钛合金熔体活度计算及合金与铸型的界面反应

在深入分析Miedema合金生成热模型的基础之上,运用化学反应和溶液热力学理论对钛熔体中溶质元素的活度系数进行了理论计算,进而评述了钛合金熔体的化学活性变化程度,通过对Ti6A14V合金和Ti15V3Cr3Sn3Al合金与所选择的耐火氧化物类铸材料的实验研究结果分析,可以认为添加合金元素以后钛熔体的化学活泼性并没有发生实质性的改变,由于熔体仍然具有相当高的化学活性,导致合金与铸型之间的界面反应是严重的,计算与实验结果吻合,同时所进行的理论分析和实验研究对于铸用高稳定性铸型材料的选择,铸优质的钛合金铸件具有一定的理论和实际指导作用。     

高温合金电磁软接触近净成形定向凝固研究

传统高温合金叶片类铸件制备过程中,熔体长时间受到陶瓷模壳材料的污染,性能难以提高,借助于电磁软接触成形技术中的电磁压力使高温合金熔体呈半悬浮状态,减少了熔体与磁模结晶器的接触面积和时间,提高了合金熔炼和成形的纯净度,同时将该技术和定向凝固技术相结合开发了一种实现高温合金复杂形状电磁软接触成形定向凝固的工艺,并探讨了该工艺下3种结晶器材料（陶瓷、磁模和石墨）中磁感应强度的分布规律,结果表明,石墨套高度对磁模结晶器磁感应强度的大小和分布以及熔体温度场有很大影响。通过调整上下线圈功率和抽拉速度等工艺参数成功地制备了大小两种近叶片形状的高温合金电磁软接触成形的定向凝固样件。．     

简单形状铸件的凝固问题

用实验方法研究了A1—4.5%Cu合金,在不同的过热度下,在砂型和珍珠岩保温套中浇注的同模数平板、短圆柱体铸件的凝固时间、形状系数和铸件——铸型的界面温度等问题。由于在凝固过程中铸件和铸型之间存在间隙,所以分别测定了铸件的外表面温度和铸型的内表面温度。实验结果表明:(1)平板铸件的凝固时间均大于短圆柱体铸件的凝固时间。(2)在保温套中浇注时,可认为铸件与铸型之间有理想接触,与形状无关。(3)在砂型中浇注时,凝固期间铸件外表面温度接近的中心温度,与形状无关。铸型的内表面温度则与铸件中温度有显著差别,与形状有关。     

单晶高温合金定向凝固的热分析计算数学模型

定向凝固过程的热分析计算包括对如下一些热参数的测定和计算:如铸件上的湿度场和温度梯度场;凝固区固、液相界面上的温度梯度、生长速度和冷却速度;凝固区的宽度和局部凝固时间等。由于定向凝固铸件的力学性能在很大程度上与铸态组织有关,而铸态组织又取决于凝固过程的热参数,因此研究这些参数对合金凝固过程的影响在理论和实践上都有很大意义。由于单晶合金铸件不允许在定向凝固过程中出现多晶,所以对凝固过程的控制要求更加严格。为了确定合适的单晶合金的定向凝固工艺和了解热参数对凝固特性的影响,首先要对热参数进行准确的测定和计算。 本文提出的热分析计算数学模型基本上符合单晶合金定向凝固的热过程,计算结果正确     

强磁场下Cu-50%Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织及固液界面形貌演变

目的 研究强磁场下Cu-50%(质量分数)Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织演变、固液界面形貌变化及溶质迁移行为,分析强磁场对金属凝固过程的作用机制,为强磁场下的金属材料制备提供理论借鉴和指导。方法 在不同的凝固速率与磁场条件下进行定向凝固和淬火实验,对合金的定向凝固组织、糊状区与固液界面形貌以及溶质分布行为进行考察。结果 强磁场破坏了凝固组织的定向生长,使凝固组织转变为枝晶与等轴晶共存的形貌;强磁场诱发了熔体对流,减少了糊状区中溶质的含量;强磁场改变了固液界面处的溶质分布和固液界面形貌,破坏了固液界面的稳定性。结论 强磁场通过洛伦兹力和热电磁力的共同作用,诱发了糊状区内液相的纵向环流,改变了固液界面及糊状区中的组织形貌与元素分布。     

单晶铸件凝固过程工艺优化的数值模拟

采用ProCAST软件系统研究了LMC(Liquid Metal Cooling)以及HRS(High Rate Solidification)工艺下,不同工艺参数对单晶铸件凝固过程中纵向温度梯度、温度梯度角、凝固界面位置的影响。结果表明:HRS工艺受型壳厚度影响很小,型壳表面的辐射散热是HRS工艺的主要影响因素,型壳的导热或者型壳和合金之间的换热是LMC工艺的主要影响因素;提高保温炉温度有利于提高纵向温度梯度;拉速是影响定向凝固最重要的参数,随拉速的增加,单晶铸件的纵向温度梯度先增大后减小,因此,制备不同合金铸件时应当采用不同的拉速;不同浇注温度时,经过10min的静置时间后,单晶铸件的初始温度分布趋于一致,对后续凝固过程影响很小。提出了以纵向温度梯度G∥、温度梯度角θ以及凝固界面位置Rp考察定向凝固工艺参数优劣的标准,纵向温度梯度、温度梯度角、凝固界面位置是评价定向凝固参数优劣的有效手段。     

金属熔体电磁成形过程研究

以制备无污染的航空发动机叶片为背景 ,分析了金属熔体电磁成形定向凝固技术的原理 ,并以铝合金及 1Cr1 8Ni9Ti为研究材料 ,探讨了交流电磁场作用下金属熔体的感应加热熔化及约束成形过程 ,结果表明 :感应器结构决定其内部的磁场及电磁压力分布 ,感应器输入功率、熔体高度、上下液固界面位置、抽拉速度及冷却条件等参数综合影响金属加热熔化特性、熔体形状及其稳定性 ;通过控制合理的工艺参数 ,获得了截面为圆形及近似弯月面形、表面质量和内部定向组织良好的样件 .     

TiAl合金精密铸造及定向凝固用耐火材料的研究现状

TiAl金属间化合物具有低密度、高弹性模量、高比强度、良好的抗高温蠕变和抗高温氧化性能,被认为是极具潜力的高温结构材料,在航空航天及汽车发动机领域具有广阔的应用前景,特别是经定向凝固得到的TiAl合金在综合力学性能方面可得到良好的配合。然而,TiAl合金熔体由于具有高的化学活性,会与所有已知的耐火材料发生不同程度的化学反应,限制了其定向凝固铸件的生产和应用。首先回顾了TiAl合金的熔炼技术,然后对TiAl合金精密铸造及定向凝固用耐火材料的研究现状进行了总结,在此基础上提出了一种新型的TiAl合金定向凝固用BaZrO3耐火材料,并展望了其今后的发展。     

凝固原理的前沿进展及其应用

凝固原理是揭示液固相变过程基本规律的学科领域。基于凝固原理的材料制备与成形加工技术即是凝固技术。凝固技术的应用包括铸件、铸锭的铸造,以及各种金属与非金属材料的熔体法晶体生长。在综合分析凝固技术应用背景的基础上,讨论了凝固原理和凝固技术的发展现状。归纳了不同材料加工技术所对应的凝固条件,指出不同加工工艺中凝固过程的差异仅在于对应的温度梯度和冷却速率的不同。进而从工程实践的角度分析了凝固技术研究的前沿方向,指出多组元合金凝固原理,近快速凝固原理与技术,以及多层次凝固分析及其跨尺度耦合是凝固原理与技术研究的发展前沿。最后,分别探讨了铸件、铸锭铸造以及熔体法晶体生长过程中的核心凝固问题与过程控制的原则。     

高温合金定向凝固技术研究进展

首先回顾了定向凝固的发展历史,重点分析了液态金属冷却定向凝固的技术特点。总结了高温度梯度下制备的定向凝固法单晶高温合金在组织和性能方面的研究现状,结合作者在本领域的研究,着重分析了定向凝固温度梯度、凝固速率、晶体取向、熔体超温处理、熔体对流控制对组织和性能的作用规律和机制,认为高温度梯度定向凝固是细化组织、减少缺陷、提高合金性能的重要途径。最后展望了高温合金定向凝固的发展趋势。     

Metal Alloys for Fusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative manufacturing technique, which builds parts incrementally layer by layer. Thus, metal AM has inherent advantages in part complexity, time, and waste saving. However, due to its complex thermal cycle and rapid solidification during processing, the alloys well suit and commercially used for metal AM today are limited. Therefore, it is important to understand the alloying strategy and current progress with materials performance to consider alloy development for metal AM. This review presents the current range of alloys available for metal AM, including titanium, steel, nickel, aluminum, less common alloys (including Mg alloys, metal matrix composites alloys, and low melting point alloys), and compositionally complex alloys (including bulk metallic glasses and high entropy alloys) with a focus on the relationship between compositions, processing, microstructures, and properties of each alloy system. In addition, some promising alloy systems for metal AM are highlighted. Approaches for designing and optimizing new materials for metal AM have been summarized.

     

Titanium alloy production technology,market prospects and industry development

Titanium alloy with a low density, high specific strength, corrosion resistance and good process performance, is the ideal structural materials for the aerospace engineering. Based on the microstructure of titanium alloys, it can be divided into α-type titanium alloys (heat-resistant titanium alloys), β-type titanium alloys and α + β-type titanium alloys. The research scopes also include the fabrication technology of titanium alloys, powder metallurgy, rapid solidification technology, and other military and civilian applications of titanium alloys. Titanium and its alloys have become the ideal structural materials used for the fuselage, and accounted for a significant part of the structural quality in most military aircrafts. Titanium’s future market expectations need to be considered in the macro level market. Apart from the supply and demand trends of titanium market, it is necessary to consider the impact of technological innovations that can help to reduce the cost of titanium production.     

Analysis on fluid permeability of dendritic mushy zone during peritectic solidification in a temperature gradient

Compared with the growing applications of peritectic alloys,none research on the fluid permeability K of dendritic network during peritectic solidification has been reported before.The fluid permeability K of dendritic network in the mushy zone during directional solidification of Sn-Ni peritectic alloy was investigated in this study.Examination on the experimental results demonstrates that both the temperature gradient zone melting (TGZM) and Gibbs-Thomson (G-T) effects have obvious influences on the morphology of dendritic network during directional solidification.This is realized through different stages of liquid diffusion within dendritic mushy zone by these effects during directional solidification.The TGZM effect is demonstrated to play a more important role as compared with the G-T effect during directional solidification.Besides,it is shown that the evolution of dendrite network is more complex during peritectic solidification due to the involvement of the peritectic phase.Through the specific surface Sv,analytical expression based on the Carman-Kozeny model was proposed to analyze the fluid permeability of dendritic mushy zone in directionally solidified peritectic alloys.In addition,it is interesting to find a rise in permeability K after peritectic reaction in both theoretical predication and experimental results,which is different from that in other alloys.The theoretical predictions show that this rise in fluid permeability K after pedtectic reaction is caused by the remelting/resolidification process on dendritic structure by the TGZM and G-T effects during peritectic solidification.     

Nb基超高温合金定向凝固组织及其共晶凝固机理研究进展

Nb-Si基共晶体系超高温合金是目前最有希望应用于超高温环境的材料之一.目前的研究还仅仅停留在合金化改善其综合性能及抗氧化涂层的制备等方面,而对其共晶凝固机理等更深层次的研究还较少.从Nb基超高温合金铸态、定向凝固态组织及相组成等角度入手对该合金的微观组织变化规律进行了分析和总结;并对Nb基超高温合金共晶凝固机理的研究进展进行了综述;此外,还讨论了该合金目前仍需解决的问题.     

高温TiAl基合金定向凝固的研究现状

高温TiAl基合金在航空航天领域减重和升高使用温度方面是极具发展潜力的高性能结构材料。介绍了高温TiAl基合金定向凝固的研究现状和发展趋势,阐述了提高定向凝固高温TiAl基合金使用性能的几种方法,主要包括:利用高Nb合金化提高合金的使用温度和高温强度,使用冷坩埚定向凝固来避免氧化物陶瓷坩埚带来的合金污染,采用籽晶法/非籽晶法控制定向凝固片层取向以提高力学性能。     

钛合金铸件精密成形理论与技术研究进展

由于航空、航天用零部件对材料比强度有很高的要求,因此钛合金作为一种高比强合金在航空、航天领域的应用越来越多,而且这类零部件常采用薄壁复杂结构。若采用水冷坩埚方式熔炼钛合金,会导致钛合金熔体流动性差,因此,离心铸造方法已成为钛合金薄壁复杂铸件精密成形的主要方法。介绍了离心场下钛合金铸件精密铸造成形理论及技术的发展过程,在此基础上总结了离心场下钛合金熔体的充型、凝固行为及铸件缺陷形成规律,提出了立式离心铸造技术改进方案,并对未来离心场下成型理论与技术的发展提出了展望。     

Effects of alloy additions on the microstructures and tensile properties of cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy used for surgical implants

The composition of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy has been modified by additions of nickel and some trace elements aluminium, titanium and boron. In this paper, the first part of the present study, the effects of alloy additions on the microstructures and tensile properties of the as-cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy are discussed. The effects of alloy additions on the fatigue behaviour of the alloy will be discussed in the second part of the present study. It is found that alloy additions do not seem to result in changes in the nature of the casting structure. A directional, coarse dendritic cast structure is produced in the modified alloys as in the base alloY. However, the alloy additions affect the carbide precipitations and the formation of some fine details of the microstructure such as dislocations, stacking faults and twins produced during the solidification. A considerable improvement in the transient mechanical properties, especially in the tensile ductility, is achieved by modifying the base alloy with alloy additions.     

The transition mode of dilute binary alloys during directional solidification near to the absolute stability limit

The morphological evolution near the absolute stability limit during directional solidification has been studied systematically on dilute Al–Mn alloys. It is found that the interfacial morphology of Al–0.52wt%Mn and Al–1.2wt%Mn alloys changes from coarse cellular structure to fine cells, and then again to be coarsened with the increase of velocity to near the absolute stability limit. This indicates that there exists a minimum cell spacing corresponding to the maximum effective constitutional supercooling. As the growth rate approximates to or exceeds the critical velocity of absolute stability by calculation according to M–S theory, the interfacial morphology of Al–0.52wt%Mn alloy may still retain a cellular structure. For Al–1.2wt%Mn alloy, when the growth velocity is near the absolute stability limit, the fine cells may change to a band or grain-like structure which in some cases takes an oscillating manner, which possibly implies the existence of a non-linear effect during high growth rate.     

The transition mode of dilute binary alloys during directional solidification near to the absolute stability limit

The morphological evolution near the absolute stability limit during directional solidification has been studied systematically on dilute Al–Mn alloys. It is found that the interfacial morphology of Al–0.52wt%Mn and Al–1.2wt%Mn alloys changes from coarse cellular structure to fine cells, and then again to be coarsened with the increase of velocity to near the absolute stability limit. This indicates that there exists a minimum cell spacing corresponding to the maximum effective constitutional supercooling. As the growth rate approximates to or exceeds the critical velocity of absolute stability by calculation according to M–S theory, the interfacial morphology of Al–0.52wt%Mn alloy may still retain a cellular structure. For Al–1.2wt%Mn alloy, when the growth velocity is near the absolute stability limit, the fine cells may change to a band or grain-like structure which in some cases takes an oscillating manner, which possibly implies the existence of a non-linear effect during high growth rate.     

Recent research and development of mould materials for casting TiAl alloys

Intermetallic TiAl alloys are new generation high-temperature material. However, extensive application of TiAl alloys is hindered by some disadvantages, especially the high processing cost. Currently, precision casting is an effective method to manufacture TiAl components with complex shape. However, the interfacial reaction between the TiAl alloy melt and mould affects the quality of the castings and hinders extensive applications of casting TiAl components. In this paper, the research status of mould materials for the casting of TiAl alloys is reviewed. Performances of present used mould materials are compared in details. Reaction mechanisms between mould materials and the melts of TiAl alloys are also summarised. Finally, the future development tendency and prospect are pointed out.