基于CFD的安全壳局部隔间非能动氢气复合器布置方案研究

非能动氢气复合器用于压水堆核电厂严重事故条件下安全壳内氢气的消除。通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法能够给出事故条件下非能动氢气复合器周围三维流场和温度场的分布。基于CFD程序根据非能动氢气复合器消氢公式,计算非能动氢气复合器进出口的气体流量和气体组分,并作为非能动氢气复合器的边界条件,开展三维空间内非能动氢气复合器消氢速率和氢气分布情况研究。结果表明：简化的非能动氢气复合器模拟方案能很好地模拟非能动氢气复合器样机的消氢效果;对安全壳内局部隔间开展非能动氢气复合器消氢效果研究发现,在相同环境条件下,非能动氢气复合器布置在较高位置与布置在较低位置相比,布置在较高位置时,非能动氢气复合器具有更高的消氢速率,隔间整体氢气浓度较低,但是非能动氢气复合器布置在较高位置时出现隔间底部局部氢气聚集的情况。     

压水堆核电厂消氢装置选用探讨

为消除核电厂在严重事故工况下积聚在安全壳内的氢气,需要在核电厂安全壳内增加消氢装置。本文分析了严重事故工况下目前主要采用的氢气点火器和非能动氢复合器的原理,并结合某核电厂增加非能动氢复合器改造的工程实践,给出了压水堆核电厂消氢装置选用方案。实践结果表明,此最优消氢方案既可以保证电厂安全,又可以节约成本,具有巨大的社会效益和经济效益。     

非能动氢复合器布置浅析

本文阐述了反应堆厂房内布置非能动氢气复合器的目的,对非能动氢气复合器的结构进行了描述,详细分析了反应堆厂房内的氢气来源及氢气分布,给出了氢复合器的布置原则,并在布置原则的指导下对岭澳二期氢复合器进行了布置,通过对布置结果的分析证明其是可行的。     

核电厂非能动氢复合器研制

核电厂非能动氢复合器主要用于消除严重事故后安全壳内产生的氢气,避免氢气聚集而产生爆炸。根据H2和O2催化反应消氢的工作原理,设计以Pt、Pd混合配比作为催化剂的催化板,并以此为核心部件,设计制造能够在非能动条件下持续消氢的非能动氢复合器。针对核电厂安全壳严重事故后的消氢要求,开展非能动氢复合器在不同温度、压力、氢气体积分数等条件下的消氢速率试验,不同毒物对消氢效果影响试验以及启动和停止阈值试验。研究结果表明,非能动氢复合器达到了核电厂事故后消氢技术要求,可直接应用于二代堆型核电厂,还可以应用于EPR或AP1000等三代堆型核电厂。     

严重事故后安全壳氢气风险控制论证

核安全法规要求控制严重事故下核电厂安全壳内的氢气风险.在福清核电5、6号机组的设计中,针对严重事故后氢气风险的预防和缓解采取了多项措施,包括非能动氢气复合器、预防氢气局部积聚的工程改进等.采用一体化严重事故分析程序对上述措施有效性进行了计算论证,结果表明,福清核电5、6号机组的氢气风险控制措施能够有效应对威胁安全壳完整...     

非能动氢复合器性能验证试验方法研究

消氢启停阈值和消氢速率是非能动氢复合器的关键性能参数。本文设计了一种直观方便的非能动氢复合器性能验证试验方法:将非能动氢复合器放于密闭容器中，并通入氢气，只要氢复合器启动消氢反应且整条消氢过程曲线在给定值直线A以下，则验证了启动阈值不大于给定值A；只要消氢过程曲线最终的水平段在给定值直线B以下，则验证了停止阈值不大于给定值B；只要氢复合器达到稳定消氢状态，通入容器的氢气质量流量即为消氢速率。本文设计并搭建了试验装置，采用非能动氢复合器样机PARQX-15进行消氢性能验证试验，成功验证了消氢启动阈值<2%（体积浓度，下同），停止阈值<0.5%，消氢速率大于536 g/h，证明了试验方法的实用性和有效性。      

非能动氢复合器的应力分析和评定

非能动氢复合器是核电站重要的安全屏障,能够避免核电站因氢气积聚而引发的燃烧和爆炸。在福岛核事故之后,国内外核电站更加重视非能动氢复合器的作用。本文主要研究非能动氢复合器在地震和LOCA工况下的应力状态。利用有限元软件ANSYS建立模型,合理考虑LOCA工况下气流载荷对结构的影响,最后按照RCC-M规范进行评定。结果表明,该结构满足RCC-M规范的相关要求。本文可以为非能动氢复合器应力分析与评定提供参考。     

AP1000非能动球状消氢催化剂盒失效后再生试验

三门核电1号机组是AP1000第三代核电的全球首堆,也是国内电站首次将新型、性能更优异的非能动球状消氢催化剂盒用于设计基准事故下的安全壳内氢气复合工作,以确保第三道屏障安全壳的完整性。分析非能动球状消氢催化剂盒的失效机理,逐项排查导致消氢效率下降的原因,并摸索开发非能动球状消氢催化剂盒失效后的再生试验方法,完成失效催化剂盒的再生工作,实现了消氢效率恢复到或接近出厂前的效率,经过现场实际验证,该方法有效地解决了AP1000非能动球状消氢催化盒消氢效率失效的问题,为项目进展节约了经济费用和时间成本。为其他AP1000机组对该非能动消氢催化剂盒的使用提供经验借鉴。     

基于DLL的GOTHIC 8.0程序氢气复合器模拟方法研究

非能动氢气复合器已广泛应用于核电厂氢气威胁的缓解和消除。本文通过对GOTHIC 8.0程序进行二次开发,采用外部动态链接库（DLL）编译、调用的方式,精确模拟了非能动氢气复合器的实际消氢能力,进而将采用该方法计算得到的消氢结果分别与公式计算、MAAP5程序算例计算结果进行比较,结果符合度高,验证了该方法的合理性。本文提供的模拟方法不仅为安全壳氢气风险缓解分析提供了新方法,也为GOTHIC程序开发提供了新思路。     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故下氢气源项及氢气控制有效性分析

针对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂大型干式安全壳在严重事故情况下的氢气风险控制,建立了一体化事故分析模型,分别对大破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)、中破口失水事故(MB-LOCA)、小破口失水事故(SB-LOCA)、全厂断电事故(SBO)、蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管破裂事故(SGTR)以及主蒸汽管道破裂事故(MSLB)进行事故进程计算以及氢气源项分析。相对于其他事故序列,LB-LOCA下堆芯快速熔化,锆-水反应产生氢气的速率快,可以作为安全壳内氢气风险控制有效性分析的代表性事故序列。分析表明,严重事故情况下在安全壳中安装一定数量的非能动氢气复合器(PARs)能够有效去除安全壳中的氢气,消除氢气燃烧或爆炸的风险,保持安全壳的完整性。     

安全壳消氢系统催化板效率试验影响因素分析

本文通过对某核电站安全壳消氢系统(EUH)非能动氢复合器催化板效率试验的试验方法和催化板本身特性的分析,确认对催化板消氢效率试验结果影响较大的因素,并且针对这些影响因素给出相应的应对措施。大修期间的试验数据表明本文给出的各项应对措施是非常有效的,对其他核电项目具有参考意义。     

汽轮机跳闸反应堆不停堆试验瞬态分析与设计优化

田湾核电站一期工程2台机组在调试期间共进行了8次汽轮机跳闸反应堆不停堆试验,由于首次采用混合式2号低压加热器及全数字化仪控系统,试验阶段发现了一些问题并进行了设计优化。本文重点介绍了田湾核电站1号机组100%FP功率平台的汽轮机跳闸反应堆不停堆试验情况,包括试验目的,验收准则和试验的实施;详细分析了试验过程中瞬态现象及调节系统的响应情况;综合分析了1、2号机组历次停机试验发现的问题及设计优化方案。     

A study on evaluating a passive autocatalytic recombiner PAR-system in the PWR large-dry containment

A systematic step-by-step framework for analyzing hydrogen behavior and implementing passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) to mitigate hydrogen deflagration or detonation risk in severe accidents (SAs) is presented. The procedure can be subdivided into five main steps: (1) modeling the containment based on the plant design characteristics, (2) selecting the typical severe accident sequences, (3) calculating the hydrogen generation including in- and ex-vessel period, (4) modeling the gas distribution in containment atmosphere and estimating the hydrogen combustion modes and (5) evaluating the efficiency of the PAR-system to mitigate the hydrogen risk with and without catalytic recombiners, according to the safety criterion. For the Chinese 600MWe pressurized water reactor (PWR) with a large-dry containment, large break loss-of-coolant accident (LB-LOCA) is screened out as the reference severe accident sequence, considering the nature of hydrogen generation and the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) result on accident sequences. The results show that a certain number of recombiners could remove effectively hydrogen and oxygen, to protect the containment integrity against hydrogen deflagration or detonation.     

氢气催化复合器对核电厂严重事故的缓解效果

在严重事故条件下,安全壳内的氢气燃烧或爆炸威胁安全壳完整性,必须采取措施减小或消除安全壳的氢气风险。针对600MWe级核电厂的大型干式安全壳,以小破口失水诱发的严重事故序列为基准事故,计算分析了氢气催化复合器（PAR）消除安全壳内氢气的效果,及复合效应对安全壳压力温度的影响。研究表明：氢气催化复合器能够持续稳定地消除安全壳内氢气,但对于极其快速的氢气释放,它的消氢能力受到一定限制。     

Studies on innovative hydrogen recombiners as safety devices in the containments of light water reactors

In order to prevent the containment and other safety relevant components from incurring serious damage caused by a detonation of the hydrogen/air-mixture generated during a severe accident in light water reactors (LWR) passive autocatalytic recombiners (PAR) are used for hydrogen removal in an increasing number of European plants. These devices make use of the fact that hydrogen and oxygen react exothermally on catalytic surfaces generating steam and heat.

Experimental investigations at several research facilities indicate that existing PAR systems bear the risk of igniting the gaseous mixture due to an overheating of the catalyst elements caused by strong reaction heat generation. Innovative devices could overcome existing limitations making use of the knowledge deduced from experiments performed at the REKO facilities at Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ).

The paper analyses the mechanisms of the thermal behaviour of catalytic plate-type recombiners and presents experimental results on existing and innovative devices for hydrogen removal introducing the modular recombiner concept.     

Improvements to hydrogen depleting and monitoring system for Chinese Pressurized Reactor 1000

We evaluate the hydrogen depletion ability of the hydrogen depletion system for Chinese Pressurized Reactor 1000 (CPR1000),which has been applied in nuclear power plants with pressurized water reactors;moreover,we introduce a new device that can continuously monitor hydrogen concentration inside the CPR1000 containment building.Experimental studies show that a moveable hydrogen autocatalytic recombiner alone can sufficiently deplete hydrogen under the condition of a design-basis accident,and 33 passive autocatalytic recombiners placed in the areas of high hydrogen concentration satisfy the hydrogen depletion requirements under the condition of a beyond-design-basis accident.Meanwhile,the hydrogen concentration monitoring system is designed and installed based on the approach of detecting the temperature increase caused by the catalytic reaction of hydrogen.In conclusion,the hydrogen depletion capacity of the CPR1000 meets the requirements,and the system's safety can be enhanced by the improved hydrogen concentration monitoring system.     

Analysis of steam and hydrogen distributions with PAR mitigation in NPP containments

The 3-D-field code, GASFLOW is a joint development of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Los Alamos National Laboratory for the simulation of steam/hydrogen distribution and combustion in complex nuclear reactor containment geometries. GASFLOW gives a solution of the compressible 3-D Navier–Stokes equations and has been validated by analysing experiments that simulate the relevant aspects and integral sequences of such accidents. The 3-D GASFLOW simulations cover significant problem times and define a new state-of-the art in containment simulations that goes beyond the current simulation technique with lumped-parameter models. The newly released and validated version, GASFLOW 2.1 has been applied in mechanistic 3-D analyzes of steam/hydrogen distributions under severe accident conditions with mitigation involving a large number of catalytic recombiners at various locations in two types of PWR containments of German design. This contribution describes the developed 3-D containment models, the applied concept of recombiner positioning, and it discusses the calculated results in relation to the applied source term, which was the same in both containments. The investigated scenario was a hypothetical core melt accident beyond the design limit from a large-break loss of coolant accident (LOCA) at a low release location for steam and hydrogen from a rupture of the surge line to the pressurizer (surge-line LOCA). It covers the in-vessel phase only with 7000 s problem time. The contribution identifies the principal mechanisms that determine the hydrogen mixing in these two containments, and it shows generic differences to similar simulations performed with lumped-parameter codes that represent the containment by control volumes interconnected through 1-D flow paths. The analyzed mitigation concept with catalytic recombiners of the Siemens and NIS type is an effective measure to prevent the formation of burnable mixtures during the ongoing slow deinertization process after the hydrogen release and has recently been applied in backfitting the operational German Konvoi-type PWR plants with passive autocatalytic recombiners (PAR).     

Quantitative assessment of severe accident management strategies in a nuclear power plant

Nuclear power plants in Korea are preparing improvement countermeasures for severe accidents including mobile gas turbine generators, passive autocatalytic recombiners, containment-filtered venting systems, and external injection using portable pumps. However, these improvement countermeasures have only been determined by expert judgment, and detailed validation of their effects has not been performed. In this paper, the quantitative safety impact of these improvement countermeasures was evaluated for the Westinghouse 3-loop pressurized water reactor. Our evaluation of four improvement countermeasures using the at-power internal event probabilistic safety assessment models revealed that all containment failure modes have positive effects, except for the containment isolation failure and the containment bypass. Therefore, post-Fukushima action plans for coping with a severe accident in Korea have been appropriately evaluated and established.     

Efficacy assessment of independent severe accident mitigation measures in OPR1000 using MELCOR code

In-vessel and ex-vessel mitigation strategies have been revisited to improve the severe accident management (SAM) for operating nuclear power plants. Because independent mitigation measures tend to produce positive and adverse effects simultaneously, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of individual measures by means of proper quantification. Thus, in the present study we investigated the overall efficacy of existing SA mitigation strategies prepared for the Optimized Power Reactor 1000 MWe (OPR1000) by means of MELCOR 1.8.6 code. The numerical evaluation showed that the Mitigation-01, feeding water into the steam generators, is the most effective among the other mitigations. In addition, Mitigation-02, reactor coolant system depressurization, could not mitigate the SA sufficiently when applied individually. Among the four ex-vessel mitigation strategies, execution of containment spray was effective in removing most of the aerosol fission product but also intensified hydrogen combustion by increasing the partial hydrogen pressure owing to steam condensation. Mitigation-07, operation of passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs), could reduce the hydrogen concentration, though the catalytic reaction was predicted to increase the containment pressure. In conclusion, this study suggests that mitigation measures should be carefully selected, and that counteracting measures should be prepared to minimize potential adverse effects.