基于Bezier曲线的四足机器人Trot步态优化

为实现四足机器人的稳定行走,需要对其足端轨迹进行合理规划。首先,以Bezier曲线为基础,规划四足机器人的足端轨迹,并依据足端轨迹约束条件对足端轨迹进行优化;其次,通过多组对比实验确定出最优的一组控制点坐标,设计四足机器人的足端轨迹,并找到最佳的步长和抬腿高度组合;最后,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建仿真平台进行仿真实验,与应用复合摆线规划的足端轨迹在足端落地时的冲击力、质心的波动范围、机体的偏航距离、前进距离4个方面进行比较,分析四足机器人的稳定性。仿真结果表明：采用Bezier曲线规划的足端轨迹,提高了机器人运动的稳定性。     

Continuous and smooth gait transition in a quadruped robot based on CPG

To improve the smoothness of motion control in a quadruped robot, a continuous and smooth gait transition method based on central pattern generator (CPG) was presented to solve the unsmooth or failed problem which may result in phase-locked or sharp point with direct replacement of the gait matrix. Through improving conventional weight matrix, a CPG network and a MATLAB/Simulink model were constructed based on the Hopf oscillator for gait generation and transition in the quadruped robot. A co-simulation was performed using ADAMS/MATLAB for the gait transition between walk and trot to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed CPG gait generation and transition algorithms. Related methods and conclusions can technically support the motion control technology of the quadruped robot.     

基于三维空间曲线的四足机器人轨迹规划

四足机器人在对角小跑运动下的稳定性问题是当前四足机器人研究的热点,故分析了机体力矩对机体运动过程中稳定性的影响,提出一种新的足端轨迹函数。首先对机器人进行运动学分析,参照优宝特型四足机器人建立三维模型并搭建了仿真环境;然后分析机体力矩,得出机体翻转原因,即机体腿部摆动对机体产生的反作用力矩和重力产生的倾覆力矩以及运动中足端所受到的冲击力矩。在此基础上,通过利用机器人摆动腿侧摆关节运动提供一个力矩以平衡部分反作用力矩和倾覆力矩,提出了一种基于三维空间曲线的足端轨迹规划。最后,通过对比仿真实验验证了所提足端轨迹规划的有效性和正确性。     

四足宠物机器狗动态步行规划与仿真

以四足宠物机器狗爱赛比为研究对象,分析机器狗步行机构组成,建立关节结构模型,根据仿生学原理对四足机器狗的对角线一致的步态运动进行了分析与规划,利用Matlab对步态规划进行了仿真并采用关节控制器验证了对角线一致的步态运动分析与规划的正确性。步态规划为四足机器人实现高速行走提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于运动发散分量的四足机器人步态规划

为了使四足机器人在出现较大的轨迹跟踪误差时仍然可以稳定运动,提出基于运动发散分量（DCM）的在线步态规划方法. 将四足机器人抽象成三维线性倒立摆模型（LIPM）,根据离线规划的落脚点,应用DCM方法论递推出保持DCM有界的参考轨迹;在满足步幅约束、零力矩点（ZMP）约束的条件下,步态规划运用宽松初始状态模型预测控制在线优化出可快速收敛到参考轨迹上的落脚点以及期望状态轨迹;全身运动控制器通过构建二次规划优化出满足运动约束、动力学约束、摩擦力约束等条件下跟踪期望状态轨迹的力矩. 通过仿真验证以上算法,仿真结果表明：与经典模型预测控制相比,宽松初始状态模型预测控制可以承受较大的轨迹跟踪误差,四足机器人可以在出现较大的轨迹跟踪误差时以troting步态稳定运动并尽快收敛到离线规划的轨迹上.     

管道内壁四足爬壁机器人的运动学与步态规划

研究用于检测气体绝缘金属封闭开关（GIS）内部的负压吸附管道内壁四足爬壁机器人. 分别对机器人的腿部和机身进行运动学分析,采用改进的牛顿迭代法解决机身正运动学求解困难的问题. 对机器人沿管道轴向和圆周方向的爬壁运动进行步态规划,提出运动过程零冲击的轨迹规划方法. 使用Adams进行运动仿真,并在四足爬壁机器人样机上进行水平和垂直管道的全方位爬壁实验. 结果表明：机器人的运动轨迹与所规划的步态一致,运动过程中速度与加速度无突变,运动平稳,无明显冲击,运动学模型的正确性和所规划步态的合理性得到验证. 在GIS管道的实际检测应用中,实现机器人在不同工况下的平稳爬壁运动与检测.     

Co-simulation of a quadruped robot's mechanical and hydraulic systems based on ADAMS and AMESim

In order to observe the change and fluctuation in flow and pressure of a hydraulic quadruped robot''s hydraulic system when the robot walks on trot gait, a co-simulation method based on ADAMS and AMESim is proposed. Firstly, the change rule in each swing angle of the hydraulic quadruped robot''s four legs is analyzed and converted to the displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder by calculating their geometric relationship. Secondly, the robot''s dynamic model is built in ADAMS and its hydraulic and control system models are built in AMESim. The displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder in the hydraulic system is used as the driving function of the dynamics model in ADAMS, and the driving force of the dynamics model is used as the loads of the hydraulic system in AMESim. By introducing the PID closed-loop control in the control system, the co-simulation between hydraulic system and mechanical system is implemented. Finally, the curve of hydraulic cylinders'' loads, flow and pressure are analyzed and the results show that they fluctuate highly in accordance with the real situation. The study provides data support for the development of a hydraulic quadruped robot''s physical prototype.     

Slope Terrain Locomotion Control of a Quadruped Robot Based on Biological Reflex CPG Model

Inspired by the neuronal principles underlying the tetrapod locomotion,this paper proposed a biomimetic vestibular reflex central pattern generator(CPG) model to improve motion performance and terrain adaptive ability of a quadruped robot in complex situations,which is on the basis of central pattern generator (CPG) model constructed by modified Hopf oscillators.The presented reflex model was modified in the light of the particular joint configuration of the quadruped robot and the trot gait pattern.Focusing on slop locomotion of the quadruped robot with trot gaits,the cosimulations of the ADAMS virtual prototype,CPG mathematical expressions with vestibular reflex and Simulink control model were conducted.The simulation results demonstrated that the presented CPG controller with vestibular reflex was more efficient and stable for the quadruped robot trotting on slopes,compared with the different trotting control models.     

四足机器人静-动步态平滑切换算法

为提高四足机器人对不同地形的适应能力,给出间歇静步态向对角小跑步态切换(walk-to-trot)的不同情况以及最优(在保证稳定切换的前提下,实现速度的平滑变换和不同步态情况下的最短时间切换)切换方法。为保证步态切换过程中的平滑性,给出关于时间的速度公式,使机体重心保持恒定加速度;为保证切换阶段的稳定性,利用改进的泛稳定裕度判别法(wide stability margin method, MWSM),通过调整足端与质心相对位置,消除步态变换过程中由惯性力导致零力矩点后移对稳定性的影响。基于Webots仿真软件,建立四足机器人仿真模型,验证方法的可行性和有效性。该方法可应用于间歇静步态中的6个状态点并将其平滑、稳定的切换为对角小跑步态。     

Walking Stability Control Method for Biped Robot on Uneven Ground Based on Deep Q-Network

A gait control method for a biped robot based on the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm is proposed to enhance the stability of walking on uneven ground. This control strategy is an intelligent learning method of posture adjustment. A robot is taken as an agent and trained to walk steadily on an uneven surface with obstacles, using a simple reward function based on forward progress. The reward-punishment (RP) mechanism of the DQN algorithm is established after obtaining the offline gait which was generated in advance foot trajectory planning. Instead of implementing a complex dynamic model, the proposed method enables the biped robot to learn to adjust its posture on the uneven ground and ensures walking stability. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was validated in the V-REP simulation environment. The results demonstrate that the biped robot''s lateral tile angle is less than 3° after implementing the proposed method and the walking stability is obviously improved.     

助老助残四足/两足可重构并联腿步行机器人运动学建模与仿真

结合并联腿步行机器人和可重构机器人的优点,设计了一种新型的助老助残四足/两足可重构并联腿步行机器人,进行了该机器人的构型设计。以四足并联腿步行机器人为研究对象,根据步行机器人整机的结构特征和基本并联腿的运动特征,将整机的运动学问题转化为单个并联腿的运动学问题,建立了机器人整机系统的完整的运动学模型,进行了机器人在爬行步态下的仿真分析,得出了驱动器杆长的仿真曲线。该项研究为四足并联腿步行机器人整机的动力学分析和控制奠定了一定的基础。     

基于模型预测控制的四足机器人斜坡自适应调整算法与实现

为了实现四足机器人在有斜坡地形下的自适应稳定行走,在模型预测控制基础上进行扩展,设计四足机器人在斜坡上的足端位置调整与躯干姿态自适应调整策略。由惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)测得机器人运动时的姿态参数,通过推导的足端轨迹算法,得到足端位置的坐标映射,调整机器人在斜坡上的重心位置;通过设计的“虚拟斜坡”躯干姿态调整算法,实现机器人在上坡过程中躯干姿态的自适应调整。利用实验室的四足机器人物理平台和搭建的实际斜坡地形环境,验证了所提算法的可行性和有效性。机器人平台验证结果表明,所提出的斜坡自适应控制方法提高了机器人在坡面上的稳定裕度,优化了足端运动空间,实现了四足机器人的自适应爬坡调整。     

液压驱动四足仿生机器人的结构设计和步态规划

论文主要介绍了山东大学机器人研究中心研发的液压驱动四足仿生机器人。目的是设计能够适应复杂地形环境,具有高动态、高负载能力的液压驱动四足机器人。基于骡／马的生物仿生,构造了具有被动结构、基于液压驱动的四足机器人腿关节结构,满足了机器人稳定控制和高负载能力的需要。基于四足机器人的运动学和逆运动学模型,规划了机器人稳定的对角小跑动步态。实际液压驱动四足机器人平台的实验验证表明了机器人结构设计的合理性和步态规划的有效性。     

有并联脊柱的四足机器人步态规划

为了增加足式机器人的腿部运动范围和吸收地面冲击力,在刚性躯体四足机器人的基础上,设计3-RPS并联机构作为机器人的脊柱.建立有脊柱四足机器人的运动学模型,得到脊柱关节的周期性与质心位置的关系.在对角步态的基础上,利用脊柱偏航方向的自由度,规划了脊柱扭转对角步态.采用Hopf振荡器,建立耦合中枢模式发生器（CPG）网络输出步态曲线.通过与刚性躯干四足机器人的对比仿真和实验可知,主动脊柱的加入使机器人运行过程中的俯仰波动降低45.79%,矫正了偏航位置. 脊柱关节的周期性转动不会引起质心位置的突变.脊柱波动与肢体摆动间的协调,使得有脊柱四足机器人具有更优的运动性能.     

Multi-objective optimization design for leg mechanism of hydraulic-actuated quadruped robot

In order to improve the robot’s abilities of bearing heavy burdens and transporting in complex terrains,the multi-objective optimization design for leg mechanism of the quadruped robot with hydraulic actuated is studied in this paper. The kinematics and dynamics of the robot are analyzed and the two-dimensional linear inverted pendulum model is adopted in planning the trajectories of joints. Then the mathematical model of valve-controlled asymmetric cylinder and control model of single leg are proposed respectively. In the end,NSGA-II algorithm is used to achieve the multi-objective optimization design of parameters concerning single leg mechanism and PD torque control. The results prove that the optimized leg mechanism can significantly reduce the required maximum power of hydraulic system,thus decrease its own weight and lead to the obtaining of good dynamic performance.     

四足机器人跳跃步态控制方法

针对四足机器人的奔跑控制问题,提出一种基于跳跃(Bound)步态的奔跑控制方法,通过腿部的快速小幅度摆动实现四足机器人的Bound步态。使用有限状态机将机器人的一个运动周期分为6个阶段,其中前腿与后腿各3个阶段,触地缓冲阶段采用竖直弹簧阻尼模型,蹬地阶段使用虚拟模型调整腿部对地推力方向,摆动相使用贝赛尔曲线规划足端轨迹。通过在动力学仿真软件中构建与液压驱动四足机器人SCalf-II同尺寸、同质量的虚拟样机对所提出的方法进行仿真验证与测试,结果表明机器人在5个周期后形成了有较强周期性的Bound步态,前进方向速度波动较小,各关节运动范围、速度、力矩均在SCalf-II设计指标之内,从而验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

床式步态康复训练系统机构设计

针对现有床式步态康复训练机器人使用不便、成本高昂的问题,提出模块化的床式步态康复训练系统. 包括倾角可调的床体模块、腿部运动辅助机构模块和足底支撑机构模块,模块化设计可以提高其使用方便性,降低制造和使用成本. 为了实现正常的行走步态,腿部运动辅助机构模块采用凸轮-连杆机构模拟大腿和小腿的运动. 建立腿部运动辅助机构的人机耦合模型,并对其进行运动学分析,得到机构与人体下肢的运动学关系,将其作为参数优化和结构设计的基础. 利用MATLAB,以机构对患者个体差异的适应性为目标,对模型中的各参数进行优化,得到一组机构参数的最优解. 实验结果表明,不同身高的实验者髋关节测量角度与标准角度的最大误差不超过5.2°,膝关节最大误差不超过6.7°,验证了机构对实验者个体差异的适应性和使用此系统进行康复训练的可行性.     

六足机器人横向行走步态研究

以一种新型的多自由度六足机器人机构为对象,研究其横向行走步态,规划一种横向行走的三角步态,并完成了足端轨迹规划和稳定性分析.最后采用Pro/E和ADAMS等软件相结合的方式对六足机器人的样机模型进行运动学仿真与分析,结果证实了该横向行走步态的可行性,为接下来的物理样机实验提供了依据.     

六边形六足机器人障碍自识别步态规划

六足机器人在控制灵活的同时,也存在步态规划策略制定困难等问题,尤其当其遇到不可逾越的障碍时,这一问题更为严重.针对此问题,提出了一种障碍自识别步态规划策略.此策略以正逆运动学解算为基础并建立D-H坐标系,进而对每条腿进行齐次坐标变换,并根据足末端力反馈来自动识别障碍做出旋转和越障步态规划.通过ADAMS的仿真结果分析,验证了该策略的正确性和普适性.     

Stable walking of quadruped robot on unknown rough terrain

Quadruped robot is considered to be the most practical locomotion machine to negotiate uneven terrain, and shows superb stability during static walking. To improve the ability to go over rough terrain, this paper is focused on the stable walking and balance control of quadruped robots. 24 kinds of walking gaits are analyzed in order to derive the most stable and smoothest walking gait. Considering the inefficiency to model a terrain by its specified appearance, a uniform terrain model is established and by means of kinematic analysis, a method to adjust the body posture and center of gravity (COG) height is presented. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the improvement of the adaptation of quadruped robots on rough terrain.