退火温度对DLC膜热稳定性及摩擦学性能的影响

采用非平衡磁控溅射技术分别在氮化硅陶瓷球和高速工具钢圆盘表面制备了类金刚石(DLC)膜。使用箱式电阻炉对DLC膜在大气环境中进行高温退火处理以研究环境温度对DLC膜摩擦学性能的影响;并分别采用激光拉曼光谱仪和球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机对退火处理前后DLC膜的结构和摩擦学性能进行了研究。采用金相显微镜观察了摩擦副磨损表面的形貌。研究发现,随着退火温度的升高,DLC膜中sp3杂化键向sp2杂化键的转化加快,当退火温度为600℃时,DLC膜发生严重的石墨化。而当退火温度为400℃时,DLC膜的摩擦系数及磨损率最小。拉曼测试表明400℃退火处理后DLC膜表层含有Si及SiO2,在摩擦过程中形成了含SiC的转移膜,使得DLC膜的摩擦系数明显降低,磨损减小。研究结果表明,退火处理对DLC膜的热稳定性和摩擦学性能有重要的影响。     

Si3N4球/DLC膜摩擦副在真空环境下的摩擦学行为研究

采用非平衡磁控溅射技术在高速钢基体上制备了类金刚石(DLC)膜。采用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了DLC膜在大气和真空环境干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能,并比较分析了GCr15钢球和Si3N4球不同摩擦配副对DLC膜的摩擦学性能。采用光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察了摩擦副的磨损表面形貌。研究结果表明:由于转移膜的形成Si3N4球/DLC膜摩擦副在大气下具有良好的摩擦学性能;而在真空条件下摩擦副易发生明显的粘着磨损,使摩擦系数、磨斑增加,磨损表面上存在着较多的片状磨屑和微米级颗粒。     

聚酰亚胺填充PTFE复合材料摩擦学性能的研究

将聚酰亚胺(PI)、石墨和铜粉按照不同比例混合填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)形成新的复合材料,分别在MMU-2端面摩擦磨损试验机上进行摩擦性能测试,并将磨损后的试样在JSM-5600LV扫描电子显微镜下观察摩擦表面的磨痕和复合材料的转移情况,确定出最佳配比。为了研究试验条件对材料摩擦学性能的影响,对最佳配比PTFE基复合材料通过改变试验条件再次进行试验。结果表明,聚酰亚胺可增强填充PTFE的耐磨性,Cu可增加转移膜与对偶件结合的强度,而石墨有利于转移膜的形成;当PI的质量分数为25%,石墨质量分数为5%,Cu粉质量分数为5%时,材料的摩擦学性能表现最好;当滑动速度4.5m/s,载荷300N时,试样表面温度均大于120℃,复合材料进入高温摩擦阶段,摩擦表面发生蠕变,转移膜出现灼烧现象。     

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮复合材料滑动摩擦转移膜的ESCA研究

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮在滑动时形成的转移膜对其摩擦学性能有重要影响,本文对此转移膜进行了Ｘ射线光电子能谱化学分析（ＥＳＣＡ）。表明,与纯聚醚醚酮和聚醚醚酮＋聚四氟乙烯相比,碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮形成的转移膜最薄,连续性与均匀性最好,因此其摩擦学性能最好。转移膜的成份沿着其深度方向发生变化,表明此膜中石墨和聚四氟乙烯存在着优先转移。在这一研究的基础上,本文对滑动摩擦转移膜的形成提出粘着转移机制。     

聚酰亚胺/石墨改性聚四氟乙烯的摩擦学性能

利用MMU-10G端面高温摩擦磨损试验机,对聚酰亚胺(PI)和石墨共混改性聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料的摩擦学性能进行了测试,利用扫描电镜观察摩擦副表面的磨痕和复合材料的转移情况。同时研究最佳配比PTFE基复合材料在不同试验条件下的摩擦学性能,并测量了摩擦副表面的瞬时温度。结果表明,PI可以大幅度提高填充PTFE的耐磨性能,但PI含量增加不利于非金属转移膜的形成;当PI含量约为25%时,和石墨一起填充PTFE,复合材料的摩擦学性能最佳;当载荷大于300N和线速度大于4m/s时,摩擦表温度均高于125℃,复合材料进入高温摩擦阶段,摩擦表面发生蠕变,转移膜出现不同程度的破坏;PI填充PTFE复合材料摩擦性能在温度低于75℃时变化不明显。     

聚酰亚胺/石墨改性聚四氟乙烯的摩擦学性能EI北大核心CSCD

利用MMU-10G端面高温摩擦磨损试验机,对聚酰亚胺(PI)和石墨共混改性聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料的摩擦学性能进行了测试,利用扫描电镜观察摩擦副表面的磨痕和复合材料的转移情况。同时研究最佳配比PTFE基复合材料在不同试验条件下的摩擦学性能,并测量了摩擦副表面的瞬时温度。结果表明,PI可以大幅度提高填充PTFE的耐磨性能,但PI含量增加不利于非金属转移膜的形成;当PI含量约为25%时,和石墨一起填充PTFE,复合材料的摩擦学性能最佳;当载荷大于300N和线速度大于4m/s时,摩擦表温度均高于125℃,复合材料进入高温摩擦阶段,摩擦表面发生蠕变,转移膜出现不同程度的破坏;PI填充PTFE复合材料摩擦性能在温度低于75℃时变化不明显。     

聚醚醚酮及其复合材料的摩擦学研究进展

评述了聚醚醚酮（PEEK）及其复合材料的摩擦磨损性能，在滑动过程中形成的摩擦转移膜以及磨屑的研究，总结了聚合物基复合材料摩擦学研究的一般方法及规律，介绍了关于用PEEK复合材料制造的轴承，齿轮等进行的摩擦学研究，以及等离子体表面处理和颗粒增强对PEEK及其复合材料摩擦学性能的影响。     

水润滑轴承用聚合物复合材料的摩擦学研究进展

聚合物复合材料因其优异的自润滑、高化学稳定性和减振降噪等特性而备受关注。以水作为工作介质的水润滑轴承具有环境友好、维护成本低及结构设计简单等特点,已被广泛应用于船舶、水电和化工等领域。首先总结了水润滑轴承用聚合物复合材料特性,归纳了聚合物复合材料在水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能及磨损机制,介绍了提高聚合物复合材料摩擦学性能的常规方法,并进一步探讨了材料内部结构、摩擦界面微观结构与材料宏观摩擦学特性的内在关联。指出促进水润滑聚合物-金属配副摩擦界面原位生长固体润滑特性转移膜,可弥补水膜润滑能力不足、显著提高配副的摩擦学性能,深入研究水润滑状态下复合材料的微观摩擦磨损机制,对于理解水润滑配副的摩擦学机理有重要的意义。     

聚酰胺/聚苯硫醚共混物摩擦学性能研究--(Ⅰ)干摩擦

制备了一系列不同组成的聚酰胺(PA66)和聚苯硫醚(PPS)共混物,对材料的摩擦学性能进行了研究.结果表明,80% φ(PA66)/20% φ(PPS)共混物的摩擦学性能最好.借助扫描电子电镜(SEM)和能量色散谱(EDS)等手段,分析认为,PA66在对偶钢环上形成了不均匀、不连续的牢固转移膜,PPS则不能形成转移膜;共混物中PA66相的存在增强了PPS向对偶面上转移的能力."摩擦热控制模型"适用于PA66/PPS共混物体系,材料的磨损由其在对偶面上形成转移膜的能力及转移膜的性质控制.     

聚酰胺／聚苯硫醚共混物摩擦学性能研究——（I）干摩擦

制备了一系列不同组成的聚酰胺(PA66)和聚苯硫醚(PPS)共混物，对材料的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明，80％φ（PA66)／20％φ（PPS)共混物的摩擦学性能最好。借助扫描电子电镜(SEM)和能量色散谱(EDS)等手段，分析认为，PA66在对偶钢环上形成了不均匀、不连续的牢固转移膜，PPS则不能形成转移膜；共混物中PA66相的存在增强了PPS向对偶面上转移的能力。“摩擦热控制模型”适用于PA66／PPS共混物体系，材料的磨损由其在对偶面上形成转移膜的能力及转移膜的性质控制。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...