Underpinning-based simultaneous extraction of contiguous sections of a thick coal seam under weak and laminated parting

Around 12.5 m-thick Zero seam of Chirimiri colliery underneath Bartunga hill of M/s South Eastern Coalfield Limited (SECL) was found in two sections; 3.5 m top and 6.0 m bottom section, with a highly laminated 3.0-m-thick parting between the two sections. The laminated parting, comprised of alternate layers of shale, carbonaceous shale, coal and mudstone, was found to be incompetent for safe and clean underground working of both sections. Both top and bottom sections were developed on superimposed pillars along the floor using roof bolts. Based on laboratory testing and investigations on simulated models, an idea of underpinning was conceived for simultaneous depillaring of both the contiguous sections. Taking advantage of presence of openings in the top section, the laminated parting and roof coal band of bottom section was reinforced simultaneously by a full-column grouted cable bolt of suitable length from the floor of the top section. Underpinning consolidated parting stability through reinforcement and provided additional thickness to the critical parting thickness as the roof coal band of the thick bottom section is stitched together with the parting. Maintaining superimposition of workings in the two sections, pillars of both the sections were extracted by splitting and slicing. Splits and slices of the bottom section did not experience roof instability problems due to the presence of the reinforced overlying roof coal band and parting by underpinning. The roof coal of the bottom section was blasted down on retreat. Consolidation of the multi-layered parting by underpinning did not allow separation and collapse of its mudstone/shale layers resulting in clean coal blasted from the roof. Underpinning-based simultaneous depillaring of the contiguous sections proved its technological feasibility and success through field trials.     

Staggered development of a thick coal seam for full height working in a single lift by the blasting gallery method

In line with the Coal Mines Regulations (CMR) of India, superimposed development was made along the floor for full height extraction of a thick coal seam (which had already been developed leaving pillars along the roof) in a single lift by the blasting gallery (BG) method. Depillaring of the seam induced roof failure at roadway junctions in the bottom section near the goaf edge during a major roof fall. Dilution by paring between the two close developments caused a considerable drop in width/height (w/h) ratio of the pillars, resulting in poor strength and stiffness of the natural support at the goaf edge. The presence of strong and massive overlying roof strata caused high values of the mining induced stress over the pillars facing the goaf line during the depillaring. Ultimately, the pillar extraction caused collapse ahead of the face.Based on simple ideas and the results of laboratory investigations on simulated models, conventional superimposed development of the thick seam was replaced by a staggered one for the depillaring and underwinning of the roof coal by the BG method. The field performance of this was monitored during a field trial. Extraction of a 10.5 m thick seam in a single lift by the BG method with staggered bottom section development did not cause any strata control problem, even during the major roof fall.Thus, this paper describes the philosophy of staggered development of a thick coal seam, which has already been developed along the roof horizon, for single lift working, together with the results of the laboratory and field investigations.     

Upshot of strata movement during underground mining of a thick coal seam below hilly terrain

Underpinning-based simultaneous extraction was successfully used to extract more than 90% of thick and contiguous sections of a coal seam at Chirimiri mine, lying below a hill cap with a rapid change in depth of cover and is placed above the surrounding ground level. The last few panels of the mine encountered strata control problems during the depillaring. Underground instrumentation and observations showed that the last phase depillaring of the property near the free surface of the hill slope experienced shearing of overlying strata along two incompetent layers. Field investigations revealed that large amount of lateral movement due to the hilly nature of the overlying strata is the main source of the problem. A simple two-dimensional study on a simulated model also demonstrated the occurrence of the problem during working below an unconfined rock mass of hilly nature. Different evidences were collected from the site to identify the main horizons and the direction of lateral movement and, accordingly, two different strata management plans, one for each section, were successfully executed to overcome the encountered strata control problems. Field investigations in the rest of the panels of the site showed favourable impact of the adopted strata management plan.     

Wide stall mining for optimal recovery of coal from a thick seam under surface features

The conventional method, splitting and stooking of a pillar, to optimise recovery of coal under built-up surface structures has limited scope for a multisection-developed thick seam under massive, immediate, roof strata and shallow depth cover. Taking advantage of the rapid increase of pillar strength with increase in its size, the conventional method to optimise recovery under built-up surface structures is replaced by widening of the existing galleries using the method called wide stall mining. The first field trial of the method was conducted under the geomining conditions of East Bhuggatdih colliery. Successful application of this method at East Bhuggatdih colliery provided nearly 42% coal from a multisection-developed 17 m thick coal seam without endangering the surface and subsurface structures. This paper describes the principles of wide stall mining together with the results of laboratory and field investigations.     

特厚坚硬煤层分层综放开采关键技术研究

通过对特厚坚硬煤层综放开采技术的系统分析，指出提高坚硬顶煤的冒放性和瓦斯的综合治理是该条件下综放开采所面临的主要技术难题。在对特厚坚硬顶煤结构及破碎特点分析的基础上，提出了提高坚硬顶煤冒放性的主要技术途径和措施，在宁夏太西集团白芨沟矿煤层特厚、坚硬、顶板坚硬、高瓦斯和浅埋深条件下，成功地进行了分层综放开采的实践，达到了工作面年产 １５０Ｘ １０４ｔ的生产水平。在该条件下实现了综放开采技术的突破，取得了预期的效果。     

水力掏槽防突中槽硐围岩应力应变分析

在分析试验区水力掏槽措施参数的基础上,从槽硐径向半径与地应力关系、槽硐径向半径与瓦斯内力关系、掏槽深度与应力变化关系、槽硐轴向深度与瓦斯内力关系等角度,深入分析其在突出厚煤层中快速掘进的防突机理,并通过数据统计验证了水力掏槽快速掘进防突技术在突出厚煤层应用的优越性,为突出厚煤层矿区应用该措施提供理论基础和实践经验。     

厚煤层巷内预置充填带无煤柱开采技术

 为减少厚煤层开采的区段煤柱损失,提出巷内预置充填带无煤柱开采技术,即在上区段回采工作面前方的运输平巷内,紧靠下一区段的巷帮煤壁,预置一条矸石混凝土巷内充填带,下区段回风平巷掘进时,沿预置的充填带进行掘进,实现厚煤层工作面无煤柱开采,用预置充填带把上下2个区段间应留设的区段煤柱置换出来。若上区段运输平巷为普通断面,如要实施此项新技术,首先,对上区段运输平巷靠近下区段工作面侧的煤壁,实施扩帮和支护;然后,在工作面前方扩帮位置处紧靠煤壁实施充填,预置巷内充填带。此项技术的关键是巷内充填材料的选择与配比,在保证充填体和巷道围岩稳定性的前提下,要尽可能减小充填体的宽度。充填材料选用的是以矸石渣为主辅以少量水泥、河沙加水混合而成的胶结体,水泥、河沙、矸石渣按1∶1∶4.7质量比例进行配比。现场工业性试验表明,该项技术的应用是成功而有效的,可实现厚煤层无煤柱开采,提高煤炭资源采出率,该成果已取得明显的经济效益。     

The characteristics of deformation and failure of coal seam floor due to mining in Xinmi coal field in China

Deformation and failure of a “three-weak” (weak roof, thick weak coal, and weak floor) coal seam floor subject to mining are studied in this paper. Firstly, by using a group of strain sensors buried at different floor depths, we measured the relationships of the axial strain to the distance from the advancing face field. The floor depths and stratum positions, and as well as the peak width, which is the distance of the first maximum strain increment to the working face, were drawn. The axial stress and its zone of influence, which is the distance from the face to the borehole along the roadway, and at which there is obvious strain increment difference, were also drawn. Secondly, we established an analytical mechanical model and found the analytical solution of the floor’s supporting pressure distribution ahead of the face. And thirdly, we set up a numerical simulation engineering geological model and simulated stress distribution and deformation characteristics of the floor with complex multi-stratum (11 strata) structure. The results from the three approaches showed that: (1) the failure depth (<10.0 m) and zone of influence (up to 36.0 m) induced by mining ahead of the three-weak seam face were much smaller than those common seam faces; (2) the axial strain fluctuated greater than the radial one, with its max peak keeping at about 8.0 m ahead of the advancing face, and its zone of influence spreading to 36.0 m; (3) the peak width of axial strain and its zone of influence in the haulage roadway were stronger than those in the ventilation roadway; and (4) the three weak coal seam played a strong buffering action against deformation and failure due to mining. This research may be of interest to assist with improving strata control and health and safety in operating coal mines.     

特厚煤层掘进面围岩能量积聚特征及诱冲机制研究

以新疆硫磺沟煤矿特厚煤层掘进工作面为工程背景,采用现场调研、岩石力学试验和理论分析等方法,对特厚煤层掘进面围岩能量积聚特征及其诱冲机制进行了研究。研究认为：①根据硫磺沟煤矿9-15煤层与岩层的岩石力学试验结果,埋深在100~1000 m时,煤、岩层的能量密度与埋深成正比,煤层与岩层的能量密度比值为1.8~2.3,平均为2.1;②相同深度条件下特厚煤层掘进工作面围岩积聚弹性能远大于薄及中厚煤层,其积聚高弹性能的围岩结构是特厚煤层掘进面更容易发生冲击地压和冲击地压灾害更严重的原因之一;③掘进巷道影响范围内围岩积聚弹性能与煤层厚度和巷道半径成正比,且在同等巷道半径条件下,煤层厚度越大,巷道围岩积聚弹性能越大,当巷道半径为3.0 m时,围岩积聚的弹性能分别为巷道半径为2.5 m和2.0 m时围岩积聚弹性能的1.4倍和2.0倍;④提出的考虑煤层厚度和煤层冲击倾向性的冲击危险性评价方法比当前冲击危险性评价方法更加科学合理,评价结果也更符合现场实际情况。研究结果对特厚煤层掘进工作面冲击地压防治具有一定的借鉴意义。     

近距离煤层上行开采巷道合理布局研究

以翟镇煤矿六采区二、四煤层上行开采为工程背景,为解决上层煤工作面巷道的合理布局问题,采用覆岩组合结构理论、现场实测和仿真模拟的手段,对下层煤采动形成的裂隙带综合形态特征及围岩集中应力分布进行重点研究。结果表明:在组合顶板条件下,裂隙带应是以岩层组为单位呈阶梯状向上发育的,现场实测得到的裂隙带发育高度也验证了上述形成机制;裂隙带空间形态呈现出一个向采空区内侧倾斜的拱形马鞍态,裂缝角为75°~78°;裂隙带内自下向上的分区破裂现象明显,上层二煤处于裂隙带上部的一般开裂区,在该区域布置回采巷道具有较大的可行性;数值模拟结果得到二煤层的断裂位置位于采空区侧3~5 m,内应力场分布范围在采空区侧6~10 m。在对下层四煤采后形成的裂隙带发育高度、空间形态、破裂分区以及集中应力分布进行综合研究的基础上,提出上行开采巷道内错式和外错式两种布局方案,有效避开了裂隙带及集中应力影响范围,取得了较好地现场应用效果。     

三软厚煤层瓦斯抽放技术的研究

为了解决工作面的瓦斯问题,探讨了如何在“三软”厚煤层综采工作面实现矿井生产的高产高效,并对超化矿在21071综采工作面采用“高抽巷”瓦斯抽放技术做了介绍,指出“高抽巷”抽放采空区瓦斯是解决治理“三软”厚煤层高瓦斯综采放顶煤工作面采空区瓦斯问题的有效手段。     

特厚煤层智能化综放开采技术与装备瓶颈综述

由于特厚煤层综放开采过程中工作面容易变形问题,需要加强开采岩层的结构研究,以提高出采率,降低开采中的安全事故发生率,采用智能化开采可以解决这些问题.本文主要概述了特厚煤层的智能化综放开采工艺与技术装备实践,分析了放煤的智能化、巷道智能化快速掘进、工作面直线度智能控制3个方面的技术与装备瓶颈,展望了可能的发展方向.本文提...     

深部厚硬顶板综放开采覆岩运移三维物理模拟试验研究

为分析深部厚硬顶板破断对厚煤层安全开采的影响,根据胡家河矿402102工作面工程地质和开采条件,构建了大型真三维相似物理模拟试验(3500 mm×3000 mm×2000 mm),开展了留煤柱双工作面开采的试验研究。利用光栅位移连续监测装置对采动覆岩位移进行实时监测,获得了厚硬顶板条件下厚煤层开采覆岩破断运移规律和"三带"动态演化特征。研究结果表明:厚硬关键层变形破断时,软弱岩层会发生协同运动,位移监测点位移量发生突增,监测点位移曲线随工作面推进呈"台阶式"变化。在一侧临空条件下,402102工作面亚关键层1(粉砂岩)初次破断步距为43 m,周期破断步距为21 m;亚关键层2(含砾粗砂岩)初次破断步距为74 m,周期破断步距为51 m;亚关键层3(中砂岩)初次破断步距为171 m。当亚关键层2发生周期性破断和亚关键层3发生初次破断时,采空区位移监测点位移量均发生增幅,覆岩发生大范围整体性运动,矿压显现较为剧烈;受402103采空区采动覆岩结构的影响,在402102工作面回采时,其回风巷侧覆岩运移较为剧烈,巷道受动压影响较大。根据位移监测点的位移量和覆岩变形碎胀因子max(Ki)的大小,对采动覆岩"三带"发育形态进行了初步判别,亚关键层1(粉砂岩)和亚关键层2(含砾粗砂岩)均处于冒落带中,且随着工作面推进,冒落带和裂隙带高度呈"台阶式"增大。     

浅埋深极松软顶板采场矿压显现规律研究

分析了印度PVK矿Queen煤层开采的采场矿压显现规律。浅埋深极松软顶板难以形成“梁”或“板”结构，随着开采，将形成“压力拱”结构：当采场推进到一定距离时，拱结构失稳破坏，产生初次来压；当拱顶高度接近地表时，压力拱主结构内岩体失稳破坏，引起工作面更剧烈来压，同时，拱外次结构内岩体随之破坏，引起地表下沉：压力拱结构周期性失稳并前移，引起工作面周期来压。研究结果合理解释了项板极其松软、矿山压力显现且相当剧烈的现象，对国内类似开采条件下的矿压显现规律研究可资参考。     

深厚煤层开采底板变形特征的光纤监测研究

煤层工作面采动会引起采场底板应力场重新分布,发生煤岩体的变形与破坏,准确掌握其时空发育特征对底板突水预测具有十分重要的意义。为了探究大埋深特厚煤层开采底板岩层裂隙场的发育规律,依托准格尔煤田某矿开采工作面,采用井孔光纤应变测试技术开展室内岩石压裂测试并实施底板监测,获得了大采高底板下不同深度岩层随工作面推进的应变变化曲线及特征。结果表明:光纤监测技术可有效捕捉深部煤炭开采底板岩层破坏特征,特别反映出在垂向分布上通过应变与岩层对应关系可得到底板裂隙场发育具有一定的分层性,其分布主要受地层结构影响,并且破坏优先发生于软弱岩层和软、硬岩层交界面附近。且通过1#、2#钻孔应变特征综合分析61101工作面受采动影响底板最大裂隙发育深度为21.5 m。     

浅埋综放L工作面开采方法及其矿压实测研究

 根据路天煤矿16#煤层的具体条件,提出并成功实践L形巷道布置的开采方法。通过现场实测分析,研究L工作面浅埋综放开采时顶煤和顶板的垮落特征、支架的工作阻力、地表塌陷规律及填埋碾压技术等,分析L工作面顶板破裂扩展及分块垮落顺序,建立浅埋综放开采的拱–台阶岩梁组合力学模型,揭示浅埋综放的覆岩移动规律及破煤机制,并给出维护顶板稳定的支架阻力计算公式。研究结果表明：(1) L工作面开采方法是一种高效、安全、高回收率的采煤方法,采露头煤或者露天转井工开采时可以借鉴;(2) 在合适的煤层条件下,浅埋深放顶煤开采在技术上是可行的;(3) 周期来压步距随覆盖层厚度的增加呈增大的趋势;(4) 工作面中部周期来压显现明显;(5) 地表变形垮落可分为4个阶段,填埋碾压应分2个阶段进行;(6) 为提高端面顶板和煤壁的稳定性,应提高支架初撑力。研究结果对类似条件下的开采方法及矿压规律研究具有积极的指导意义。     

Empirical approach for designing of support system in mechanized coal pillar mining

Mechanized room-and-pillar system of coal pillar mining using side dump loading machine or load haul dumper machine, or by continuous miner, is the presently most dominant underground method of extraction in India. Under this method of extraction, strata control is a major problem affecting safety and productivity of the mine. As per existing Director General of Mine Safety guidelines, systematic support rules must be followed at the depillaring faces irrespective of immediate roof rock type and competency. Therefore, there is a high chance that sometimes these systematic support rules give unnecessarily high support, or sometimes inadequate support, which may lead to roof failure at the face. As a result, there is a big loss of life and material including coal in terms of left-out ribs/stooks and other associated mining equipment deployed at the faces. Therefore, in the present paper, authors attempted to develop generalized empirical equations for estimating the required support load density at different places of the face based on geotechnical parameters of the mine and physico-mechanical properties of the immediate roof rocks for designing of support system during mechanized coal pillar mining.     

Effects of torpedo blasting on rockburst prevention during deep coal seam mining in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin

In the Upper Silesian Coal Basin(USCB),coal seams are exploited under progressively more difficult geological and mining conditions(greater depth,higher horizontal stress,more frequent occurrence of competent rock layers,etc.).Mining depth,dislocations and mining remnants in coal seams are the most important factors responsible for the occurrence of rockburst hazards.Longwall mining next to the mining edges of neighbouring coal seams is particularly disadvantageous.The levels of rockburst hazards are minimised via the use of rockburst prevention methods.One active prevention method is torpedo blasting in roof rocks.Torpedo blastings are performed in order to decrease local stress concentrations in rock masses and to fracture the roof rocks to prevent or minimise the impact of high-energy tremors on excavations.The estimation of the effectiveness of torpedo blasting is particularly important when mining is under difficult geological and mining conditions.Torpedo blasting is the main form of active rockburst prevention in the assigned colliery in the Polish part of the USCB.The effectiveness of blasting can be estimated using the seismic effect method,in which the seismic monitoring data and the mass of explosives are taken into consideration.The seismic effect method was developed in the Czech Republic and is always being used in collieries in the Czech part of the coal basin.Now,this method has been widely adopted for our selected colliery in the Polish part of the coal basin.The effectiveness of torpedo blastings in the faces and galleries of the assigned longwall in coal seam 506 has been estimated.The results show that the effectiveness of torpedo blastings for this longwall was significant in light of the seismic effect method,which corresponds to the in situ observations.The seismic effect method is regularly applied to estimating the blasting effectiveness in the selected colliery.     

极近距离薄煤层群联合开采常规错距理论 与物理模拟

 伴随着中、厚煤层资源的枯竭,潞安集团下属十几个矿井都将进入下组煤开采。下组煤15–1#和15–3#煤层是以薄煤层群赋存在一起,平均间距为4.4 m,因此提出极近距离薄煤层群联合开采常规错距开采模型,并进行理论和物理模拟试验研究。从理论上给出近距离薄煤层群联合开采下的工作面常规错距计算公式,并进行理论求解。为避免15–1#煤层顶板的周期垮落与15–3#煤层工作面回采时的超前效应相互影响,从安全角度考虑,将错距定为1.3～1.5倍的周期垮落步距,结合试验结果将常规错距定为17.5 m。物理模拟试验结果表明,常规错距下联合开采技术上是可行的。另外分析了工作面上方附近几个测点总是被抬高的原因,并总结了在工作面推进过程中,顶板下沉主要经过两次大的变化,即上、下两煤层工作面回采过程中发生垮落时,尤其是下层煤顶板垮落造成影响较大。     

大采高开采覆岩台阶错动演化规律及突水防治

 在厚煤层大采高开采条件下,覆岩垮落带和裂隙带高度增大,岩层活动程度增强,将造成裂隙带岩层的台阶错动失稳,是开采中引发突水事故的重要条件,而裂隙带岩层的台阶错动失稳与其下位岩层的岩性结构和组合状况有关。因此,分析岩性结构对覆岩台阶错动失稳及突水防治的影响,并运用数值计算和现场实测分析的方法,研究厚煤层大采高条件下,煤层群开采煤层间不同岩性结构组合对上煤层完整性和连续性的影响规律。当煤层间岩性呈软硬岩层组合结构时,随着下位硬岩层或软岩层所占层间距比例的增大,上煤层产生的台阶错动量减小,软岩层结构比硬岩层结构更有利于减小上煤层台阶错动。给出判定台阶错动量的岩性结构构成条件,现场实测覆岩台阶错动及裂隙分布规律,提出突水防治的有效措施,保障工作面的安全生产。