Fett und seine technische Anwendung

Fat and Its Technical Application Secondary products of fats can be classified into 3 groups according to their technical use. These products constitute surface-active substances, oily or waxy substances, and fatty nitrogen compounds. A few selected examples should show the versatile fields of application of such products. Surfactants are not only used in washing and cleansing agents but also for the production of modern materials of construction. New types of ester oils predominate in the field of technical lubrication for a wide range of temperature and mechanical stress. Fatty nitrogen compounds alter the texture of textiles, alternatively, they are used in flotation processes for regulating the wettability. The examples chosen show how the secondary products of fats have entered various branches of the industry and have either enabled to improve the technical processes or made these processes altogether feasible.     

Nichtionogene Tenside für Spezialwaschmittel

Nonionic Surfactants for Special Washing Agents The use of fatty alcoholethoxylates and alkylphenolethoxylates as surfactants for washing agents has considerably increased during the past years. These surfactants show, especially on synthetic fabrics, a superior washing action compared to anion-active surfactants. Owing to superior biodegradability, the ethoxylated primary and secondary alcohols are used in washing and cleansing agents in preference to poorly biodegradable ethoxylated alkylphenols which, in the future, are likely to lose their significance as surfactants for washing agents. At present an extensive use of nonionic surfactants in amounts comparable to anionic surfactants is limited by the relatively high price of the former and the difficulties involved in their processing.     

Beiträge zur Schaumreinigung fester Oberflächen, 1. Mitteilung: Experimentelle Grundlagen

Foam Cleansing of Solid Surfaces 1. Experimental Basis In addition to the rinsing and spraying processes, mainly carried out for cleansing in food processing plants, the process of foam cleansing might gain importance, especially for the treatment of wall surfaces or the outer side of plants. Therefore, a method for testing the efficiency of foam cleansing using a model tiled wall has been developed. An aqueous dispersion of casein, according to Hammersten, and soot is used as soil which is sprayed on the tiles. The effect of cleansing is quantitatively assayed by measurement of brightness by the remission technique. Advantages, limits and accuracy of the method are discussed.     

Untersuchungen und Betrachtungen zur Anwendung von Kunststoffen für Lebensmittel XII: Zur Auswanderung monomerer Weichmacher aus PVC-Milchschläuchen in Reinigungslösungen

Investigations and Observations on the Application of Plastics in Foods XII: Migration of Monomeric Plasticizers from PVC Tubes into Cleansing Solutions The transfer of a few monomeric plasticizers from PVC milk tubes into cleansing solutions can be quantitatively detected by means of the analytical procedure given. It could be thus established that cleansing solutions of various compositions differ from each other in their extracting action on soft PVC. Milk tubes whose internal surface becomes brittle due to unsuitable cleansing agents can not be adequately cleaned because of the rough surface. Thus the quality of the milk flowing through them is impaired.     

Kunststoffe in der Milchwirtschaft — eine kritische Studie,V. Mitteilung: Zur Reinigung und Desinfektion von Kunststoffoberflächen 2. Teil: Hygienische Beschaffenheit von Kunststoffoberflächen und ihre Folgen

Plastics in the Milk Industry — A Critical Study, V. Communication: Cleansing and Disinfection of Plastic Surfaces 2nd Part: Hygienic State of Plastic Surfaces and Their Consequences Plastic articles, meant for repeated use in direct contact with food-stuffs can permanently establish themselves, only if success is achieved in maintaining plastic appliances and parts clean and germ-free without much difficulty. Because in some respects the properties of the plastics deviate from those of hitherto employed materials of construction, the former set specific requirements on cleansing agents and cleansing processes. The cleansing solutions for the plastics must be physico-chemically more effective, in order to overcome the strong adhesion of fatty impurities. Since it is basically doubtful, whether polyolefines without adverse effects can at all be employed for repeated use in direct contact with fat-containing milk products, intensive trials should be made with plastics having lower affinity for fat.     

Konstitution und Eigenschaften von Tensiden

Constitution and Properties of Detergents Anionic surfactants of the type alkylether sulfate and alkyl sulfate are widely used in cleansing cosmetic agents. Purpose of this study was to compare the physico chemical and practical properties with the biological irritation values at the same molar concentration of the surfactants tested. For this purpose, the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups of the surfactants were varied. Simularly, keeping the anion constant the influence of various cations was studied. Although variation of the molecule distinctly altered the surface active properties in some cases, corresponding significant differences were not found in animal experiments.     

化妆品中的脂质体（英）

化妆品配方师可从许多来源中选择各种油脂,但最终要由质量、价格和性能来评价。脂质体为化妆品配方提供了显著的性能,它使皮肤润滑、柔和、富有弹性,具有封闭性,在皮肤上能产生一层薄膜以防止皮肤中水份散失。另外,它的清洗、乳化、光泽、附着性和润滑性都拓宽了脂质体及其衍生物的应用范围。介绍了一种由遗传工程开发并已商业化生产的富含月桂酸酯的月桂酸Ｃａｎｏｌａ油,它在温和及泡沫方面有肯定的优势。油脂的纯度对化妆品配方非常重要,化妆品乳液的稳定性取决于脂质体的纯度。还介绍了化妆品组分评述规划的作用。     

Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an 4-Nitrophenylhydrazonen sekundärer und tertiärer α-Ketocarbonsäureamide

Spectroscopic Studies on 4-Nitrophenylhydrazones of Secondary and Tertiary α-Ketoamides 4-Nitrophenylhydrazones of secondary and tertiary α-ketoamides both exist in two stable isomeric forms (E/Z) with respect to the position of the substituents at the CN-Bond. But whereas the Z-form of the secondary amides can be easily assigned by means of intramolecular hydrogen bond, this criterion in case of most the derivatives of tertiary amides fails. As shown by derivatives of glyoxylic acid this deviation is evidently caused by steric facts due to the double substituted amide group and the alkyl residue on the α-C-atom.     

Alkylethersulfate – ein Überblick aus anwendungstechnischer Sicht

Alkylethersulfates – A Review on Applications Alkylethersulfates based on fatty alcohols are commonly used in modern bath preparations and liquid cleansing agents. Their annual consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany amounts to about 20 000 t. Optimum properties for each application are achieved by varying the alkyl chain length and the degree of ethoxylation. Alkylethersulfates are harmless from toxicological viewpoint; they are biologically degradable. A ISO-visco-curve is proposed for the formulation of finished products. In this relationship, the amount of common salt required for a given viscosity is a function of the concentration of ethersulfate. 70% ether sulfate, without the addition of liquifying substances, is used in increasing amounts. Their processing is described.     

Beiträge zum maschinellen Geschirrspülen 1. Mitteilung: Entfetten von Glasoberflächen unter den Bedingungen des maschinellen Geschirrspülens

Contributions on Mechanical Dish Washing 1: Defatting of Glass Surfaces Under the Conditions of Mechanical Dish Washing Tracer technique was used to study the dissolution of a film of butter fat or lard from glass surface during the conditions used in mechanical dish washing. Washing temperature was found to be the determining factor in the removal of fat residue. The major amount of the fat can be dissolved only at temperatures above its melting point, and, sufficient amounts of the cleansing agent ensure its stable emulsification, thus preventing the redeposition on the glass. Hot prewashing reduces the requirement of cleansing agent, since the quantity of cleansing increases linearly with the fat level of the goods to be washed. Polyethylene, because of its higher affinity to fat, is more difficult to defat than glass.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中4种防晒剂

建立了化妆品中4种防晒剂的高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。样品用四氢呋喃/甲醇/水体系提取,以水(含φ(氨水)=0.05%)-甲醇(含φ(氨水)=0.05%)为流动相梯度洗脱,经Phenomenex PFP色谱柱分离后,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下以保留时间和离子对(母离子和两个子离子)信息比较进行定性和定量分析。4种防晒剂在10~500μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,定量限(LOQ)为10~30 mg·kg-1,方法回收率为85.8%~105.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.8%~5.5%。此方法可用于化妆品中4种防晒剂的确证与定量测定。     

Aminolyse langkettiger Alkylsulfate auf der Basis sekundärer Alkohole

Aminolysis of Long Chain Alkyl Sulfates Based on Secondary Alcohols Sulfates of secondary alcohols in contrast to those of primary alcohols give poor yields on aminolysis, Olefins and the alcohols, which the sulfates are derived from, are formed as by-products. Otherwise sulfates of pure and thus alcohol-free homologous ethoxylates based on secondary alcohols give etheramines in good yields. When not pure homologous sulfates are employed, the formation of by-products during aminolysis can be strongly suppressed if the ethoxylation is carried out in the presence of cationic catalysts such as tertiary oxonium or carbonium salts.     

含砷废液实验室处理的方法比较

中职学校化工类专业"化妆品生产与检验"课程中,化妆品产品总砷含量的测定是重要的实训任务之一。为了避免实训过程中所产生的含砷废液对环境污染,必须对含砷废液进行处理及检验。本处理方法是基于大多数中职学校化学实验室的条件,采用降解性高、成本低、处理工艺简单的石灰沉淀法、石灰-铁盐沉淀法根据m(Ca)/m(As)和m(Fe)/m(As)进行不同方法的处理,并通过砷斑法检验处理液的砷含量是否达到国家排放标准,从而总结最佳的实验室处理含砷废液的方法。     

Über Ursachen und Beschaffenheit der an Milchtanks nach der Sprühreinigung anhaftenden Rückstände

Causes and Nature of the Sedimentation which Sticks to the Milk Tanks after Spray Cleaning The extent of coating formation on the milk tanks was studied with the help of a fully automated apparatus under spray cleaning conditions. It was found that more coating is formed on the surface when the spraying is done with a mixture of steam and cleansing solution than when the cleansing solution is sprayed alone with the pressure of a pump. The coating is formed due to the reaction between the residual orthophosphate of the cleansing solution sticking to the sides and the calcium in the rinsing water. Under the high temperature conditions, the sediments, which are relatively rich in calcium, are formed whose composition gradually approaches that of hydroxyl apatit. Magnesium, sodium, carbonate and silicate contribute only negligibly to the formation of coating.     

On-line optimisation of a particle production process

Microencapsulated and microsphere products have become increasingly popular in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. They are used as controlled-release drug systems as well as in diagnostic contrast agents. An example on how these kinds of products can be optimised is presented. The selected product is optimised by the use of a model based on an on-line steady state optimisation concept where the objective is based on the final product characteristic, where the product characteristic is measured in-line. The on-line steady-state optimisation algorithm used is a modified simplex where the production constraints are embedded into the optimisation routine.     

Kunststoffe in der Milchwirtschaft — eine kritische Studie,V. Mitteilung: Zur Reinigung und Desinfektion von Kunststoffoberflächen 1. Teil: Spezielle Gegebenheiten

Plastics in the Dairy Industry — A Critical Study V: Cleansing and Disinfection of Plastic Surface, Part 1: Special Characteristics Plastic articles are suitable for repeated use in direct contact with food-stuffs, provided the former can be maintained properly clean and low in germ-content. Uptil now the plastic surfaces were cleansed empirically, based purely on the experience gathered from conventional materials. The difficulties arising hereby result from the special requirements which the plastics, limited by their specific properties, set on their cleansing solutions and cleaning processes. As against the metals, the plastics do not corrode, however, they are etched easily and are partly not very thermostable. Measurements of angle of contact have shown that the adhesion of fatty impurities on PVC and polyethylene is stronger than the corresponding adhesions of cleansing solutions, hitherto employed for glass and metal surfaces. Soft PVC retains water in contact with cleansing solutions; the extent of liquid retention being dependent on the quantity as well as nature of the plasticizer and on the temperature.     

Waschmittelherstellung im Luftwirbelmischer

Detergent Production in Air Vortex Mixer A method for the production of washing and cleansing materials by spraying of detergents on sodium tripolyphosphate and other carriers is described. It is found that in an air vortex mixer sodium tripolyphosphate with a high phase-I content is best suited for the purpose. Because of the high phase-I content, the removal of water from the aqueous detergent takes place so fast that the heat of hydration is liberated in the air vortex mixer and the continuous stream of the cold air through the mixer is immediately carried off. The method allows the production of detergents with bleaching agents in one step. The guiding formulations for the production of detergents are given.     

节能型金属清洗剂的研制

节能型金属清洗剂广泛应用于清洗工业性油污。本文主要介绍该清洗剂的研制过程，并对该产品取得的效果加以说明。     

Konfigurationsbestimmung von Steroiden mit Primärer und sekundärer Aminogruppe durch Messung des Circulardichroismus der Kupfer-Succinimidat-Komplexe

Configurational Assignment of Steroids with Primary and Secondary Amino Groups by CD Measurements of the Copper Succinimidate complexes The CD spectra of the copper succinimidate complexes of 9 different steroids with a primary and 3 steroids with a secondary amino group were investigated. A good correlation between the sign of the Cotton effects in visible range and the chirality of the immediate neighbourhood of the nitrogen atom was observed. The results obey the earlier established octant rule for this chromophor.     

皮肤护理聚合物的最新发展趋势

指出了新的聚合物和聚合系统继续引导着皮肤护理技术的革新，综述了一些诸如自动加热配方、硅对皮肤的感觉、增稠剂、流变改性剂、清洁剂、擦拭剂、洗面奶、保湿霜、防腐配方、聚合抗菌剂和紫外吸收聚合物等化妆品配方师感兴趣的配方组分。