磨料水射流-离子氮化复合处理对316不锈钢表面摩擦性能的影响

目的研究磨料水射流-离子渗氮复合处理对316不锈钢摩擦学性能的影响。方法采用磨料水射流、离子氮化技术分别在316不锈钢表面进行喷丸(WJ-316SS)、渗氮(PN-316SS)、喷丸+渗氮(WJ-PN-316SS)表面强化处理,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、洛氏硬度计、粗糙度测试仪、超景深显微镜、划痕仪和摩擦磨损仪等研究复合处理试样的表面形貌、表层相结构与韧性,并讨论了不同表面处理试样的力学性能以及在干摩擦条件下的摩擦学行为。结果复合处理后的试样表面形成了连续密排的凹槽织构,表面改性层含有Fe_2N、Cr_2N、CrN等化合物,离子渗氮层厚度大约为10μm,表面显微硬度(79HRC)和表面粗糙度(1.10μm)高于单一表面处理试样。在与Si_3N_4摩擦配副进行干摩擦的实验中,316SS、WJ-316SS、PN-316SS的摩擦因数分别为0.8、0.4、0.5,磨损质量分别为7.1、3.3、3.7 mg。而WJ-PN-316SS的摩擦因数在0.25附近波动,磨损质量为0.3 mg,明显低于单一表面处理试样,耐磨性能更加优异,其磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损和氧化磨损。结论磨料水射流-离子渗氮复合处理能显著改善316不锈钢的摩擦学性能。     

激光表面织构化对45钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的研究表面织构对45钢干摩擦和乏油状态下摩擦磨损性能的影响。方法用激光加工的方法在45钢表面加工出不同面密度的凹坑织构,在UMT-2型多功能摩擦磨损试验机上以球-盘副考察凹坑密度在干摩擦和乏油条件下对45钢摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果在干摩擦条件下,织构密度在4%时,摩擦配副的摩擦系数最小,稳定摩擦系数为0.56。随着织构密度的增大,摩擦系数也逐渐增大,当织构密度增大至16.2%时,配副摩擦系数最大,稳定摩擦系数为0.72。在乏油条件下,织构密度在4%时,摩擦系数为0.39,小于未织构试样摩擦配副。凹坑密度增大后,其摩擦系数大于未织构试样,但是均在0.43左右。在干摩擦和乏油条件下,织构化试样的磨损率都小于未织构试样,并且随着织构密度的增大,磨损率先减小后增加,织构密度在8.1%时,抗磨效果最好。结论表面织构能收集磨粒,储存润滑油,从而起到良好的减磨作用。     

316不锈钢摩擦磨损性能研究

以316不锈钢为研究对象,采用火花直读光谱仪检测316不锈钢的基本成分,利用高温真空硬度计对316不锈钢不同温度下的维氏硬度进行测试与分析,采用金相显微镜对316不锈钢的组织结构进行分析。分别以GCr15钢、440C钢、316不锈钢、304不锈钢球为摩擦副,与316不锈钢圆盘在万能摩擦磨损试验机上进行球盘摩擦实验。结果表明:干摩擦条件下,316不锈钢的表面耐磨性能优于304不锈钢,弱于GCr15钢与440C钢。316不锈钢与GCr15钢的高温摩擦实验表明:316不锈钢的耐磨性能随摩擦温度的升高逐渐降低。温度的升高导致316钢组织变软,以致加剧试样与摩擦副之间的黏附黏着,导致严重磨损。     

活塞环表面织构化镀层的摩擦性能研究

目的以缸套/活塞环为试验对象,研究激光织构化与固体润滑镀层的协同减摩作用。方法采用脉冲激光在活塞环表面进行微孔化处理,利用电脉冲沉积法在微孔内制备具有不同MoS_2微粒浓度的Ni-MoS_2复合镀层,通过往复式摩擦试验研究织构化表面沉积固体润滑剂对活塞环-缸套的影响机制。结果镀液中MoS_2微粒浓度对镀层的硬度和摩擦学性能影响较大,相同电流密度下,电镀液中MoS_2微粒的质量浓度为5g/L时的镀层硬度最高,该浓度下Ni-MoS_2复合镀层在干摩擦下具有最佳的摩擦系数和最低的磨损率。织构化复合镀层可以显著改善接触面间的摩擦性能,相比未织构化摩擦配副,摩擦系数降低约0.2,磨损率下降50%。结论干摩擦条件下,表面织构可以有效地储存摩擦副之间的固体润滑剂和磨粒,在接触表面形成连续润滑膜,减少磨粒磨损。     

表面织构-等离子氮化复合处理316不锈钢的液体润滑摩擦学性能

针对316不锈钢表面承载能力低、耐磨性差等问题,采用磨料水射流对316不锈钢进行喷丸处理获得表面凹槽织构,再对表面织构316不锈钢进行了等离子渗氮二次处理,获得了表面织构-离子氮化表面复合改性层.利用SEM、EDS、超景深形貌系统和摩擦磨损仪分析了 316不锈钢基体(316SS)、渗氮316不锈钢(PN-316SS)、...     

脂润滑条件下PTFE/GCr15激光织构表面滑动摩擦性能研究

目的 研究PTFE薄膜与激光织构化GCr15轴承钢配副在脂润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,探究微织构面积占有率和工况参数对摩擦学行为的影响规律。方法 采用二极管泵浦声光调Q Nd∶YAG激光器对下试样进行表面织构加工,在Rtec MFT-5000多功能摩擦磨损试验机上进行往复摩擦学试验,其中上试样为粘结PTFE薄膜的圆柱销,下试样为进行激光织构化的GCr15轴承钢滑块。结果 脂润滑介质下,PTFE与微织构表面耦合摩擦系数最低。在前期磨合阶段,不同微织构面积占有率的表面摩擦系数均有小幅度上升;试验中期,不同微织构面积占有率的表面摩擦系数区分度逐渐变大。当微织构面积占有率由10%上升为40%时,摩擦系数先减小后增大,且微织构面积占有率为20%时,表面摩擦系数最小,仅为0.032。脂润滑条件下,三种不同微织构面积占有率的试样随着载荷由20 N增加至100 N时,摩擦系数均出现下降趋势,且趋势逐渐趋缓。在低频率阶段的摩擦系数较大,高频率阶段摩擦系数较小。结论 脂润滑条件下,PTFE与微织构耦合是一种有效的复合减摩手段。随着织构面积占有率的提升,表面摩擦系数先减小后增大,随着载荷的增大,表面摩擦系数迅速下降;随着往复运动频率的增大,表面摩擦系数先上升再缓慢下降。当面积占有率为20%时,能获得较好的摩擦润滑性能。     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢干摩擦性能的影响

目的研究表面纳米化316L不锈钢干摩擦磨损性能,以获得合理的喷丸时间,提高316L不锈钢的使用寿命。方法采用普通喷丸强化方法对316L不锈钢进行表面纳米化处理,利用洛氏硬度计测量了纳米化前后材料表面洛氏硬度;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察了纳米化前后材料表面三维形貌,测量了材料表面的粗糙度;利用扫描电子显微镜观察了表面纳米化处理后横截面的金相组织;利用材料表面性能综合测试仪在干摩擦条件下进行了摩擦磨损实验,测量了材料的摩擦系数;利用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨痕表面形貌,分析了材料的磨损机理。结果与未纳米化试样相比,喷丸时间为15 min时,表面硬度提高9.7%,而表面粗糙度降低17.6%,干摩擦系数降低17.3%;喷丸时间为30 min时,表面硬度提高34.1%,粗糙度降低35.1%,干摩擦系数降低28.8%。未纳米化试样呈现典型的粘着磨损和磨粒磨损机制,而纳米化处理后试样则主要呈现疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损机制。结论表面纳米化处理后试样表面硬度随处理时间的增加而增加,粗糙度随处理时间的增加而降低,干摩擦系数随处理时间的增加而减小。喷丸处理时间较短时以疲劳磨损为主,处理时间较长时以磨粒磨损为主。     

圆凹坑织构对线接触摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响

根据摩擦试验中圆盘试样的旋转方向,用YLP-20型激光加工系统在圆柱销试样回转面不同区域(前端、后端、中间)加工规则分布的表面织构,利用UMT-3摩擦磨损仪进行单向旋转摩擦试验,研究表面织构分布区域对摩擦副摩擦学行为的影响。结果表明:在载荷10N、滑动速度0.003~0.628m/s时,不同分布区域的织构对摩擦副的摩擦学行为影响不同,相比无织构试样,分布于试样回转面中间部分的织构对摩擦副起到了减摩作用。这是由于中间织构通过形成局部流体动压润滑作用提高了摩擦副的承载能力,降低了接触表面的摩擦因数,同时通过储存磨屑,减少了表面磨损。前后端织构产生的流体动压润滑效应很小,磨损严重,导致其摩擦因数高于中间织构和无织构试样的摩擦因数。     

海水润滑条件下316L不锈钢与仿生非光滑表面CF/PEEK的摩擦学性能

为探讨高压海水轴向柱塞泵滑靴副的减阻抗磨机理,采用数控机床在CF/PEEK试样表面加工出不同形状仿生非光滑单元体,与316L不锈钢形成配副,对其在不同法向载荷下的摩擦因数、试样温度、磨损率等进行测试,并用激光共焦显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对磨损表面进行分析。结果表明:在海水润滑条件下,光滑表面配副以磨料磨损和粘着磨损为主,摩擦因数随时间稳定在0.05~0.09,试样温升大,磨损率大;非光滑表面配副可有效存储海水和磨屑,产生动压润滑效应、降低磨料磨损,摩擦以犁沟效应为主,摩擦因数稳定在0.02~0.06,试样温升小,磨损率小;随法向载荷的增加,由粘着效应所致CF/PEEK转移加快,摩擦因数和试样温度升高,磨损率降低且下降趋势逐渐减缓。     

304奥氏体不锈钢摩擦学实验研究

针对304奥氏体不锈钢的摩擦性能进行研究。采用洛高温真空硬度计测它在不同温度下的硬度变化,使用万能摩擦试验机,将不同材料的钢球(304球、316球、GCr15球、陶瓷球)分别与304奥氏体不锈钢盘组成摩擦副,进行球盘式摩擦实验,并利用三维形貌仪对盘的摩擦表面进行观测;最后使用高温摩擦磨损试验机研究高温情况下的球盘摩擦性能。实验结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,304不锈钢的耐磨性能弱于316钢、GCr15钢、陶瓷;随着温度的升高,304不锈钢内部组织变软,摩擦因数逐渐下降;同时在摩擦过程中发现试样之间的黏着现象随温度增加逐渐严重,这也符合摩擦因数的变化趋势。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。