cecily Maller Ralph Horne 《Building Research & Information》2017,45(4):443-456
Increasing reliance on air-conditioning to improve summertime comfort in dwellings results in higher energy bills, peak electricity demand and environmental issues. In pursuit of social equity, society needs to develop ways of improving cooling that are less reliant on air-conditioning. Designing homes to emphasize adaptive thermal comfort can reduce this reliance, particularly when combined with improved dwelling thermal performance. A multi-method evaluation of 10 low-income dwellings in the state of Victoria in Australia is presented, including low-energy and ‘standard-performance’ houses. The combination of performance monitoring and householder interviews reveals new insights for achieving summertime comfort. The low-energy houses without air-conditioning were both measured and perceived as more comfortable than the ‘standard-performance’ houses with air-conditioning. The low-energy households achieved improved personal thermal comfort through a combination of improved fabric performance augmented with adaptive comfort activities (e.g., opening/closing windows). This outcome reduces reliance on air-conditioning, reduces living costs and energy consumption, and improves environmental outcomes. There is a need to integrate lessons from adaptive thermal comfort theory and strategies into minimum building performance requirements and standards, as well as wider design strategies. It is evident that adaptive comfort has a role to play in a transition to a low-carbon housing future. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of Building Performance Simulation》2013,6(4):237-244
This article presents an analysis of the energy performance of commercial buildings as a function of the influence of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the external walls and roof. Cases with different internal load densities, exterior absorptance, patterns of use, window-to-wall ratios and other parameters were simulated to analyse their influence on the annual energy consumption. The analysis was carried out through computer simulation using the EnergyPlus program and weather files for Florianopolis, Curitiba and Sao Luis. Two building typologies were adopted: a five-storey office building and a one-storey commercial store. These results show that the limits adopted by ASHRAE Standard 90.1 can be exceeded, depending on the case and climate analysed, as using high values of overall heat transfer coefficient in the walls can help to dissipate the internal heat gain to the exterior, minimizing the air conditioning energy consumption. 相似文献
8.
Roger Birchmore Kathryn Davies Phillip Etherington Robert Tait Andy Pivac 《Building Research & Information》2017,45(1-2):157-175
ABSTRACTNew Zealand dwellings have thermal conditions managed with relatively light regulation. No minimum airtightness standards exist and historical increases in required insulation levels aimed to reduce winter heating energy consumption. A consequence of this policy is an increased potential for overheating in summer. There has been a steady increase in the use of heat pumps, risking heating energy savings being outweighed by cooling energy increases. Internal temperatures and humidity were monitored in the living spaces of three unoccupied, transportable houses over all four seasons of the Auckland climate. The houses are located on the same site and are of identical construction, apart from selected interventions which were tested to explore their potential to mitigate overheating. Results indicate that overheating can be extreme and long lasting. High internal temperatures are very closely connected with solar gains. Internal temperatures reached 32°C in autumn. Roof space temperatures reached 51°C in summertime. Interventions resulted in modest improvements and an airtight construction provided a small thermal benefit. A thermal model for the houses was developed using EnergyPlus and compared with actual measurements and the interventions. Early results point to the further need to reduce solar gain, increase roof-space ventilation and increase mass, where feasible. 相似文献
9.
D. Johnston D. Farmer M. Brooke-Peat D. Miles-Shenton 《Building Research & Information》2016,44(2):147-159
It is recognized that there is often a discrepancy between the measured fabric thermal performance of dwellings as built and the predicted performance of the same dwellings and that the magnitude of this difference in performance can be quite large. This paper presents the results of a number of in-depth building fabric thermal performance tests undertaken on three case study dwellings located on two separate Passivhaus developments in the UK: one masonry cavity and the other two timber-frame. The results from the tests revealed that all the case study dwellings performed very close to that predicted. This is in contrast with other work that has been undertaken regarding the performance of the building fabric, which indicates that a very wide range of performance exists in new-build dwellings in the UK, and that the difference between the measured and predicted fabric performance can be greater than 100%. Despite the small non-random size of the sample, the results suggest that careful design coupled with the implementation of appropriate quality control systems, such as those required to attain Passivhaus Certification, may be conducive to delivering dwellings that begin to ‘bridge the gap’ between measured and predicted fabric performance. 相似文献
10.
Marika Vellei Alfonso P. Ramallo-González David Coley Jeehang Lee Elizabeth Gabe-Thomas Tom Lovett 《Building Research & Information》2017,45(1-2):102-118
ABSTRACTAs the 2003 European heatwave demonstrated, overheating in homes can cause wide-scale fatalities. With temperatures and heatwave frequency predicted to increase due to climate change, such events can be expected to become more common. Thus, investigating the risk of overheating in buildings is key to understanding the scale of the problem and in designing solutions. Most work on this topic has been theoretical and based on lightweight dwellings that might be expected to overheat. By contrast, this study collects temperature and air quality data over two years for vulnerable and non-vulnerable UK homes where overheating would not be expected to be common. Overheating was found to occur, particularly and disproportionately in households with vulnerable occupants. As the summers in question were not extreme and contained no prolonged heatwaves, this is a significant and worrying finding. The vulnerable homes were also found to have worse indoor air quality. This suggests that some of the problem might be solved by enhancing indoor ventilation. The collected thermal comfort survey data were also validated against the European adaptive model. Results suggest that the model underestimates discomfort in warm conditions, having implications for both vulnerable and non-vulnerable homes. 相似文献
11.
A. Mavrogianni J. Taylor M. Davies C. Thoua J. Kolm-Murray 《Building Research & Information》2015,43(3):316-333
The potential levels of exposure to indoor overheating in an urban environment are assessed for vulnerable social housing residents. Particular focus is given to the synergistic effects between summertime ventilation behaviour, indoor temperature and air pollutant concentration in relation to energy retrofit and climate change. Three different types of social housing are investigated (1900s’ low-rise, 1950s’ mid-rise and 1960s’ high-rise). The case study dwellings are located in Central London and occupied by vulnerable individuals (elderly and/or people suffering from ill-health or mobility impairment). Indoor temperature monitoring suggests that occupants are already exposed to some degree of overheating; the highest levels of overheating occur in 1960s’ high-rise tower blocks. The thermal and airflow performance simulation of a mid-floor flat in the 1960s’ block under the current and projected future climate indicates that improved natural ventilation strategies may reduce overheating risk to a certain extent, with night cooling and shading being slightly more effective than all-day rapid ventilation. However, their potential may be limited in future due to high external temperatures and the undesired ingress of outdoor pollutants. This highlights the need for the development of combined strategies aiming to achieve both indoor thermal comfort and air quality. 相似文献
12.
节能建筑中应用保温砂浆的性能分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
随着环保和节能意识的增强,建筑节能正在成为世界建筑业的发展趋势,因此,建筑围护结构的绝热性能日益受到重视。保温砂浆通过改变其容重和厚度可以调节墙体围护结构的热阻,改善其热工性能,目前已成为我国重要的建筑节能技术措施之一,正在迅速发展并广泛应用工业与民用建筑中。基于保温砂浆的导热系数和蓄热系数及其大量的工程实践经验,分析了保温砂浆在我国节能建筑中应用的绝热机理和性能参数,进而综述了节能建筑对其性能的进一步要求,为拓宽保温砂浆在节能建筑中的应用范围奠定了基础。 相似文献
13.
Phil Symonds Jonathon Taylor Anna Mavrogianni Mike Davies Clive Shrubsole Ian Hamilton 《Building Research & Information》2017,45(1-2):195-208
ABSTRACTMonitoring and modelling studies of the indoor environment indicate that there are often discrepancies between simulation results and measurements. The availability of large monitoring datasets of domestic buildings allows for more rigorous validation of the performance of building simulation models derived from limited building information, backed by statistical significance tests and goodness-of-fit metrics. These datasets also offer the opportunity to test modelling assumptions. This paper investigates the performance of domestic housing models using EnergyPlus software to predict maximum daily indoor temperatures over the summer of 2011. Monitored maximum daily indoor temperatures from the English Housing Survey’s (EHS) Energy Follow-Up Survey (EFUS) for 823 nationally representative dwellings are compared against predictions made by EnergyPlus simulations. Due to lack of information on the characteristics of individual dwellings, the models struggle to predict maximum temperatures in individual dwellings and performance was worse on days when the outdoor maximum temperatures were high. This research indicates that unknown factors such as building characteristics, occupant behaviour and local environment makes the validation of models for individual dwellings a challenging task. The models did, however, provide an improved estimate of temperature exposure when aggregated over dwellings within a particular region. 相似文献
14.
本文针对唐山地区既有居住建筑围护结构节能改造，通过调研，建筑围护结构保温性能检测和应用红外成像技术进行建筑热工缺陷分析，得到建筑物围护结构的保温性能现状，并依据国家民用建筑节能设计标准规定，以建筑节能50％为目标，提出围护结构改造意见，并对小区典型建筑改造前后的冬季建筑物耗热量指标进行了计算验证，以期为下一步的改造设计提供依据。 相似文献
15.
Niklaus Kohler 《Building Research & Information》2018,46(5):578-593
ABSTRACTThe green and the subsequent sustainable building movements have been framed by changing societal contexts. Their main focus has been on the design of new buildings. However, these movements have neglected the life span of existing buildings and the long-term management of building stocks. The reasons why are considered: the changing interpretations of sustainability, the evolution of different forms of tacit knowledge, lack of a metabolic framework covering the built environment and lack of a consistent multi-scale building information modelling (BIM). The transition toward a ‘risk society’, with an increasing diversity and frequency of threats, challenges the current optimistic definition of sustainability. Resilience addresses fast- and slow-moving threats that can lead to unknown consequences and new risks. Alternative planning approaches (e.g. scenario planning, adaptive change and resilience heuristics) are discussed. The differences between anticipation- and resilience-based strategies are considered. Possible heuristics can be found in social–ecological systems, in resilience engineering and in the historic evolution of the built environment. Resilient solutions generally lead to a higher level of complexity and carry additional environmental costs. In the creation of resilience capacity, new knowledge will be co-produced through transdisciplinary research, scenario planning and design experiments under conditions of uncertainty. 相似文献
16.
Buildings are responsible for one-third of the UK's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The move to reduce emissions has resulted in recent stringent building regulations primarily aimed at reducing heating and associated energy use, often by improving the building fabric's airtightness. However, internal gains dominated, highly–insulated and airtight non-domestic buildings will likely overheat in the projected warming climate, requiring energy-intensive cooling, thus diminishing the effectiveness of heating efficiency focused regulations. This research investigated the effects of the warming climate on overheating and energy use and resulting emissions in representative urban office spaces in London in the present-day and projected future climates using hourly dynamic thermal simulations. Findings suggest that airtight and highly–insulated office buildings in the temperate UK will overheat in the 2050s. Heating demand reduces by at least 36% in the 2050s but electricity consumption and summertime space conditioning will increase by at least 13% and 55% respectively when hybrid cooling is adopted to ameliorate overheating. Despite the increase, a mixed-mode ventilation strategy is one of the ways of achieving overall energy efficiency while meeting benchmark overheating and emissions targets. Current heating-focused legislation needs to be re-evaluated to account for the effects of the warming climate and overheating risks. 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACTThe gap between the architectural information and the as-is building condition has been known as one of the pivotal factors influencing deviations between actual and predicted building energy consumption. Despite such significance, quantifying the impact of deviated building information on energy use has not been fully investigated. This paper explores building information modelling (BIM)-driven experimental simulation to quantify the impact of building envelope condition on energy use, which can infer the impact of reflecting the as-is building conditions in as-designed BIMs on the reliability of energy analysis. First, BIM-driven energy simulations are conducted with varied thermo-physical properties of building envelope elements in gbXML-based BIMs under different climate conditions. Building upon the impacting factor for energy analysis (IFEA), the simulation results are then used to infer the impact of the deviated building condition on energy consumption. Through case studies, it is observed that the annual energy consumption of a residential building can deviate by 18–20%, whereas thermal resistances of exterior walls can deviate by 1?m2K/W. This paper validates quantitatively the potential benefits of reflecting the as-is building condition in BIM-based energy performance analysis. This provides practitioners with insights into how to improve the reliability of energy analysis of existing buildings. 相似文献
18.
建筑节能—当代建筑科技发展的一个重要方向 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
建筑节能快慢是世界性的大潮流，正引导状多方面的建筑技术，产品和组织发生重大变化，而这种变化是由于经济发展，大气环境和建筑热舒适的需要推动。我国节能标准，建筑保温和旧房节能改造方面与发达国家之间有较大差距，应借鉴发达国家建筑节能的经验，大力推进建筑节能的技术进步 相似文献
19.
本文通过对陕南镇安县西凤村部分农宅调研的信息和测量数据进行的分析和总结,对当地农建设提出了科学合理的指导性意见。 相似文献
20.
本文通过对陕南镇安县西凤村部分农宅调研的信息和测量数据进行的分析和总结,对当地农建设提出了科学合理的指导性意见。 相似文献