热处理过程中大豆11S球蛋白解离缔合行为研究进展

解离缔合反应是大豆蛋白在外界因素影响下蛋白质分子高级结构发生解聚或聚合的过程,是目前植物蛋白领域研究的热点。通常通过热处理使大豆蛋白发生解离缔合反应而改变其构象从而获得理想功能性质;大豆11S球蛋白是大豆蛋白主要成分之一,因此11S球蛋白的热解离缔合行为一定程度上决定了大豆制品的后期加工特性、品质及其应用范围。本文概述了11S球蛋白基本结构的最新研究进展;基于11S球蛋白热处理过程中蛋白浓度差异引起的体系性状变化,综述了离子强度、pH值、大豆7S球蛋白以及大豆脂蛋白对其解离缔合行为的影响;并分析了相应条件下11S球蛋白解离缔合反应机制,以期阐明在热处理过程中11S球蛋白的解离缔合反应机制,为将大豆蛋白解离缔合反应控制在预期范围内,获得高品质的大豆蛋白食品提供理论依据。     

Influence of NaCl concentration and high pressure treatment on thermal denaturation of soybean proteins

In the present work the effect of high pressure (HP) treatment in the presence of NaCl on the thermal behavior of soybean proteins was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermograms obtained have shown that NaCl addition increased the thermal stability – increase in temperatures of denaturation (Td) – of both glycinin and β-conglycinin. HP treatments increased thermal stability of glycinin, but decreased that of β-conglycinin. High NaCl concentrations decreased (in glycinin) or inverted (in β-conglycinin) the effects of HP on thermal stability. Cooperativity of denaturation of glycinin was enhanced by NaCl and HP. Cooperativity of denaturation of β-conglycinin was enhanced by HP and also by NaCl at 0.2 mol/L but decreased with the combination of treatments. Salt addition increased the enthalpy, ΔH, of denaturation of glycinin and β-conglycinin, being this effect stronger on glycinin. HP treatment provoked the denaturation of both protein fractions. The presence of NaCl protected glycinin against HP-denaturation at any assayed salt concentration and pressure level, while β-conglycinin was only protected at 200 and 400 MPa, but was more denaturated at 600 MPa in the presence of 0.6 mol/L of NaCl.

Industrial relevance

The knowledge provided by this work may be useful in the handling of high pressure-treated food with high NaCl content (e.g. meat emulsions, smallgoods) where soybean proteins are used as additives, in order to choose high pressure values to achieve their denaturation or predict the effects of ulterior thermal treatments. Thus, this knowledge may be useful to increase the use of high pressure in food industry.     

Rheological Properties of Soybean β-Conglycinin in Aqueous Dispersions: Effects of Concentration,Ionic Strength and Thermal Treatment

Steady shear and dynamic oscillatory measurements were used to investigate the effect of concentration, ionic strength and thermal treatment on rheological properties of soybean β-conglycinin in aqueous dispersions. SDS-PAGE and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that β-conglycinin exhibited partial denaturation and formation of aggregates during isolation. Under steady shear flow, strong shear-thinning behavior was observed with increasing shear rate from 0.001 to 1200 s^?1. A dispersion of β-conglycinin (≥5% w/v, without applying thermal treatment) exhibited gel-like dynamic mechanical spectra at 20°C. This suggested that β-conglycinin in aqueous dispersions showed rheological properties of typical weak gel-like (entanglement) or semi diluted polymeric solution. Weak gel network of β-conglycinin was susceptible to ionic strength, suggesting that electrostatic forces play an important role in the formation of weak gel network. These properties of β-conglycinin have practical significance for the food processors in the formulation of new products.     

Effects of calcium and high pressure on soybean proteins: A calorimetric study

The effects of calcium and high pressure (HP) treatment on the thermal properties of soybean proteins were analyzed in soybean protein isolate (SPI), a β-conglycinin-enriched fraction (7SEF), a glycinin-enriched fraction (11SEF), and whey protein concentrate (WPC). For β-conglycinin, the temperature of denaturation (Td) decreased with up to 12.5 mM or 6.2 mM calcium in SPI and 7SEF, respectively. This parameter increased when calcium was more concentrated. The Td of glycinin increased for every assayed calcium concentration. The values of changes in Td (ΔTd) depended on calcium concentration and the proportion of β-conglycinin and glycinin in the samples. Activation energy decreased for glycinin in the presence of calcium. HP treatment promoted denaturation of β-conglycinin and glycinin. Calcium protected both proteins in SPI, 7SEF and 11SEF at 200 MPa, and protected glycinin in SPI and 7SEF at 400 and 600 MPa. Nevertheless, calcium increased the degree of denaturation of β-conglycinin in 7SEF at 600 MPa. In the absence of calcium, partially-HP-denatured polypeptides exhibited the same or lower Td than controls, whereas in its presence, they exhibited higher Tds than their respective controls.     

Gelation of soybean proteins induced by sequential high-pressure and thermal treatments

The effect of high-pressure treatment on structural and rheological properties of soybean protein dispersions was studied. A sequential high-pressure/thermal treatment was also analyzed. Dissimilar effects on soy protein isolate (SPI) and the enriched soybean protein fractions: β-conglycinin (βCEF) and glycinin (GEF) were observed. High pressure (600 MPa) promoted βCEF gelation, but did not modify the rheological properties of GEF in spite of its complete denaturation. Pressure treatment also induced the establishment of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds that allowed the formation of soluble high molecular mass aggregates from the different polypeptides of both β-conglycinin and glycinin. Protein strands formation was detected in matrix microstructure of HP-treated SPI and βCEF dispersions in accordance with their rheological behavior of weak gels. In the case of GEF modifications induced by HP in the microstructure (apparition of large granules) were not accompanied by rheological changes.     

Associative interactions between chitosan and soy protein fractions: Effects of pH,mixing ratio,heat treatment and ionic strength

The objective of this paper is to explore the complexation between the soy protein fractions (glycinin and β-conglycinin) and chitosan (CS) and to investigate the influence of pH, mixing ratio, heat treatment and ionic strength. Phase behavior and microstructure showed that soluble complex and coacervate were obtained in glycinin/CS and β-conglycinin/CS mixtures at specific pHs, following a nucleation and growth mechanism. Moreover, the coacervates showed higher thermal stability than protein alone. Specially, the glycinin/CS mixture displayed a gel-like network structure at pH 5.5 and 6.0, and this structure kept the mixture soluble at a long pH region. The turbidity versus ζ-potential pattern showed that, independent of protein, the self aggregation of soy protein fractions and the coacervation of glycinin/CS and β-conglycinin/CS mixtures were all obtained at charge neutralization pH, indicating that the ζ-potential is the most critical parameter to understand the stability of soy protein/chitosan mixture. This predictive parameter was less affected by mixing ratio and heating but was significantly affected by ionic strength because mixing ratio and heating only changed the equilibrium between repulsive and attractive forces in colloid system while sodium chloride destroyed the predictability of colloidal stability via shielding charged reactive sites on both biopolymers to disrupt electrostatic interactions.     

矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷与大豆蛋白相互作用的多重光谱分析及分子对接

采用多重光谱技术和分子对接技术，研究矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷（cyanidin-3-glucoside，C3G）与β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白的相互作用。结果表明，C3G以静态、动态组合模式强烈的猝灭β-伴大豆球蛋白/大豆球蛋白的内源荧光，且C3G对大豆球蛋白的结合亲和力强于β-伴大豆球蛋白。C3G与β-伴大豆球蛋白/大豆球蛋白结合的主要相互作用力不同，但n（结合位点数）表明C3G和大豆蛋白以物质的量比1∶1形成稳定的复合物。C3G能够诱导大豆蛋白二级结构部分展开，促使部分α-螺旋转变为β-折叠，使大豆蛋白多肽链解折叠；并降低β-伴大豆球蛋白色氨酸残基微环境疏水性，而对大豆球蛋白氨基酸残基微环境没有明显影响。C3G的大部分酚羟基参与成键，其与大豆蛋白的结合依靠疏水作用力和氢键为主导的多种作用力维持。大豆球蛋白对C3G具有更好的稳定、递送性能，但可能不利于C3G生物活性的发挥。     

微生物发酵对豆粕抗原性的影响

探讨了微生物发酵对豆粕抗原性的影响。选用植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和米曲霉这5种菌株,在液态和固态条件下分别发酵豆粕12 h,对发酵产物进行抗原性测定。结果表明:豆粕经这5种菌株发酵后,粗蛋白含量均有所提高,其中枯草芽孢杆菌在固态发酵时降解豆粕抗原蛋白和降低豆粕抗原性的效果优于其它菌株,此时,豆粕蛋白水解度为4.89%,必需氨基酸含量为193.51mg/g。SDS-PAGE显示发酵豆粕中β-伴大豆球蛋白的α’和α亚基消失,β亚基条带和大豆球蛋白的酸性亚基条带密度减弱,同时大豆球蛋白与β-伴大豆球蛋白的抗原性降低率分别为20.62%和50.12%。     

天然大豆蛋白的选择性酶解

研究了几种微生物蛋白酶水解天然大豆蛋白的选择性。用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析酶解过程中大豆蛋白各组分的变化,电泳结果显示-βconglycinin比glycinin容易被蛋白酶水解,-βconglycinin的α’亚基比α亚基更容易水解,-βconglycinin的β亚基比α’亚基和α亚基更难水解;glycinin的酸性亚基比其碱性亚基更容易被水解。     

Temperature Effect on Binding of Volatile Flavor Compounds to Soy Protein in Aqueous Model Systems

The thermodynamics of binding was determined for soybean glycinin and β-conglycinin and flavor ligands butanal, pentanal, hexanal, octanal, 2- and 3-hexanone, 2- and 5-nonanone, hexanol, and hexane. Hexane had affinity for these proteins only at 5^oC. Affinities of binding for all flavor ligands were greater for glycinin than β-conglycinin. Affinity for aldehydes increased with increasing chain length for glycinin, but remained constant for β-conglycinin. ΔG^o, ΔH^o, and ΔS^o for binding were determined. ΔG^o was negative for all ligands and ranged from ?1.74 to ?4.16 Kcal/mol. All enthalpies of binding were positive except butanal and hexanol. Change in free energy of binding per CH₂ in homologous aldehydes was greater for glycinin than β-conglycinin.     

天然大豆蛋白的选择性酶解

研究了几种微生物蛋白酶水解天然大豆蛋白的选择性。用 DDD-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析酶解过程中大豆蛋白各组分的变化,电泳结果显示β-conglycinin 比 glycinin 容易被蛋白酶水解,βconglycinin 的α’亚基比α亚基更容易水解,β-conglycinin的β亚基比α’亚基和α亚基更难水解；glycinin 的酸性亚基比其碱性亚基更容易被水解。     

Soybean Protein Dispersions at Acid pH. Thermal and Rheological Properties

The influence of pH, protein concentration, and ionic strength, on rheological properties of thermally treated acidic soy protein dispersions, was studied. Structural changes due to pH effect and thermal treatment were analized. DSC-thermograms at pH 3.5 showed a shoulder at 74.11±0.16°C that could be attributed to both β-conglycinin and the hexameric form of glycinin; and a peak at 81.88±0.29°C corresponding to 11S dodecameric form. At pH 2.75 one endotherm corresponded to denaturation of β-conglycinin. The acidic dispersions presented pseudoplastic behavior with_app values higher than those at pH 8.0. At pH 3.50 the ±_app was higher than at pH 2.75.The maximum viscoelasticiy was obtained with addition of 0.1 and 0.25M NaCl in the dispersions of pH 3.50 and 2.75, respectively. The increase in viscoelasticity was enhanced by the formation of 11S native fraction dimers.     

大豆球蛋白自组装聚集及凝胶特性

研究了在低pH值、低离子强度下,分别加热诱导不同浓度11S(大豆球蛋白)和7S(大豆伴球蛋白)自组装纤维化聚集体的形成。通过平均粒径和Thioflavin T(硫磺素T)荧光光谱,对自组装纤维化聚集体的性质进行表征,并对其热致凝胶的流变学,硬度和微结构特性进行考察。结果表明:在低pH值、低离子强度的诱导条件下,蛋白浓度对自组装聚集的形成起着关键作用,随着诱导浓度的增大,蛋白的纤维化聚集越明显,7S比11S更容易形成纤维化聚集。在酸性环境下,大豆球蛋白的纤维化聚集程度越高,越有利于热致凝胶网络结构的形成。在相同的预处理条件下,11S自组装凝胶硬度强于7S。扫描电镜结果显示7S自组装凝胶的网络结构较11S致密,但有序性较11S低。     

外源蛋白对大豆油脂体稳定性的影响

通过水提法辅助去离子水洗涤或碱液洗涤,从大豆中分别提取得到富含外源蛋白的粗油脂体（crude oil bodies,COB）和几乎不含外源蛋白的纯油脂体（purified oil bodies,POB）,考察不同环境因素（pH值、Na＋浓度和热处理温度）对COB和POB稳定性的影响,以及油脂体的流变学特性。结果表明：大豆POB中蛋白主要成分为油体蛋白,而COB中除油体蛋白外还含有大量外源蛋白,主要包括大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白。相比于POB（平均粒径（475.06±4.49）nm和Zeta电位（－14.00±1.86）mV）,外源蛋白的存在导致COB具有较高的平均粒径（（552.93±9.40）nm）和较低的Zeta电位（（－35.03±0.60）mV）。大豆COB中蛋白等电点在pH 4.5左右,此pH值也接近大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白等电点,而大豆POB中蛋白等电点位于pH 5.5左右。在不同pH值和Na＋浓度下,大豆POB较COB具有更好的稳定性,这可能是由于大豆COB中外源蛋白的存在使其更易受环境影响而产生静电和疏水作用的改变,从而降低其稳定性,而不同热处理温度对大豆COB和POB稳定性影响不大。此外,大豆COB和POB均具有剪切稀化特性,但COB的黏度高于POB,这进一步证明了外源蛋白的存在对大豆油脂体加工性能的影响,为不同油脂体的产品研发提供思路。     

Formation and properties of glycinin-rich and β-conglycinin-rich soy protein isolate gels induced by microbial transglutaminase

The gelation and gel properties of glycinin-rich and β-conglycinin-rich soy protein isolates (SPIs) induced by microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) were investigated. At the same enzyme and protein substrate concentrations, the on-set of gelation of native SPI and the viscoelasticity development of correspondingly formed gels depended upon the relative ratio of glycinin to β-conglycinin. The turbidity analysis showed that the glycinin components also contributed to the increase in the turbidity of SPI solutions incubated with MTGase (at 37 °C). Textural profile analysis indicated that the glycinin components of SPIs principally contributed to the hardness, fracturability, gumminess and chewiness values of corresponding gels, while the cohesiveness and springness were mainly associated with the β-conglycinin components. The strength of MTGase-induced gels of various kinds of SPIs could be significantly improved by the thermal treatment. The protein solubility analyses of MTGase-induced gels, indicated that besides the covalent cross-links, hydrophobic and H-bondings and disulfide bonds were involved in the formation and maintenance of the glycinin-rich SPI gels, while in β-conglycinin-rich SPI case, the hydrophobic and H-bondings were the principal forces responsible for the maintenance of the gel structure. The results suggested that various kinds of SPI gels with different properties could be induced by MTGase, through controlling the glycinin to β-conglycinin ratio.     

7S 伴大豆球蛋白及其糖基化产物对大豆11S 球蛋白热聚集的影响

研究7S 伴大豆球蛋白(β - 伴大豆球蛋白)及其糖基化产物对大豆11S 球蛋白热聚集的影响。从浊度、ξ -电位、粒度、SDS-PAGE 测定得出在30mmol/L Tris-HCl 缓冲溶液中(含β - 巯基乙醇),7S 球蛋白及其糖基化产物能够抑制11S 球蛋白的热聚集,并且糖基化产物的抑制效果比未糖基化的7S 球蛋白明显;7S 球蛋白及其糖基化产物抑制11S 球蛋白热聚集的机理不同,7S 球蛋白糖基化产物对11S 球蛋白热聚集的抑制不是由于电荷的作用。     

Denaturation of soy proteins in solution and at the oil–water interface: A fluorescence study

Structural changes ensuing from denaturation of soy proteins in solution or occurring at the oil–water interface were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Studies were carried out on solutions and emulsions stabilized with β-conglycinin or glycinin. Tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy was used to evaluate tertiary structural changes. The binding of fluorescent dyes and the accessibility of reactive cysteine thiols were also used to better identify structural changes of these proteins in solution. Protein conformational changes after interaction with the hydrophobic oil surface were compared with those ensuing from physical (temperature) or chemical denaturation (chaotropes). Results from solution denaturation experiments indicate that structural changes of β-conglycinin by both temperature and chaotropes are reversible under appropriate conditions, and result in a rearrangement of the supramacromolecular assembly of the protein structure. On the other hand, glycinin treated under the same conditions undergoes irreversible denaturation in solution at temperatures well below 90 °C. Both proteins undergo partial denaturation after adsorption on the lipid surface, and no further denaturation occurs upon heating of the emulsions prepared with either protein.     

大豆过敏原在低盐固态酱油酿造过程中的降解规律

为研发低致敏酱油,探究了低盐固态酱油酿造过程中大豆蛋白致敏原的变化规律。在建立实验室的模拟低盐固态酱油酿造的基础上,采集大豆未经处理、高压灭菌(121 ℃,8 min)、制曲阶段(44 h)、发酵阶段(30 d)、灭菌前和灭菌后等样品,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)测定酿造过程中蛋白的组成变化,用兔抗大豆多克隆抗体进行酶联免疫试验和免疫印迹实验分析发酵过程中大豆致敏原抗原性变化,用过敏病人血清进行酶联免疫试验测定大豆致敏原过敏原性变化。结果表明,经高压蒸煮、制曲、发酵和加热灭菌后,原料中的大豆蛋白条带减少或消失,其中制曲变化的最大。β-伴大豆球蛋白的α、α'亚基和大豆球蛋白的酸性亚基分别在制曲阶段开始降解,β-伴大豆球蛋白的β亚基及大豆球蛋白酸性亚基在制曲之后消失,大豆球蛋白的碱性亚基在整个酿造阶段变化不大。免疫印迹结果显示相同的结果,酿造过程中大豆过敏原的过敏性和抗原性逐渐降低,在发酵30 d后的生酱油中仍能在检测到大豆球蛋白,在灭菌后也没有完全降解,但是这些残留的大豆致敏原没有检测到IgE结合能力。酶联免疫试验结果表明,和原材料大豆相比,样品中的抗原性在经过4个酿造阶段高压蒸煮、制曲、发酵和加热灭菌之后分别下降了8.13%、39.00%、69.10%和87.06%,过敏原性分别下降了8.92%、71.66%、92.26%、98.45%。在酱油酿造过程中大豆致敏原逐步降解,制曲阶段对大豆致敏原的降解最大。酱油中仍残留有大豆球蛋白,但是没有检测残留蛋白的致敏性。     

Structural and Functional Analysis of Various Globulin Proteins from Soy Seed

Storage proteins of soybean mostly consist of globulins, which are classified according to their sedimentation coefficient. Among 4 major types: 2S, 7S, 11S, and 15S of globulins, 7S and 11S constitute major fraction. The 11S fraction consists only of glycinin and 7S fraction majorly consists of β-conglycinin, small amounts of γ-conglycinin and basic 7S globulin (Bg7S). Glycinin exist as a hexamer while β-conglycinin as a trimer and Bg7S as a tetramer. Glycinin subunits are coded by 5 genes of a family, whereas about 15 genes are present for β-conglycinin subunits. Bg7S gene is present in four copies in soybean genome. Synthesis of all proteins takes place as a single polypeptide chain, which is cleaved after folding to yield different chains or subunits. Glycinin and β-Conglycinin are made for storage purpose. However, Bg7S has potential xylanase inhibition activity and protein kinase activity. Primary structure of Bg7S reveals 12 conserved cysteine residues involved in forming 6 disulfide bonds, which provides appreciable stability to protein. Secondary structure is predominately rich in β-sheets with few alpha helices. Bg7S shares structural similarity with various aspartic-proteases. In this review, our aim is to discuss sequence, structure, and function of various globulins present in Glycine max.     

大豆蛋白-黄芩素的结合机制及蛋白构象和功能变化

探索大豆蛋白组分中β-伴大豆蛋白（7S）/大豆蛋白（11S）与黄芩素的结合机制,考察复合物构象及功能特性的变化。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明黄芩素诱导蛋白的β-折叠转化为α-螺旋和无规卷曲。内源荧光光谱证实了黄芩素的加入使7S、11S结构变得更紧密。黄芩素与蛋白的反应自发进行,并通过静态方式猝灭蛋白荧光。7S、11S蛋白分别通过氢键和疏水相互作用与黄芩素结合。分子对接结果表明,黄芩素对11S的亲和力高于7S。扫描电子显微镜显示了7S、11S与复合物的微观结构差异。此外,与黄芩素结合后,7S、11S的表面疏水性下降,热稳定性及其他功能特性提升。